原版英语RAZ 教案(Z) Native Americans of the Great Plains.pdf

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1、www.readinga-Native Americans of the Great PlainsA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:2,145Native Americansof the Great Plains Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Linda JohnsLEVELED BOOK ZWritten by Linda JohnsNative Americans of the Great PlainsLevel Z Leveled

2、 Book Learning AZWritten by Linda JohnsAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover,pages 3,4,6,8,11,18(main),22:ArtToday;title page,page 13(inset):Jupiterimages Corporation;page 7(left):Chris Harris/All Canada Photos/SuperStock;page 7(right):Jill Battaglia/D;page 9:North Wi

3、nd Picture Archives/Alamy;pages 12,13(main):Marilyn Angel Wynn/Nativestock;page 14:The Granger Collection,New York;page 15:INTERFOTO/Alamy;page 16:SuperStock;page 17:Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy;page 18(inset):Tips Images/SuperStock;page 19:courtesy of the Library of Congress/LC-USZ62-86431;page 20:Mic

4、hael Matthews/Alamy;page 21:Sue Ogrocki/AP Imageswww.readinga-Native Americansof the Great Plains CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34Table of ContentsThe Great Plains .4Home on the Plains.6Where Buffalo Once Roamed .8Horses,Weapons,and War .11Celebrations and Rituals .12The

5、 Indian Wars .15Leaders .17The Plains Native Americans Today .20Glossary .23Index .24The Great PlainsThe Great Plains of the United States stretch from the Rocky Mountains in the west to beyond the Missouri River in the east.The Great Plains extend north into Canada and south nearly to Mexico.Long a

6、go the Great Plains were characterized by gently rolling hills covered with tall grasses.With few trees to block them,strong winds whipped across the Great Plains,blowing hot in the summer and bitterly cold in the winter.It was dry,with rainfall averaging 20 inches(51 cm)a year.A little over two hun

7、dred years ago,in the early 1800s,there were only 150,000 people living in the Great Plains.Most were Native Americans,but there were also European settlers.Native Americans of the Great Plains Level Z56People shared the Great Plains with more than sixty million bison,or buffalo.Bison were the mains

8、tay of many Plains tribes diets,which meant that as the animals migrated,or moved with the seasons,many of the tribes moved with them.As you read about the people who lived on the Great Plains,youll see how they depended on the bison for more than food.Home on the PlainsLots of people think of teepe

9、es as typical homes for Native Americans of the past,and many Plains tribes actually did live in teepees.These amazing mobile homes were ideal for nomadic hunters on the Plains because they were designed to be strong enough to withstand heavy winds,provide heat in the winter,and let air flow through

10、 in the hot summer months.Wooden poles gave the teepee its cone shape,and some of the poles were 25 feet(7.6 m)tall.Bison hides were stitched together to make the walls.The poles and hides that made the teepee could be quickly taken down and transported to a new location.Once a tribe decided where t

11、o settle,two to three people could set up a teepee in less than two hours.Tribes of the PlainsThere are more than thirty tribes that make up the Plains Native Americans.The tribes of the Great Plains all have different languages and customs,but they also have much in common based on geography.A Plai

12、ns tribe family outside their homeArapahoBlackfeetCrowHidatsaMandanArikaraMissouriaOsage KiowaComancheCheyennePawneeLakotaPoncaOmahaOtoe CANADAR O C K Y M O U N T A I N SNNative Americans of the Great Plains Level Z78A large family could comfortably live in a teepee,which had a living area about 15

13、feet (4.5 m)in diameter,with enough room to cook during the day and sleep at night.The opening often faced east because there was less wind coming from the east.When cooking or heating the inside,a smoke flap near the top could be opened to let smoke escape,or closed to keep heat in the teepee durin

14、g the long,cold winter months.Not all Plains tribes lived in teepees.Village tribessuch as the Pawnee,Omaha,and Mandanbuilt more permanent shelters.These shelters were built long and low to the ground so that they could better withstand the strong winds that whipped across the prairie.Wood,bison ski

15、ns,grass,and mud were combined to make homes and lodges.Large families lived and cooked in the lodge,and there was even enough room inside for a horse and the familys dogs.Where Buffalo Once RoamedBison provided meat,shelter,and tools for many tribes in the Plains.Tribes found uses for all parts of

16、the bison.Almost every part was eaten,including the organs.Bison skin was made into clothing,blankets,shoes,shields,and teepees.Their horns were made into spoons or scoops,or used as ornaments.Bison bones were used to make all kinds of tools,weapons,and everyday objects,including runners on sleds.Ma

