原版英语RAZ 教案Galileo_DS.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.GalileoA Reading AZ Level V Leveled BookWord Count:1,328WritingResearch to learn more about one of Galileos discoveries.Write at least one paragraph describing the discovery and how it changed peoples understanding of the world.ScienceDraw a d

2、iagram or create a model of the solar system.Include details that Galileo discovered.Share your work with your class.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK VPSVWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinIllustrated by Wesley LoweGalileoGalileowww.readinga-How do questions lead to new discoveries?Focus Ques

3、tionWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinIllustrated by Wesley LoweGalileo16Glossaryastronomy(n.)a field of science involving the study of the stars,planets,comets,and other things found in space(p.9)controversial(adj.)causing much disagreement(p.11)gravity(n.)the natural force that tends to pull o

4、bjects toward each other,such as objects being pulled toward the center of Earth(p.8)heresy(n.)a belief or practice that goes against the official teachings of an organized religion(p.13)laws of nature(n.)scientific truths or principles that explain how nature works(p.6)measurable(adj.)able to have

5、a size or amount determined in measured units(p.15)pendulum(n.)a weight that hangs from a nonmoving point and swings from side to side (p.7)philosophers(n.)people who seek knowledge and truth about life;people who study philosophy(p.4)revolutionary(adj.)of or relating to the overthrow of previous id

6、eas or ways of doing things(p.5)solar system(n.)a group of objects in space that orbit a star(p.10)sunspots(n.)dark patches that sometimes appear on the Suns surface,caused by changes in the Suns magnetic field(p.10)telescope(n.)an instrument used to make distant objects look closer(p.9)16Photo Cred

7、its:Title page,page 10(left):Granger,NYC;page 4:iS 7:Alexey Gnilenkov/Alamy Stock Photo;page 10(right):courtesy of NASA/JPL;page 12(Sun):Chad Baker/Photodisc/Getty Images;page 12(Venus):Stocktrek Images/Stocktrek Images/Getty Images;page 12(Earth):Wavebreakmedia Ltd/Wavebreak Media/Getty Images Plus

8、;page 12(background):iS to Knowastronomycontroversialgravityheresylaws of naturemeasurablependulumphilosophersrevolutionarysolar systemsunspotstelescopeCorrelationLEVEL VR4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAGalileoLevel V Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Keith and Sarah KortemartinIllustrated by

9、 Wesley LoweAll rights reserved.www.readinga-15Science After GalileoWe now know that Galileo was right:Earth and the other planets in our solar system all revolve around the Sun.Galileos habit of asking difficult questions led him to make some of the greatest discoveries of his age.Scientists are st

10、ill using many of Galileos research methods.For example,he was the first to insist that laws of nature could be described using mathematical equations.This argument helped make science and mathematics separate fields of study,different from philosophy or religion.He was also one of the first scienti

11、sts to insist on using measurable data in his experiments.By doing so,he made it easier for other scientists to test his theories.Scientists still use this principle today.Galileo had an enormous influence on scientists who followed him,including Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.Today,we call him th

12、e father of modern science.Science and the Catholic ChurchIn 1757,the Catholic Church removed Galileos book from a list of banned books.In 1992,the Church formally cleared Galileo of any wrongdoing.The modern Church accepts proven scientific facts and has supported scientific research for centuries.

13、Galileo Level V153Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Galileos Childhood .5The Student .6The Professor .8The Astronomer .9In Trouble with the Church .11Science After Galileo .15Glossary .16MEDITERRANEAN SEAItalySicilyFranceSwitzerlandAustriaSardiniaPisaRomeMEDITERRANEAN SEASpainGermanyFranceEnglandItaly

14、RomeATLANTIC OCEAN02001003005007004006008000100mileskilometers200300400500CorsicaGalileo Level V14Galileo continued to write about his discoveries after he was found guilty,however.He even managed to publish,despite being ordered not to do so by the Church.He published Two New Sciences,which summari

15、zes some of his work,in 1638.It would be his final publication;at this point,Galileo had become blind.Galileos health continued to deteriorate,and he died in 1642 of natural causes.Do You Know?In a popular,but unproven,story about this trial,Galileo was defiant until the end.The legend claims that G

16、alileo murmured,“And yet it moves”under his breath after he was forced to say that Earth did not revolve around the Sun.This episode is not included in the records of the trial and is probably not factual.However,the phrase“and yet it moves”has become extremely famous;people quote it to this day.4In

17、troductionWhat do music,the motion of a chandelier,and the planet Venus have in common?They each played a part in the discoveries of one of historys greatest scientists,a man who lived five hundred years ago.That man was Galileo Galilei.Galileo was born in Italy in 1564 during a period known as the

18、Italian Renaissance.The Renaissance was a time of excitement and discovery.Painters,writers,mathematicians,musicians,philosophers,and scientists all developed new ideas during that period.Galileo was what we now call a“Renaissance man,”an expert in several subjects at once.He used ideas from many so

19、urces to make scientific discoveries.Even more important,though,Galileo was good at asking questions.Though this habit eventually got him in trouble,Galileos questions would change the way we understand the world.Galileo Galilei13Galileo published writings about his discoveries that angered the Chur

20、ch.During the Renaissance,the Church had the power to punish people who spread,or even had,ideas that challenged the Churchs teachings.Galileo had committed heresy by insisting that the Church was wrong.In 1633,he was ordered to Rome to stand trial.At the trial,he was found guilty and threatened wit

21、h death.Galileo was forced to say publicly that his earlier discoveries had been lies,even though they were accurate.He spent the rest of his life under house arrest,and he was also forbidden to publish.Galileo Level V5Galileos ChildhoodGalileo was the son of Vincenzo Galilei,a musician and composer

22、.Vincenzo was curious about how music worked.He taught young Galileo to be curious,too.Galileo would remain curious all his life.His habit was to look closely at everything,record what he saw,and try to explain what he had recorded.The explanations he came up with were sometimes truly revolutionary.

