原版英语RAZ 教案(S) Labor Day.pdf

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1、WritingHow did the laws passed by Congress in 1938 change the lives of American workers?Write an article as a newspaper journalist from that time to inform readers about these laws.Social StudiesResearch a historical figure of the labor movement.Write a biography about that person,including the impa

2、ct he or she had on the lives of American workers.ConnectionsLabor DayA Reading AZ Level S Leveled BookWord Count:1,008Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK SPSVLabor DayWritten by Kira Freedwww.readinga-Why is Labor Day important?Focus QuestionWritten by

3、 Kira FreedLabor DayWords to KnowfederalIndustrial Revolutionlaborlabor movementminimum wageregulationsrightsstrikewagesLabor DayLevel S Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Cover:Meatcutters march as a group during a Labor Day parade in the early 1900s in Ch

4、icago,Illinois.Title page:A boy serves as junior fire chief by throwing candy from the roof of a car during a Labor Day parade in Catlettsburg,Kentucky.Page 3:A girl tends the spinning machines at a cotton mill in North Carolina in the early 1900s.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover,page 12(bottom

5、center):Chicago History Museum/Archive Photos/Getty Images;title page:Kevin Goldy/The Independent/AP Images;pages 3,12(top center),13:Bettmann/Getty Images;page 4:Tribune Content Agency LLC/Alamy Stock Photo;pages 5,7:Buyenlarge/Archive Photos/Getty Images;page 6:Glasshouse Images/Alamy Stock Photo;

6、page 8:Granger,NYC;pages 9,11:North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Stock Photo;page 10:FPG/Archive Photos/Getty Images;12(top):courtesy of Library of Congress,Prints&Photographs Division LC-DIG-ppmsca-40900;page 12(bottom):Alan Greth/AP Images;page 14:Todd Korol/Toronto Star/Getty Images;page 15:stockv

7、isual/iStock/ThinkstockCorrelationLEVEL SO3434Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsBack to School .4Machines and Workers.5Tough Jobs .6Child Labor .7Workers Join Together.8Help from Congress .10A New Holiday .13A Better Future .15Glossary .16Labor Day Level S4Back to SchoolMany studen

8、ts in the United States go back to school right after Labor Day,the first Monday in September.For those students,this federal holiday marks the end of summer.Its a time to enjoy one last blast of fun before the school year starts.Many businesses and all government offices close,and communities often

9、 hold parades and picnics.People may go to the beach or just enjoy the extra day off at home.Labor Day isnt just a day to take it easy,though.Its also a day the U.S.government set aside to honor the achievements of American workers,past and present.To understand what Labor Day honors,its important t

10、o learn about the labor movement.This movement involves workers joining together to improve the way they work and live.Cheer squad members march during a Labor Day parade in Newtown,Connecticut.5Machines and WorkersDuring the Industrial Revolution(late 1700s to early 1800s),many new kinds of technol

11、ogy were invented.The inventions allowed many jobs once done by hand to be done much faster and more easily by machines.Farmers began using machines to plant and harvest crops.Many small farmers who could not afford to buy the machines lost their jobs.Also,factories could produce items at a much low

12、er cost than small home businesses.Because of these changes,many people in farming communities moved to cities and went to work in factories.Many employers wanted to pay workers as little as possible so the businesses could keep more money.Though some employers treated their workers well,many did no

13、t.During the 1800s,low wages,long workdays,and terrible working conditions were common in the United States.The labor movement began as a result of workers wanting more of a voice in how they were treated.A farmer uses a tractor to plow a field in 1925.Labor Day Level S6Tough JobsMany workers in the

14、 1800s didnt get much time off.At that time,the United States had no rules about how many hours people worked each day or week.The average factory worker worked one hundred hours a week!(Thats about fourteen hours each day,every day.)People worked as much as they were told to because they didnt want

15、 to lose their jobs.Women work in a factory in 1870.Long hours and overcrowding were common in factories at that time.7Child LaborThe Industrial Revolution also led to an increase in child labor.In many factories,the machines could be run by children.Children were also cheaper to hire and easier to

16、control than adults.By the early 1800s,about two million school-aged children were working in mills or factories in the United States.Many were from families too poor to support them.Children often held jobs before the age of seven.Many worked six days a week for up to eighteen hours each day.They h

17、ad little time for rest and no time for school or play.They often faced dangerous working conditions.Many became ill from the long hours at work.At the end of the 1800s,only twenty-eight states had laws against child labor.Here,three boys aged ten to twelve work in a fish cannery in Eastport,Maine.L

18、abor Day Level S8Workers Join TogetherOver time,workers began to join together to change things.They formed labor unionsgroups set up to protect workers rights.Labor unions bargain with employers for better hours,wages,working conditions,and benefits.Unions can call a strike to gain a stronger hand

19、in talks with employers.During a strike,workers refuse to do any more work until changes are made.In 1869,President Ulysses S.Grant announced that government workers only had to work eight hours each day.Soon after,an effort began to get a similar law passed for people working for private organizati

20、ons.Many unions have their own seal that they put on things they work on or make.Union seals are a mark of pride and also let shoppers know what goods were made by union workers.9Many employers didnt want to switch to the eight-hour workday,but over time that began to change.In 1906,two large printi