17、king the Most of a BisonHideclothesquivers dolls cradlesbeddingshieldsmedicine bagsrattlesropessaddlesHairheaddressesornamentsmedicine TailbrushwhipBonestoolsweaponssled runnersMeatfoodjerkyHoofgluerattlesHornscupspowder hornspoonsladlestoysornamentsTeepees have small entrances so its easy to keep t

18、he weather out.pillowsropeballsNative Americans of the Great Plains Level Z910In the fall,bison gathered in huge herdsoften of more than one million.Fall was the best time for hunting,and village tribes had their annual hunts at that time.Nomadic tribes would gather in larger groups,setting up camps

19、 and celebrating the bounty of the bison hunt.Hunters rode out from camp on their horses until they found the bison herd.They would ride toward the herd until the bison started running.Then the hunters would ride right alongside the animals,spearing them or shooting them with either bows and arrows

20、or guns.Bows were made of wood,with bowstrings made of bison tendons.The hunters were able to shoot the bison with amazing accuracy while their horses were galloping full-speed through the herd.Sometimes a large group of people riding horses would chase the bison off a cliff so that the bison fell t

21、o their deaths.When winter came,the bison would break up into smaller herds,and the nomadic tribes broke up into smaller groups,too.Nomadic tribes followed the bison migration throughout the year,while many tribes living in farming villages stayed in one place for the entire year.During the winter m

22、onths,they lived off the big bison hunt and the crops they harvested.Plains Native Americans used many weapons to kill bison.Horses made it easier,no matter what weapon was used.Herds of bison were chased off cliffs to their deaths,but Native Americans would kill only as many as they needed.Native A

23、mericans of the Great Plains Level Z1112Horses,Weapons,and WarsBefore Europeans brought horses to the United States in the 1500s,nomadic tribes moved and hunted on foot.Spanish explorers introduced horses in the southwestern United States,and the horses quickly ran wild throughout the Plains.Through

24、 trade(and stealing),more tribes began acquiring horses.By the 1700s,horses were fully a part of the Plains Native American lifestyle,and everything changed when people had the speed and power of these four-legged beasts.Members of the Plains tribes became excellent horsemen,and they rode horses int

25、o bison hunts and into wars.Some of the Plains tribes had reputations as warring tribes.Most of the battles were small,often fought to steal horses from another tribe or to avenge a death.War was seen as a way to restore honor.As the U.S.Army and other settlers moved west,they posed a threat to the

26、livelihood of the Plains tribes,who fought for their right to hunt,farm the land,and preserve their traditions.Celebrations and RitualsMembers of the Plains tribes often gathered to sing,dance,and celebrate with friends.One important ceremony was the Summer Sun Dance.The Sun Dance was different from

27、 tribe to tribe,but all Sun Dance celebrations focused on thanking the Great Spirit for plentiful food.Because bison was an important food source,it was featured in Sun Dances.A Sun Dance lasted for several days with nonstop dancing.Dancers also shook their heads and looked into the sun as long as t

28、heir eyes could endure it,which could hurt them.They hoped theyd have a vision at the end of the Sun Dance and that prosperity would come to their tribe.Horses are an important part of the Plains tribes lifestyles.Sun DanceNative Americans of the Great Plains Level Z1314Even today,dances of celebrat

29、ion are important to many tribes.One of those dances is the Grass Dance(or Omaha Dance),which is thought to have started in the 1800s,possibly as a warrior dance.Modern dancers wear outfits with lots of fringe and ribbon to look like the movement of prairie grass.Early dancers of the Grass Dance may

30、 have tied grass to their clothes.Some tribes used the Grass Dance to flatten the grass before larger tribal ceremonies;others used it to celebrate victory over an enemy.Now,the Grass Dance is performed in tribal competitions.The Ghost Dance started among the Paiute tribe and quickly spread to other

31、s,including the Lakota,or Sioux(sue),tribes who were forced onto reservations by the United States government.The Ghost Dance recalled days when there were millions of bison and food was plentiful.It also told of a hoped-for time when all the settlers would be dead,and the Native Americans would hav

32、e their land back.Do You Know?The sound of drums played a powerful role in celebrations and rituals.Many drums were handed down in a family from one generation to the next and were often named and blessed.Older drums were made of deer,elk,horse,or bison hides stretched over hollowed-out sections of

33、logs.Do You Know?On December 29,1890,U.S.Cavalry troops at Wounded Knee(in what is now South Dakota)were guarding a large group of Lakota people who had surrendered.When the Lakota began performing the Ghost Dance,it provoked the soldiers,and a bloody battle broke out.During the battle,two hundred L

