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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Alexander the GreatA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,266WritingResearch two kings who ruled Macedonia before Alexander.Write an essay comparing Alexander the Great to these kings.Social StudiesResearch more information about the c

2、ustoms of ancient Macedonia and Persia.Write an essay comparing the two cultures.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by Jan C.KrausAlexander the GreatAlexander the GreatLEVELED BOOK Z2LEVELED BOOK Z220Glossaryambitious(adj.)having a strong desire to succeed or achieve(p.5)assassinated(v.)killed in a pla

3、nned attack,often for political purposes(p.8)botanists(n.)people who study plants(p.11)cavalry(n.)a group of soldiers who fight while mounted on horses;a troop of soldiers who fight in armored vehicles(p.12)city-states(n.)cities or urban areas that act as independent countries(p.8)ethics(n.)moral pr

4、inciples that guide a persons behavior(p.7)flanked(v.)positioned at one or two sides of something or someone(p.13)fleet(n.)a group of ships or other vehicles operating under one commander or owner(p.14)infantry(n.)soldiers trained and given weapons and gear to fight on foot(p.12)philosopher(n.)a per

5、son who seeks knowledge and truth about life;someone who studies philosophy(p.7)regent(n.)a person who reigns over a kingdom in place of a monarch who is unable to rule at that time(p.8)surveyors(n.)people who measure and identify the physical features of areas of land(p.11)www.readinga-How did Alex

6、ander the Great use his education and training to build his empire?Focus QuestionWritten by Jan C.KrausAlexander the Great19327 bc:Continues to conquer central Asia;pushes into India336 bc:Philip is killed;Alexander becomes king of Macedonia331 bc:Defeats Darius and the Persians in the Battle of Gau

7、gamela343 bc:Aristotle becomes Alexanders teacher333 bc:Defeats the Persian army led by Darius at the Battle of Issus323 bc:Dies in Babylon356 bc:Born in Macedonia340 bc:Stops a revolt on Macedonias eastern border334 bc:Advances into Persia,wins the Battle of Granicus332 bc:Captures Tyre and then in

8、vades Egypt,where he is welcomed330 bc:Darius is killed326 bc:Defeats Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes344 bc:Bucephalus becomes Alexanders horseAlexander Conquers the WorldAlexander Conquers the World360 bc355350345340335330325320 bcAlexander the Great Level Z2CorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&Pinne

9、llReading RecoveryDRAAlexander the GreatWorld Leaders Level Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Jan C.KrausAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Front cover:Alexander the Great accepts the surrender of an enemy in India.Title page:A statue of Alexander the GreatPage 3:Artwork shows Alexander training h

10、is horse named Bucephalus.Photo Credits:Front cover,page 19(top right):Granger,NYC;title page:Mohamed Osama/123RF;page 3:Universal Images Group/Universal Images Group/SuperStock;page 5:Classic Image/Alamy Stock Photo;page 6:robertharding/robertharding/SuperStock;page 7:PanosKarapanagiotis/iStock/Thi

11、nkstock;pages 12,16,19(bottom left):akg-images/Peter Connolly/The Image Works;pages 13,19(bottom right):Alexander the Great at the Battle of Issus,Greek/Museo Archeologico Nazionale,Taranto,Puglia,Italy/Mondadori Electa/Bridgeman Images;page 18:2317900 Ontario Ltd.Spirer/123RF;page 19(top left):Rare

12、 Ancient Greek Coin,Gold Stater,Macedonia,Alexander the Great 336 BC/Hoberman/UIG/Bridgeman Images;page 19(center left):The Taming of Bucephalus,McConnell,James Edwin/Private Collection/Look and Learn/Bridgeman Imagesambitiousassassinatedbotanistscavalrycity-statesethicsflankedfleetinfantryphilosoph

13、erregentsurveyorsWords to Know3Alexander the Great Level Z2Table of ContentsAlexander the Great,King of the World .4Growing Up as a Prince .5Becoming a King .8Conquering the World .9The Legacy of Alexander the Great .18Glossary .2018The Legacy of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great reigned for t

14、welve years and eight months.He was thirty-three years old when he died.He never lost a battle.Alexander was brutal at times;the estimated number of people his armies killed is close to 750,000.Still,he is considered an excellent leader and military commander.Unifying his followers by sharing his vi

15、sion and leading in war with superb understanding of battle,Alexander took back the Greek cities that Persia ruled.Furthermore,he extended his empire to Egypt and a large portion of central Asia,areas that had never been explored by Europeans.Alexander became a model for generations of military lead

16、ers who followed.He opened doors of knowledge in his explorations,learning about new religion and government.He also introduced the people he encountered to Greek culture and created a world that was more open to trade of new materials and,more importantly,new ideas.When he died,Alexander was taken

