原版英语RAZ 教案Taj Mahal.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Taj MahalA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,327WritingDo you agree that the Taj Mahal should be one of the New Seven Wonders of the World?Write a persuasive essay explaining your opinion.Be sure to include evidence from the book to

2、support your position.Social StudiesResearch to learn more about Shah Jahan and create a timeline of his life,including his birth,death,and significant accomplishments.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK WLEVELED BOOK WWritten by Ryan JamesTaj Mahal www.readinga-Why is the Taj Mahal an important hi

3、storic landmark?Focus QuestionWritten by Ryan JamesTaj Mahal Taj MahalWorld Landmarks Level W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Ryan JamesAll rights reserved.www.readinga-artisansbanneddominatesdynasty geometricIslamicmarblemausoleummemorialrestorationsymbolizetombWords to KnowFront and back cover:

4、The main building of the Taj Mahal is considered one of the most beautiful buildings ever created.Title page:Four tall,thin towers surround the main building of the Taj Mahal.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:Leslie Mcginnis/D;title page:Bevanward/D;page 4:saiko3p/iStock/Thinkstock;page 5:Xin Hua

5、/D;page 7:Dennis Richardson/D;page 8:Tim Graham/Robert Harding Picture Library/Superstock;page 9:LOOK Die Bildagentur der Fotografen GmbH/Alamy;page 10:Dinodia Photos/Alamy;page 11:Tommy Schultz/D;page 12:68/PHOTO 24/Ocean/Corbis;page 13:Look and Learn/Bridgeman Images;page 14:Fosco Maraini/Gabinett

6、o Vieusseux PropertycFratelli Alinari/Mary Evans;page 15:imageBROKER/imageBROKER/SuperstockCorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsIn Loving Memory .4The Taj Mahal Complex .5The Mausoleum .6A Wife and a Friend .10The Taj Mahal Is Built .12After the Shahs Death .13A

7、 Memorial for the Ages .15Glossary .16BAY OF BENGALARABIAN SEAINDIAAgraYamuna RiverTaj Mahal Level WBurhanpur4Known for its perfectly balanced design,the Taj Mahal is the most magnificent creation of the Mughal dynasty.In Loving MemoryIf you were to draw a picture to honor someone who meant a great

8、deal to you,how would you begin?Whatever your ideas,youd most likely want to include the most beautiful things imaginable in your drawing.A place in India was created to do just thatto honor the memory of someone who was loved very much.It was built in the 1600s during the Mughal(MOO-guhl)dynasty.Th

9、e Mughals are famous for the rich works of art and beautiful architecture they left behind.Their family name,Mughul,gave rise to the word mogul,which refers to someone as wealthy and powerful as the richest king.Their most famous creationthe Taj Mahalwas built by the fifth Mughal ruler,Shah Jahan.5T

10、he Taj Mahal ComplexWhen people think of the Taj Mahal,most picture the mausoleum with its huge white dome.However,the Taj Mahal is actually a 16-hectare (42-acre)area designed to represent the paradise home of Shah Jahans favorite wife,Mumtaz Mahal.Buildings,walls,gates,and gardens are all laid out

11、 to reflect the Islamic idea of a perfect heaven.Although grass now fills the grounds,beautiful flowers and fruit trees once suggested paradises gardens.Four water channels divide the garden into four equal parts that meet at a pool in the center.They symbolize the four heavenly rivers described in

12、the Koran,the Islamic holy book.To enter the Taj Mahal today,visitors pass through the Great Gate,an impressive building made of red sandstone and marble.Words from the Koran welcome visitors.The Great Gate is made of red sandstone and marble,and is decorated with inlaid flowers and flanked by two e

13、ight-sided towers.Taj Mahal Level W6The MausoleumEverything in the Taj Mahal points visitors toward the large mausoleum where Mumtaz Mahal is buried.From inside the Great Gate,the mausoleums onion-shaped dome appears perfectly framed in the arched entrance.In the Taj Mahal gardens,the water channels

14、 shimmer with the mausoleums reflection.assembly hall(jawab)mosqueriverfront terracemausoleumtowercentral poolgardenswater channelGreat Gateforecourt7The mausoleum is built on a raised marble platform that dominates the Taj Mahal grounds.Four tall towers surround it,each more than 40 meters(130 ft.)

15、tall.Most structures on the Taj Mahal grounds are made of red sandstone.However,the mausoleum,the platform holding it,and the surrounding towers are covered with white marble.White is the Islamic color of mourning.On a tomb,white shows the faith of the person buried within.The perfectly framed mauso

16、leum is the first thing visitors see when they enter through the Great Gate.Taj Mahal Level W8The mausoleum was designed to represent Mumtaz Mahals mansion in the gardens of paradise.From the outside,the marble appears to change color with the changing light and weather.At times,the building seems t

17、o glow.Like many Mughal tombs,Mumtaz Mahals mausoleum has eight sides,with four long and four short outer walls.Massive arches provide entry on the four long walls of the building,with smaller arches on either side.Inside the mausoleum,Mumtaz Mahals coffin sits at the center of an eight-sided room i

