原版英语RAZ 教案(T) Awesome Ants.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Awesome AntsA Reading AZ Level T Leveled BookWord Count:1,217Writing and ArtWrite an acrostic poem with words or phrases about ants,using the letters in the words awesome ants.Illustrate your poem and share it with your class.ScienceResearch o

2、ne species of ant,such as carpenter ants or leaf-cutter ants.Write a paragraph about what makes the species unique.Include a diagram of your ant.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK TNQTAwesome AntsAwesome AntsWritten by Rus Buyokwww.readinga-Awesome AntsAwesome AntsWhat makes ants awesome?Focus Que

3、stionWritten by Rus BuyokAwesome AntsLevel T Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Rus BuyokAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:Unteroffizier/D;title page:Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures;page 3:Ariel Bravy/D;page 4:Satoshi Kuribayashi/Nature Production/Minden Pictures;page 5(main):A

4、ndrey Pavlov/123RF;page 5(inset):Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source;page 6:Martin Harvey/Corbis;page 7:Dr.Paul Zahl/Science Source;page 8:Alleng/D;page 9:Georg Fagerlund/Alamy;page 10:NHPA/Superstock;page 11:Charles Badland,Florida State University;page 12(top):Redmond O.Durrell/Alamy;page 12(bottom):A

5、lex Wild/Visuals Unlimited/Corbis;page 13:Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures;page 14:FOTOSEARCH RM/age fotostock;page 15:Gilbert M.Grosvenor/National Geographic Stockantennae colony communicate cultivate insects mandibles scavenge sensors speciesWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL TP3838Fountas&PinnellReading R

6、ecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsA Little History .4Body Parts .5Lets Talk .9One Big,Happy Family .11The Queen .13Yep,Ants Are Awesome .14Glossary .16Awesome Ants Level T4A Little HistoryThey march through grass,across sidewalks,over the kitchen counter,and onto picnic blankets as uninvited guests.They c

7、ome in many colors,such as red,yellow,brown,or black,and can be as small as 1 millimeter(0.04 in.)long.These magnificent creatures are antsawesome ants.Ants crawled around under the dinosaurs,early mammals,and ancient birds more than 100 million years agoin the Cretaceous(kreh-TAY-shus)period!They u

8、sed to look more like wasps.They had shorter jaws,stingers that they could extend from their bodies,and middle and hind legs that were better for climbing.Today,more than 10,000 species of ants live in deserts,rainforests,swamps,and cities on every continent except Antarctica.They have been able to

9、survive for so long by adapting to changes in their environments.Ants are always on the move.5Body PartsLike all insects,ants have three main body partsan abdomen,a thorax,and a headand three pairs of legs.Some tropical species can grow to approximately 38 mm(1.5 in.)long,but most average 5 mm(0.19

10、in.)to 15 mm(0.59 in.)long.The rear part of their body is the abdomen,also called the gaster,which contains the heart and stomachs.The heart is a long tube that pumps translucent blood through the ants body without using blood vessels.Ants have two stomachs:one for food for the ant itself and anothe

11、r for food to be shared with the colony.An ants leg seen through a microscope shows the hooks it uses to climb.abdomenthoraxpetioleheadAwesome Ants Level T6The middle part of the body,called the thorax,is a base for all the ants muscles.The three pairs of legs are designed for running quickly,and ea

12、ch leg has three joints and little hooks that allow ants to climb almost anything.Ants dont have ears,but they have the ability to detect sound by feeling vibrations through their legs.The head contains the brain,eyes,antennae,and mandibles.The mandibles,which open and close like scissors,project in

13、 front of the mouth.An ants most important tool,mandibles are used for cutting and carrying things as well as for digging and hunting.Some ants can close their mandibles so quickly that they make a clicking sound.Ants cant chew and swallow food;instead they swallow the liquid that they squeeze from

14、their food.Ants carry large items in their mandibles.7Ants diets vary according to their species.Some prefer sugary liquids,while others cultivate fungus.Still others prefer to scavenge for whatever they can find.Ants are very strong and can lift more than twenty times their own weight.All ants can

15、bite,and some have stingers and venom sacs that they use to protect themselves from predators.Many ants that dont have stingers can spray toxic chemicals onto their enemies.antennaemandibleseyesheadAwesome Ants Level T8The two eyes,called compound eyes,consist of hundreds of lenses that combine many

16、 images into a single picture in an ants brain.Some ants have three small sensors,called ocelli(oh-SELL-eye),on the tops of their heads to detect light and dark.Ants use their antennae to taste,smell,hear,and communicate with other ants through touch.They also use their antennae to recognize their f

17、riends in the colony and to detect enemies.The long,thin antennae bend in the middle,like a humans elbow,and are constantly moving.Ants dont have lungs;instead,they breathe through small holes,called spiracles(SPEER-ah-culz),all over their bodies.Oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit an ants body