23、Galileo Level V12But Galileos discoveries showed that the Sun could and did change because of sunspots.The Moon was not“perfect”because it had craters.His discoveries also supported the idea that Earth was not the center of the solar system.Galileo showed that the changing way Venus appears from Ear

24、th would only make sense if Venus traveled around the Sun.In other words,Galileos discoveries were strong evidence that the planets in our solar system revolved around the Sun,not Earth.He was not the first person to come up with this theory.However,his discoveries were the best proof yet that Earth

25、 was not the center of our solar system.SunfullnewSunnewnewVenusEarthSuns orbit of EarthVenuss orbit of Earthcrescentcrescentcrescentcrescenthalfhalfnearly fullnearly fullHow Venus would look from Earth if the Sun and Venus orbited Earth.How Venus actually looks from Earth as Venus and Earth orbit t

26、he Sun.Earth6The StudentAs a young man,Galileo became fascinated with math and physicsthe scientific study of matter,energy,and motion.Physicists study the laws of nature,and Galileo had a gift for the work.In fact,he made one of his first major discoveries in physics a year before he entered univer

27、sity.On a windy day in 1582,Galileo went to a church service.The church had a large chandelier hanging from the ceiling.He noticed that the wind outside was causing the chandelier to slowly swing back and forth.Sometimes the chandelier swung only a few inches from side to side.Sometimes the movement

28、 was much larger as much as a few feet from side to side.But Galileo noticed something strange.Although some swings were much wider than others,every swing took exactly the same amount of time.11In Trouble with the ChurchGalileos discoveries about the solar system got him in a lot of trouble.In part

29、icular,the Catholic Church opposed his views.Why were sunspots and the phases of Venus so controversial?The answer lies in the philosophy and religious beliefs of the time.For centuries,the Catholic Church had taught that the Sun,Moon,planets,and stars all revolved around Earth.According to this the

30、ory,heavenly bodies such as the Sun were perfect and unchanging.This theory,which placed Earth at the center of creation,originally came from the philosophers of ancient Greece.The Church officially adopted this theory long before Galileos time.Galileo Level V7By watching the chandelier,Galileo disc

31、overed that a swinging pendulum could tell time accurately.Twenty years later,he published this discovery,and later he designed the first pendulum clock.Clocks like his are still in use today.Despite his early achievements in math and physics,Galileo did not study math when he first entered the Univ

32、ersity of Pisa in 1583.His father urged Galileo to instead become a doctor so he would have a steady income.Galileos medical studies never fascinated him as much as math and physics,though.Eventually,he persuaded his father to allow him to study math with a private tutor.Galileo never finished his d

33、egree;he left university in 1585 due to money problems.For the next four years,he made his living as a math tutor.However,he did not give up his interest in science.Grandfather clocks such as this one still use pendulums to keep time.Galileo Level V10As Galileo examined the solar system,he made disc

34、overy after discovery.He was the first European to observe sunspots.He noted that the Moon had craters on its surface.He discovered Jupiters four largest moons.And he was the first to observe the phases of Venus.Galileo saw that Venus appeared to change shape,just as the Moon does.For example,Venus

35、had a full phase,a new phase,and crescent phases.Galileo published some of these discoveries in 1610 in a book called The Starry Messenger.The book made Galileo famous.As he would discover,though,fame had a price.Galileo sketched the surface of the Moon(left)as he saw it through his telescope in 161

36、0.NASA(the National Aeronautics and Space Administration)sent a probe named after Galileo to the Moon in 1992.The probe made a detailed scan of the Moons surface(right)that clearly shows many of the same features Galileo noticed hundreds of years earlier.8The ProfessorIn 1589,Galileo returned to the

37、 University of Pisa to teach mathematics,and shortly afterward he was invited to teach math in Padua.He remained in Padua for the next eighteen years.During his years there,Galileo was mostly unknown.However,he continued to perform experiments.For example,he did several experiments with falling obje

38、cts to test ideas about gravity.In the process,he proved that heavy objects fall at the same rate as lighter ones.Galileo made important contributions to math and physics during his early career.But the discoveries that would make him famous were still to come.Galileos most revolutionary discoveries

39、 happened when he turned his gaze toward the sky.Do You Know?There is a famous story about one of Galileos experiments.When he was a young professor,the story goes,he dropped two cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.One cannonball was much heavier than the other,but they fell at the same speed

40、.Today,its not certain whether Galileo actually tossed cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa as part of his experiments with gravity.9The AstronomerIn 1609,Galileo heard about a“spyglass”invented in the Netherlands.This was a tool designed as a visual aid.When a person gazed through the spyglas

41、s,faraway objects looked much closer.Galileo had never seen a spyglass,but he was interested in the concept.He figured out how to build one,then quickly made improvements on his original design.Soon he was able to make distant objects look thirty times larger;in other words,he built a telescope the most powerful in the world at that time.In a fateful decision,he began to use his telescope to study the heavens.What Galileo saw through his telescope changed his life,and astronomy,forever.Galileo Level V