原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) The Balloon Brothers_DS.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Balloon BrothersA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,770Writing and ArtWrite a newspaper article from September 19,1783,describing the Montgolfier brothers experiment.Use facts from the book and outside resources.ScienceChoose an

2、 experiment from the book.Organize the details of the experiment using the steps of the scientific method.Discuss your results and any new questions with a partner.Connectionswww.readinga-The Balloon BrothersThe Balloon BrothersZZ1Z2LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic Derrien

3、The Balloon Brotherswww.readinga-Who were the Montgolfier brothers,and why are they remembered?Focus QuestionWritten by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic Derrien16Glossaryairships(n.)wingless,steerable aircraft capable of powered flight that use bodies filled with gas to make them lighter than air(p

4、.15)atoms(n.)the smallest parts in an element(p.7)buoyancy(n.)the ability or tendency to float(p.6)chemist(n.)a scientist who studies chemical elements and how chemicals interact(p.7)envelope(n.)the outer covering or bag of an airship,such as a hot-air balloon,that holds gas or heated air(p.9)experi

5、ment(n.)a scientific test or trial(p.5)immersed(v.)dipped or placed into a fluid or some other substance that surrounds completely(p.6)inflammable(adj.)easily able to catch fire and burn quickly(p.7)intrigued(adj.)very curious or interested(p.6)molecules(n.)the smallest parts of a substance that can

6、 exist by themselves,made of one or more atoms(p.8)physicist(n.)a scientist who studies the nature and properties of energy and matter(p.10)prestige(n.)a level of high standing or respect(p.10)16The Balloon BrothersLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic DerrienA

7、ll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Page 7:alhovik/123RF;page 8(top):Sarin Images/Granger,NYC;page 8(bottom):Granger,NYC;page 10:Stock Montage,Inc./Alamy Stock Photo;page 14:wamsler/123RFWords to Knowairshipsatomsbuoyancychemistenvelopeexperimentimmersedinflammableintriguedmoleculesphysici

8、stprestigeCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA15The Legacy of Lighter-Than-Air FlightThe passion for ballooning soon spread throughout Europe.It was not long,however,before the risks involved became clear.In June 1785,de Rozier and his copilot,Pierre Romain,were killed while

9、 attempting to fly across the English Channel in a balloon.Despite the risks,pioneers continued to develop balloon designs long after the balloon craze of the late 1700s had ended.In the 1800s,lighter-than-air vehicles were equipped with rudders and motorized propellers.By the 1930s,huge airships we

10、re flying passengers back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean.The golden age of airships ended abruptly in 1937,though,when the German airship Hindenburg caught fire and crashed while landing in New Jersey.Today,airships are mostly used for advertising and can often be seen flying above open-air sta

11、diums during large sporting events.Gas balloons are mostly used for gathering weather data,while hot-air balloons are mostly used for recreation.Many areas hold festivals each year in which hundreds of colorful hot-air balloons fill the sky.These events can make it appear as though balloon mania nev

12、er ended.The Balloon Brothers Level Z1153Table of ContentsWitnessing the Birth of a New Age .4Two Brothers with Big Ideas .6Constructing“Smoke-Powered”Balloons .9A Balloon Rivalry .10Soaring into the Blue .12The Legacy of Lighter-Than-Air Flight .15Glossary .16Early Balloon Flights near Paris,France

13、Sept.19,1783Nov.21,1783Dec.1,1783Aug.27,178302135746801MilesKilometers2345FranceParisATLANTIC OCEANMEDITERRANEAN SEASpainGermanyItalyEnglandGonesseVersaillesSaint DenisTuileries GardenBellevilleParisSEINE RIVERThe Balloon Brothers Level Z114With de Rozier and the marquis aboard,the“aerostatic globe”

14、rose into the air.Twenty-five minutes later,it landed about 8 kilometers(5 mi.)away,settling between a pair of windmills outside the city.The two men were hailed as heroes.Benjamin Franklin observed the historic flight.Asked by another spectator what this balloon was good for,he reportedly answered,

15、“What good is a newborn baby?”On December 1,just ten days after the Montgolfiers triumph,Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first human ascent in a hydrogen balloon.Taking off from the Tuileries(TWEE-luh-reez)Garden in Paris,they flew for more than two hours,coming down in a town abou

16、t 36 kilometers(22 mi.)away.In the following years,the Montgolfiers launched several more balloons.The brothers were honored by the French Academy of Sciences,and their father,Pierre,was made a nobleman by King Louis.Do You Know?Modern airships include blimps,which rely solely on gas pressure to mai