18、 through the spiracles.Ants bodies have a hard,waterproof covering,called an exoskeleton,which gives them support and protection from the elements as well as predators.Ants use their antennae to taste a grape.9Lets TalkAnts communicate with each other in three ways:touch,sound,and smell.Ants touch e

19、ach others heads and antennae to send different messages.They can also make noises by rubbing their legs together or on their bodies.By recording these noises and comparing them across many ant species,scientists have learned that these complex signals are a call for help.Four ants use their antenna

20、e to communicate.Awesome Ants Level T10Ants communicate mainly by smell.They release special scented chemicals,called pheromones(FAIR-oh-mohnz),which linger long after the first ant is gone.Different scents send different messages.For example,some pheromones work as an alarm to warn other ants that

21、danger is nearby.An ant that has discovered food emits a scent trail for other ants to follow.The trail allows them to find the food and return to the colony without getting lost.The more ants that follow the trail,the stronger it becomes.When an ant cant find food,the chemical warning decays so tha

22、t other ants do not go that direction.Leaf-cutter ants carry leaves that weigh far more than the ants back to their colony.11One Big,Happy FamilyAnt colonies,which can have millions of members,are filled with activity.Some ants are active year-round,while others hibernate in the winter.Some ants bui

23、ld their colonies in logs or trees,but most build their colonies underground.Little mounds of dirt or sand are the telltale signs of an ant colonys location.Some ants reinforce the entrance to their colony by mixing twigs into the dirt for added protection from flooding.Colonies have many different

24、chambers,which all have different uses.Some chambers store food,while others are nurseries for the eggs.Colonies even have spaces for groups of ants to relax in and a special chamber for the queen.This cast shows the upper part of a large ant colony.Scientists think this colony went over 12 meters (

25、39 ft)into the ground.Awesome Ants Level T12Ants are social insects that work together as a group,and every ant has a function and special skills to perform it.Worker ants and soldier ants find food and protect the nest.These are usually the ants you see above the ground,and the older ants in the co

26、lony.Other ants build and expand the nest,care for the young,and do other jobs,including taking care of the queen.The ants that work inside the nest tend to be younger ants.All these ants are female,but only one can lay eggs:the queen.In other words,all the ants in a colony are related.worker antsso

27、ldier antsSoldier ants are usually much larger than worker ants.What About the Boys?Male ants have only one purpose in most colonies:to mate with the queen.Once theyve done their duty,most male ants simply die.male ant13The QueenThe queen is the leader of the colony,but she doesnt control all the ac

28、tivity in it.The largest of all the ants in the colony,the queen is an egg-laying machine.Some queens can lay thousands of eggs every day,which translates to millions of ants in a queens lifetime.She needs so many offspring because most worker ants live only for an average of forty-five to sixty day

29、s.Most colonies have one queen.When other queen ants hatch,they fly out in search of a new location to start another colony.After they start laying eggs,they lose their wings.Queens can also live longer than most other insectsmore than twenty-five yearsbut when they die,so does the colony.I Can Fly!

30、Like queens,some males can also fly.When they land near a colony,worker ants rip the wings off.Then they rush the male to the queen so the two can mate before the male dies.Awesome Ants Level T14Yep,Ants Are AwesomeAnts may be small,but they can do awesome things.Thousands or millions of ants workin

31、g together can build bridges to cross a gap in their path.They can also shape themselves into rafts to float across rivers without drowning.Through teamwork,ants can overpower animals hundreds of times their own size for food.Fire ants link their legs and use their bodies as building blocks to make

32、structures.15While some types of ants can be trouble for humans,most ants are beneficial and support the environment in many ways.They spread seeds,protect crops by eating flies,caterpillars,and other pests,and improve the soil for plants by digging.Stop and watch a trail of ants,or better yet,follo

33、w themjust dont step on their trail.Ants abilities are inspiring,and learning about them highlights how awesome they are.A trail usually means the ants are moving to a new homeor theyve found something very tasty.Awesome Ants Level T16Glossaryantennae(n.)the thin feelers found on the heads of some a

34、nimals that help them touch and smell(p.6)colony(n.)a group of animals that live together;a place where a group of ants or certain other social insects live(p.5)communicate(v.)to share information using pictures,language,or other means(p.8)cultivate(v.)to grow or raise something,usually a crop(p.7)i

35、nsects(n.)small animals with six legs,three body parts,and usually two sets of wings(p.5)mandibles(n.)body parts near an insects mouth that are used for grabbing,cutting,or crushing food or enemies(p.6)scavenge(v.)to find and eat scraps of garbage or animals that are already dead(p.7)sensors(n.)bodily structures that sense and react to a signal or change in conditions(p.8)species(n.)groups of living things that are physically similar and can reproduce(p.4)