34、akota were killed by the army.The murdered Lakotaincluding men,women,and childrenwere buried in a mass grave.It was the last battle between the army and tribal people.Ghost DanceGrass DanceNative Americans of the Great Plains Level Z1516The Indian WarsAs settlers from the eastern United States began

35、 moving onto the Plains to mine,farm,and build towns and railroads,they came in conflict with the Plains tribes.The Plains tribes and the settlers fought over the land,and there was killing on both sides.Settlers demanded that the U.S.Army defend and protect them.The government sent troops to fight

36、the Plains tribes,and those battles became known as the Indian Wars.The Plains tribes sometimes evenly matched the soldiers.The tribes knew the land well,and they used guerrilla(ger-RIL-la)warfare against the soldiers.But the U.S.army outnumbered the tribes,and the Army had more powerful guns than t

37、he tribes had.However,the main reason that the Plains tribes eventually lost the wars was probably not the soldiers.By the time the U.S.Army reached many of the tribes,more than half the people had died from diseases,such as smallpox.Settlers had brought diseases to the Plainsdiseases that the India

38、ns bodies did not have immunity,or resistance,to.The settlers and soldiers also killed most of the bison on the Plains,and without the bison,many tribes were left without the food and materials they needed to survive.The U.S.Cavalry used the method of running bison off a cliff to kill hundreds of th

39、ousands of bison at a time,leaving them to rot.By the late 1800s,most of the bison were gone.Eventually,soldiers and settlers forced most of the Plains tribes onto reservations,or areas of land set aside for them.Often the areas were small and were the poorest farming or hunting lands in the Great P

40、lains.Settlers spread disease to Native Americans when they traded goods.This depiction shows a U.S.Army troop fighting a Plains Native American tribe.Native Americans of the Great Plains Level Z1718LeadersLeaders of the Lakota tribes resisted the U.S.governments efforts to put their people on reser

41、vations.Three of the most well known were Sitting Bull,Crazy Horse,and Red Cloud.Sitting Bull was known as a courageous leader who fought to protect tribal lands.When gold was discovered in South Dakota in the mid-1870s,a rush of prospectors invaded tribal lands.In 1876,the U.S.government sent troop

42、s to protect the prospectors and ordered all Lakota to move to reservations.Sitting Bull refused.He called together other Lakota as well as Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes,and they gathered at Little Bighorn Valley.On June 25,1876,George Armstrong Custer of the U.S.Army led his troops into the valley,in

43、tending to ambush the Lakota,but Sitting Bull and his warriors were ready.The bloody battle ended with the death of Custer and his soldiers.The Battle of Little Bighorn is sometimes called“Custers Last Stand.”Crazy Horse,who was known as Tashunca-uitco(ta-SHUN-ca-weet-co),was known as a ferocious wa

44、rrior who fought to preserve the traditions of the Lakota.Crazy Horse stole his first horse before he was thirteen and led his first war party when he was still a teenager.When the U.S.government ordered all Lakota bands onto reservations in 1876,Crazy Horse resisted and led other Lakota to resist,j

45、ust as Sitting Bull did.After almost a year of battles,Crazy Horse saw that his people were struggling with the lack of bison too much to continue fighting.He was the last major chief to surrender.Crazy Horse died in 1877.He did not allow any photographs to be taken of him,but his likeness is carved

46、 into the side of a mountain in South Dakota at the Crazy Horse Memorial.Crazy Horse MemorialSitting BullNative Americans of the Great Plains Level Z1920Red Cloud,whose tribal name was Makhpiya-Luta(ma-KAP-ee-a-loo-ta)was an important Lakota leader who led wars against tribes of Crows,Pawnees,Utes,a

47、nd Shoshones.In 1866,Red Cloud began a series of attacks to protect Lakota land from miners traveling into Montana.To end the attacks,the Fort Laramie Treaty,which stated that the Lakota would abandon the warpath in exchange for money and goods,was signed.As part of the treaty,Red Clouds Lakota band

48、 was supposed to stay only on reservation land.Although Red Cloud is said to have signed the treaty(marked with an“X”),theres little evidence that the terms of the treaty were fully explained to the Lakota leader.The Plains Native Americans TodayToday,people from many Plains tribes come together to

49、preserve their traditions.They hold tribal celebrations,practice speaking their native languages,and work to increase the number of bison.Native Americans gather together across the country for powwows,which are a way to preserve their heritage through dance,music,arts,crafts,and food.Traditional da

50、nces have now become contests for prizes in addition to being done to celebrate a bountiful harvest or other occasion.Sioux children at a powwow ceremonyRed CloudNative Americans of the Great Plains Level Z2122Many native languages,such as the Lakotas,are disappearing because young people dont learn