17、ntain their shape,and dirigibles,which have an internal structure.Do You Know?Modern airships include blimps,which rely solely on gas pressure to maintain their shape,and dirigibles,which have an internal structure.a modern blimp4Witnessing the Birth of a New AgeAn excited crowd of 130,000 thronged

18、the grounds of the Palace of Versailles(vair-SYE),just outside of Paris,France,on the afternoon of September 19,1783.They had come to see the test flight of a large hot-air balloon built by two French brothers,Joseph-Michel and Jacques-tienne Montgolfier(mon-GOLF-yay).King Louis XVI and Queen Marie

19、Antoinette(an-twon-ET)watched from the palace courtyard.The beautiful silk-and-paper balloon was decorated with gold designs on a blue background.There was tension in the air.Since the dangers of flight were unknown,the passengers in the wicker basket suspended beneath the balloon were not human.Ins

20、tead,they were a sheep,a rooster,and a duck.13In the late afternoon,the unpiloted balloon was released.It rose quickly and flew northeast for less than an hour,landing about 15 kilometers(9 mi.)away in the village of Gonesse.Terrified villagers attacked this strange monster from the heavens with the

21、ir pitchforks.Now it was the Montgolfiers turn to wow Paris.On September 19,they launched their test balloon with its animal passengers at Versailles.When the animals landed safely,the time for a human trial was finally at hand.Since the flight would be very dangerous,the king felt it should be done

22、 by condemned prisoners.However,a science teacher,Jean-Franois Piltre de Rozier(ROZE-ee-ay),and a soldier,the Marquis dArlandes(mar-KEE dar-LOND),volunteered.Their historic flight took place on November 21,this time from the outskirts of Paris.This balloon was even more impressive than the last one;

23、it towered 23 meters(75 ft.)high.The balloon was covered with various golden designs.They included Louiss monogramtwo intertwined capital Lsand a circle of fleurs-de-lis(flur-duh-LEES),stylized lilies that were the symbol of French royalty.Other decorative details included sun disks,the signs of the

24、 zodiac,and eagles with their wings outspread.The Balloon Brothers Level Z15These animals had been chosen as part of a scientific experiment.The sheeps body was considered close enough to a humans to make it a reliable test subject.The rooster was included because,though it was a bird,it couldnt fly

25、 very high.The high-flying duck was also included to test the hazards of flight.The Montgolfiers filled their balloon with hot,smoky air from a fire burning in a pit.Shortly after 1:00 pm,the balloon was released.As the crowd looked on in wonder,it rose to a height of about 460 meters(1,500 ft.).Eig

26、ht minutes later,it settled back to Earth 3.2 kilometers(2 mi.)away.The animals were unharmed from the experience.The age of flightlong a dream of humanityhad finally dawned.The way was now clear for people to fly into the clouds,and the Montgolfiers deserved much of the credit.The Balloon Brothers

27、Level Z112Soaring into the BlueOn August 27,1783,a large crowd gathered at a grassy area in Paris where the Eiffel Tower now stands.They had come to witness the launch of the Charles balloon.Among the onlookers was a famous American,Benjamin Franklin,who was serving as U.S.ambassador to France.The b

28、alloon was relatively smallabout 4 meters(13 ft.)in diameterwith alternating red and white stripes.The white stripes had turned yellow,discolored by the rubber solution applied to the silk.The Scientific MethodThe Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles aimed to answer a question:Is it possible to

29、construct a lighter-than-air device that will enable people to fly?To answer that question,they followed a procedure known as the“scientific method.”The scientific method has several steps:Ask a question.Do background research.Construct a hypothesis.Test your hypothesis with observations or experime

30、nts.Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.Communicate your results.The Scientific MethodThe Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles aimed to answer a question:Is it possible to construct a lighter-than-air device that will enable people to fly?To answer that question,they followed a procedure kno

31、wn as the“scientific method.”The scientific method has several steps:Ask a question.Do background research.Construct a hypothesis.Test your hypothesis with observations or experiments.Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.Communicate your results.6Two Brothers with Big IdeasThe Montgolfier brother

32、s were two of the sixteen children of Pierre and Anne Montgolfier,who lived in a small town in southern France.Pierre was a successful paper manufacturer.His factories were the official suppliers of stationery to the court of King Louis XVI,a contract that gave the Montgolfiers financial security.Wh

33、en Joseph and tienne took over the family business in the 1770s,they had plenty of free time to pursue other interests.In his early forties,Joseph became intrigued with the possibility of flight.Since the 1600s,scientists had been exploring the possibility of making a lighter-than-air craft that wou

34、ld fly because of the principle of buoyancy.No one had yet figured out how to build such a vehicle,however.Buoyancy was first understood by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes(ark-uh-MEE-deez).It involves the density of an objectits weight for a given volumecompared with that of a fluid in wh

35、ich it is immersed.(Fluid in this sense can mean either a liquid or a gas.)If the density of an object is less than that of the fluid that surrounds it,the object will experience an upward force.11In July 1783,with the academys approval,Charles began work on his balloon,financed by public donations.