17、to Alexandria,Egypt,where he was placed in a golden casket.He received honors there and in Greece.4BLACK SEAMEDITERRANEAN SEAEuphrates RiverHydaspes RiverARABIAN SEACASPIAN SEAPERSIAINDIAASIA MINORMACEDONIAEGYPTRED SEAPERSIAN GULFNile RiverAlexandriaTaxilaBabylonAlexanders Empire at Its Peak,323 bcA

18、lexanders Empire at Its Peak,323 bcAlexanders empireExploration routeAlexander the Great,King of the World More than 2,300 years ago in the city of Pella in the kingdom of Macedonia,a prince named Alexander III was born.In his short life,Alexander would conquer nations and kingdoms in lands near and

19、 far and would become one of the most significant leaders the world had ever known.Alexander was not only a conqueror with a drive for land and power,but also an explorer with a tremendous drive to go beyond places anyone had ever traveled before.Taught by one of the most learned men of his time,Ari

20、stotle,Alexander appreciated new ideas and had a thirst for knowledge.He wanted to go farther and learn more.17Alexander invaded,killing thousands of local tribes who resisted.In one fight,Alexander was severely injured when an arrow punctured his lung,but he recovered.In the spring of 326 bc,Alexan

21、der arrived in the city of Taxila,whose ruler,Taxiles,did not resist Alexander and instead gave him troops and offered an important battle resource in the regionelephants.In return,he asked Alexander to battle Taxiless enemy Porus,who ruled nearby Indian lands.Alexander would need to subdue him in o

22、rder to continue his march east.In June,Alexander and his troops arrived at the Hydaspes(hy-DAS-peez)River to fight Porus and his army.It is not clear whether Alexander used elephants in the fight.We do know that Poruss elephants,having done damage to the Greeks,eventually panicked due to the intens

23、ity of the fight and retreated.Porus surrendered to Alexander.It was Alexanders last big battle.Despite Alexanders efforts to convince his followers to go farther east,there was mutiny among the weary troops.They convinced Alexander to return home.Alexander made it to Babylon before he came down wit

24、h a fever.In June 323 bc,Alexander the Great died.Alexander the Great Level Z25CallisthenesCallisthenesAlexander the Great Level Z2Growing Up as a Prince Alexander was born in 356 bc.King Philip II,his ambitious father,had learned about military strategy from observing the strong armies of neighbori

25、ng Greece while he was captive there as a young man.When he returned home,he seized the Macedonian throne from Amyntas,his nephew.Philip established his rule of Macedonia and the surrounding Greek states with a superior and well-trained army.Having learned from the best generals of his time and stil

26、l at an early age,Philip became a very powerful man.Alexanders mother,Olympias,was not a native-born Macedonian and feared that because of this fact,Alexander might not inherit the throne and she would lose her position.She raised her son to be king and would settle for nothing else.How do we know a

27、bout a man who lived so long ago?A man named Callisthenes(kuh-LIS-thuh-neez)documented Alexanders life.Fortunately,other historians consulted Callistheness account before it was lost forever.Much of what we know about Alexander comes from these later writings.16This painting depicts the Battle of th

28、e Hydaspes.Alexander was in new territory in many of his travels.His military expertise is evident in his ability to make quick decisions in battles.Alexander took control of more land and people,and in 324 bc he married a local princess as well as Stateira,the daughter of Darius III.Many of his off

29、icers married Persian women as well.After that,his lifestyle transformed to include Persian ways.He began dressing in Persian clothing and even expected Macedonians to honor him as the Persians didwith low bows.The Macedonians did not all agree with Alexanders changes,and many who had been on the ro

30、ad for as long as ten years were tired and wanted to go home.Alexander wanted to expand the empire farther east.In 327 bc,he convinced his men to push into land they called India,the area that includes Afghanistan and Pakistan today.6A statue of Alexander riding his horse Bucephalus stands in Pella,

31、Greece,today.Alexander inherited the ambitions of both parents.At the age of twelve,he demonstrated his strong will when his father refused to buy a superb but nervous horse named Bucephalus(byoo-SEF-uh-luhs).Noticing that the unbroken horse was frightened by its shadow,Alexander stepped in and took

32、 control.He knew that by using the reins to turn Bucephaluss head away from his shadow,he could calm it down.Alexander then jumped on the horses back and rode away with ease.Bucephalus became his constant companion.As a prince growing up,Alexander made friends with other boys of the noble class.He g

33、ained a lasting friendship in a young man named Hephaestion.The two boys trained for war and studied together.Hephaestion would eventually become a loyal officer in Alexanders army.15Alexander the Great Level Z2River,which flows into the Persian Gulf.He was near his old enemy Darius.After the defeat