21、ng companies switched to an eight-hour workday.In 1926,the Ford Motor Company began a five-day,forty-hour workweek.The company stated that well-rested workers did their jobs better.Even before then,Henry Ford had more than doubled autoworkers wages.He said that well-paid workers had a better attitud

22、e,did better work,and were less likely to quit.Labor Unions TodayUnion membership in many businesses has dropped since the 1970s.However,unions for government workers are growing.Teachers,postal workers,firefighters,and police officers all have powerful unions.Today,more than fourteen million people

23、 in the United States are union members.Workers march while on strike for an eight-hour workday in New York City in 1872.Labor Day Level S10Help from CongressThe year 1938 was a turning point in the labor movement.At the urging of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt,Congress passed the Fair Labor St

24、andards Act(FLSA).Its purpose was to protect workers from poor working conditions.The act limited the workweek to forty-four hours(changed to forty hours in 1940).It also set the minimum wagethe lowest wage employers were allowed to pay their workers.Minimum WageWhen the Fair Labor Standards Act pas

25、sed in 1938,the minimum wage was$0.25 per hour.(That would be$4.11 in 2016.)In 2016,the U.S.minimum wage was$7.25 per hour.States are free to set it higher,and many have.President Franklin D.Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act in 1935.The Act was one of several measures taken to help American w

26、orkers have better lives.11The act also said that workers had to be paid extra when they work longer hours than usual,or overtime.Workers earn one-and-a-half times their usual hourly rate for each hour of overtime they work.(Overtime is each hour over forty worked in a workweek.)Overtime pay was mea

27、nt to keep employers from forcing people to work too many hours.It was also meant to encourage employers to hire more workers.The act also set safety rules in the workplace and banned many kinds of child labor.It set the minimum age for workers at sixteen during school hours.Fourteen-year-olds could

28、 work at certain after-school jobs,but workers had to be eighteen for dangerous jobs.During the 1894 Pullman Strike,railroad workers struck for over two months because of wage cuts that hurt their families.Math MinuteA workers rate of pay is$15.00 per hour.How much does that worker earn in a forty-h

29、our workweek?How much does he or she earn in a week with ten hours of overtime?Answers:$600;$825Labor Day Level S12Key People in the Labor MovementMother Jones(Mary Harris Jones,18371930)helped coal miners in the early 1900s.Union members called her“Mother”because of her hard work on behalf of the m

30、iners.She traveled across the United States to help striking miners and to end child labor.Samuel Gompers(18501924)was president of the American Federation of Labor for almost forty years.He believed in the power of collective bargainingtalks between union leaders and employers to reach agreements t

31、hat helped both sides.Through his leadership,collective bargaining became the model for how most unions work today.Eugene Debs(18551926)helped found major labor unions for railroad workers and industrial workers.He ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920.Debs traveled the country helping

32、workers bargain with their employers.Csar Chvez(19271993)was forced by hardship to become a migrant farm worker when he was eleven.In 1962,Chvez helped found what later became the United Farm Workers.This labor union works for the rights,safety,and fair treatment of migrant farm workers.13A New Holi

33、dayLabor Day was first celebrated in New York City in 1882.In 1887,Oregon became the first state to pass a law making Labor Day an official holiday.Thirty more states passed similar laws before the U.S.government made Labor Day a federal holiday in 1894.Workers march as part of a Labor Day celebrati

34、on in 1882 in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Labor Day Level S14Canada also celebrates Labor Day on the first Monday in September.More than sixty other countries around the world instead celebrate International Workers Day on May 1.Famous people,including the president,give speeches on Labor Day.Parades ha

35、ve been common since the holiday began.Many communities also have festivals featuring music,crafts,fall foods,or special events.Canadian ironworkers march together during a Labor Day parade in Toronto,Ontario.15A Better FutureThe labor movement improved the way workers are treated and paid.It set li

36、mits for workdays and workweeks,introduced safety regulations,brought an end to child labor,and more.Labor Day honors these accomplishments as well as the efforts of all American workers to build and help their country.So enjoy a day off on Labor Day and be sure to have some fun.Just remember to als

37、o honor the people who labored to improve the lives of every American worker.Workers wear safety gear while working in a modern bolt factory.Todays factories are much safer than many were in the past.Labor Day Level S16Glossaryfederal (adj.)of or relating to a central government that shares power wi

38、th separate states or regions(p.4)Industrial Revolution (n.)a shift in manufacturing and transportation from human and animal power to machine power that started in the late eighteenth century(p.5)labor(n.)difficult physical work or the workers who do the work(p.4)labor movement (n.)the organized ef

39、forts of workers to improve their working conditions through united action and bargaining (p.4)minimum wage(n.)the lowest hourly pay rate allowed by law(p.10)regulations (n.)official rules that govern how something should be done or made(p.15)rights(n.)freedom or powers that people can justly claim(p.8)strike(n.)a form of protest in which workers stop working to show dissatisfaction with their working conditions or to force employers to make changes(p.8)wages(n.)regular payments earned by a worker that are based on the amount of time worked(p.5)