36、He was assisted by two brothers,Nicolas-Louis and Anne-Jean Robert(roh-BEAR),both professional engineers.The three constructed a small test balloon made of silk with a rubberized surface designed to keep the hydrogen from escaping.In the meantime,King Louis,having heard reports of the Montgolfiers e

37、xperiments,invited them to Paris.The king wanted the brothers to build a dazzling balloon that would display his glory to all of France.As the kings favorites,the brothers now received government funding for their work.The two teams each wanted to be the first to launch a balloon with human passenge

38、rs.The race was on,though the rivalry was a reasonably friendly one.As the summer waned,the Montgolfiers and Charles were getting ready to demonstrate their balloons.The Balloon Brothers Level Z17Joseph suspected that a light gas contained within a lightweight enclosure might create an effective buo

39、yant force.He read about such a gas that several past researchers had reported producing in their experiments.That gas was hydrogen,known at the time as“inflammable air”because of its explosive nature.Scientists had been aware of hydrogen for many years.In 1766,English chemist Henry Cavendish identi

40、fied the gas as an element and gave it the name“inflammable air.”French chemist Antoine Lavoisier(la-VWAH-zee-ay)renamed it“hydrogen”in 1783.Joseph filled small paper spheres with hydrogen gas and released them.His experiments were disappointing,though;the spheres rose just a few meters before comin

41、g back down.Hydrogen atoms are so small that they were able to pass through the paper and escape into the surrounding air.Elements and AtomsElements are the chemical building blocks of the universe.Every element is made up of atomsthe smallest particles of substances that still have the properties o

42、f that substance.Oxygen and hydrogen are both elements.One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms can combine to form one molecule of water.Elements and AtomsElements are the chemical building blocks of the universe.Every element is made up of atomsthe smallest particles of substances that still have th

43、e properties of that substance.Oxygen and hydrogen are both elements.One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms can combine to form one molecule of water.The Balloon Brothers Level Z110A Balloon RivalryThe Montgolfier brothers asked the French Academy of Sciences to officially recognize their work.A“sea

44、l of approval”from the academy was of great benefit to inventors,enhancing their prestige and earning them the admiration and,hopefully,the support of the king.The academy withheld approval of their work.It decided to take a wait-and-see approach in case someone else invented a better balloon.The Mo

45、ntgolfiers chief rival was a physicist named Jacques Charles(ZHOCK SHARL)who proposed building a hydrogen balloon.The Montgolfiers had long since given up on using hydrogen in favor of their hot-air balloons,but Charles saw great possibilities in this approach.A Better Gas for Balloons:HeliumHydroge

46、n is the lightest elementonly one-fourteenth the weight of airso at first glance it seems like the perfect gas for balloons.However,hydrogen is dangerous to work with because it catches fire and explodes easily.A much better gas for balloons is helium,the second-lightest element.Helium does not catc

47、h fire or explode.It is therefore completely safe for use in lighter-than-air flight.Helium was not discovered until the 1880s,so it was not available to balloon makers in the 1700s.A Better Gas for Balloons:HeliumHydrogen is the lightest elementonly one-fourteenth the weight of airso at first glanc

48、e it seems like the perfect gas for balloons.However,hydrogen is dangerous to work with because it catches fire and explodes easily.A much better gas for balloons is helium,the second-lightest element.Helium does not catch fire or explode.It is therefore completely safe for use in lighter-than-air f

49、light.Helium was not discovered until the 1880s,so it was not available to balloon makers in the 1700s.8Joseph looked for another way to create an“ascending machine,”as he called it.One day,he noticed that shirts drying over a smoky fire puffed upward.Like most people,he had often seen smoke rising

50、from chimneys.This,he concluded,was the answer:smoke!In early 1783,the Montgolfiers began burning different kinds of materials to identify ones that produced a lot of smoke.They found that a mixture of damp straw and chopped-up wool released the most smoke of any materials they tested.It also produc