34、 at Issus,Darius rebuilt the Persian army and prepared to meet Alexander again.In October of 331 bc,the two armies fought in the Battle of Gaugamela.Once again,the Persians outnumbered the Macedonians,but this time they were gathered and ready for battle before the Macedonian army even reached the v

35、illage.Nonetheless,Alexander,his officers,and his army overwhelmed Darius and the Persians.Darius again fled the battlefield in defeat.The Macedonian army lost one thousand soldiers,while the Persians lost more than fifty thousand.The victory at the Battle of Gaugamela put Alexander even closer to b

36、ecoming the new ruler of the Persian Empire.Embracing that thought,Alexander moved quickly through Asia to establish his rule,further exploring the culture of Persia and attempting to capture Darius.Before he was able to,however,Bessus,a local ruler,killed Darius,made himself king,and planned to con

37、tinue to fight Alexander.Alexander shifted his focus to defeating Bessus,eventually capturing him and having him killed for murdering Darius.7Alexander the Great Level Z2As king of Macedonia,Alexanders father was often away as he gained control of other parts of Greece.Philip entrusted his sons educ

38、ation and training to experts in areas that would prepare Alexander to become king.In order to be proficient in battle,young men in Greece first learned to ride horses and hunt.These skills,along with fighting with a sword,javelin,and bow,would allow them to succeed in brutal battles.Men were expect

39、ed to pass tests of manhood by killing a wild boar and killing a man in battle.Alexander succeeded at both.As part of his education and training,Alexander also studied history,politics,and ethics.When he was thirteen,his father brought Aristotle,a well-known Greek philosopher,to Macedonia to be Alex

40、anders teacher.People respected Aristotle for his intelligence and knowledge.Aristotle inspired Alexanders interest in literature,science,medicine,and philosophy.His lifelong appreciation of culture and art are also attributed to Aristotles teachings.A statue of Aristotle is on display at his birthp

41、lace in Stagira,Greece.14Next,Alexander headed south to conquer the Persian fleet by capturing the cities along the Mediterranean Sea in Syria and Phoenicia(Lebanon today).Those that didnt surrender faced bloodshed.The city of Tyre resisted for seven months and Alexanders army killed many of its cit

42、izens before it was finally defeated.With Tyre captured,Alexander and his men continued along the shore,arriving in Egypt in the fall of 332 bc.The Persian leader there quickly surrendered,letting Alexander take control.The Greeks and Macedonians respected Egypt and its history as a civilization tha

43、t had lasted for centuries.Alexander appointed Egyptian governors and encouraged Egyptian religion.Egypt,weary of Persian rule and many wars,welcomed him.While there,Alexander founded the city of Alexandria where the Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea.It was the first of twenty cities that

44、would bear his name,but it was the only one that would be created according to his plans.With his new city underway,Alexander was ready to expand his empire again by conquering new sections of the Persian Empire.He left Egypt in the summer of 331 bc and reached the city of Babylon in Mesopotamia(now

45、 Iraq).He then moved farther east by crossing the Euphrates 8Becoming a King Philip left Macedonia for battle in 340 bc and put Alexander in charge as regent.At sixteen,Alexander stopped a small revolution in Philips absence.While still in his teens,Alexander commanded a section of troops during som

46、e of his fathers battles.Alexander honed military skills that prepared him to be king,but things changed in 337 bc when Philip divorced Olympias and married a native Macedonian.If Philip and his new wife had a child,Alexanders claim to the throne would be threatened.At this time,Philip started to th

47、ink more about expanding his empire.Persia,the dominant empire of Asia,was an enemy of Greece.Darius I and his son Xerxes(ZURK-seez)had taken lands claimed by Greece more than one hundred years earlier.Philip wanted to take back some of the lands.He also planned to expand his empire and wealth by co

48、nquering Asia with his recently gained Greek allies,the League of Corinth.The league was an organization unifying Greek city-states armies in order to liberate Greek cities that had been captured by Persians.In 336 bc,as Alexander and his mother feared,Philips wife gave birth to a daughter.In the sa

49、me year,King Philip was assassinated.13A stone carving depicts Alexander on his horse in the Battle of Issus.Alexander the Great Level Z2None of this would amount to anything,however,without Alexanders strong vision and leadership.He led by example and went ahead of his armies in battle.When they we

50、nt without water,he did,too.When horses died and soldiers were forced to walk,Alexander walked as well.He employed weapons experts and engineers,communicated his military strategies deftly,and battled with speed and flexibility.Alexander continued to reclaim cities along the Aegean Sea.In the fall o