18、n the middle of the building.Beside it,a second coffin marks her husbands burial site.Beautifully carved marble screens surround the coffins.The public tomb of emperor Shah Jahan(left)lies next to the one of his third wife,Mumtaz Mahal(right).Carved marble screens cover the windows.9Both coffins are

19、 fake burial sites for visitors to view.The real burial sites are located in a private room on the lower level,directly below the coffins.Some experts believe the mausoleumthe most richly decorated structure in the Taj Mahalrepresents Mumtazs heavenly crown.The word taj comes from the Persian word f

20、or“crown.”Geometric designs cover nearly every inch of the floor.Vines,flowers,and butterflies decorate the walls,bright with precious and semiprecious stonesjade,jasper,turquoise,and lapis lazuli(LAP-is LA-zuh-lee).Artisans set thousands of diamonds,rubies,amethysts,and other gems into the designs.

21、Thousands of people visit the mausoleum every day.Taj Mahal Level W10A Wife and a FriendThe Taj Mahal was not the first tomb created by Mughal rulers,but it was one of the few created for a woman.Shah Jahans other two wives are buried in unmarked tombs.What inspired him to build such a magnificent m

22、emorial for Mumtaz?Shah Jahan met Mumtaz Mahal,then called Arjumand Banu,when he was a fifteen-year-old prince and she was fourteen.They were engaged shortly afterward and were married five years later,in 1612.Shah Jahan gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal,which means“Chosen One of the Palace.”Mumtaz be

23、came Shah Jahans constant companion.She traveled everywhere with him,even when he went to war.She was in his battle camp when she died giving birth to their fourteenth child in 1631.She was only thirty-eight years old.Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal11Shah Jahan was heartbroken.According to the c

24、ourt historian,Shah Jahans beard turned white,and he cried so often that he needed glasses.He gave up jewelry,fancy clothes,and music.Every Wednesday,the day on which Mumtaz had died,Shah Jahan banned celebrations.On the yearly anniversary of her death,he required his court to wear white in her memo

25、ry.Shah Jahan chose a site for Mumtaz Mahals memorial shortly after returning to the capital city of Agra.He selected land beside the Yamuna(YAH-moo-nah)River,where Mughal royalty lived in riverside garden mansions.The mausoleum would be built along a bend in the river where slower water kept the ba

26、nks from washing away.The river created a natural mirror to reflect light onto the mausoleums white marble walls.Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal on the western bank of the Yamuna River.The water in the gardens channels comes from the river.Taj Mahal Level W12The Taj Mahal Is BuiltConstruction of the

27、Taj Mahal began in 1632,about a year after Mumtaz Mahals death,and continued for nearly twenty-two years.It was the largest building project of the Mughal dynasty.More than twenty thousand workers and a thousand elephants worked on its construction.Shah Jahan brought in architects,stoneworkers,and p

28、ainters from all over the world.Gems,semiprecious stones,and different colors of marble came from China,Tibet,Afghanistan,and other countries.Some of the slabs of white marble used to cover the mausoleum were enormous.The marble had to be transported hundreds of miles on carts pulled by teams of twe

29、nty to thirty oxen.Workers constructed a system of scaffolding,ropes,and pulleys to move the marble into position.The mausoleum is about 70 meters(240 ft.)tall.Its dome is 44 meters(144 ft.)tall and is estimated to weigh 11,000 metric tons(12,000 tn.).The Taj Mahal took 22 years and about 32 million

30、 rupees to build in 1632.Building the Taj Mahal today would cost about$1.6 billionfour times as much as it cost to build Disney World.13After the Shahs DeathToday,the Taj Mahal is open from sunrise to sunset every day except Friday,the Muslim holy day.Visitors can also view the Taj Mahal by moonligh

31、t on the night of a full moon and the nights immediately before and after,except during the holy month of Ramadan.However,the Taj Mahal is not the same place that Shah Jahan built in the seventeenth century.In the years after the Shahs death,it was practically abandoned.Thieves took many of the gems

32、 and semiprecious stones.Gold lamps,Persian carpets,and other decorations disappeared.By the late nineteenth century,the British had replaced the Mughals as Indias rulers.They began restoration of the Taj Mahal.Neat lawns replaced the overgrown gardens.The British repaired damaged marble and replace

33、d missing screens and lamps.Today the gardens of the Taj Mahal look much like the renovated gardens of 1899(right).Taj Mahal Level W14Since the nineteenth century,new enemies have threatened the Taj Mahal.Air pollution from iron foundries,factories,and other industries damages the marbles soft surfa

34、ce.A yellow fungus known as“marble cancer”causes additional damage and discoloration.Increasing numbers of visitors also place more wear and tear on the monument.The Indian government has put a number of measures in place to protect the monument.Today,a 2-kilometer(1.2 mi.)traffic-free zone surround

35、s the Taj Mahal to keep out polluting vehicles.Polluting industries have been banned from a larger protected zone surrounding the monument.In addition,public and private groups are working together to repair and restore the Taj Mahals structures.The Taj Mahal may face challenges,but it has already s

36、urvived earthquakes,lightning,wars,and floods.With a bit of luck and a lot of hard work,it will survive the coming centuries as well.Artisans work to restore beautiful marble artwork created hundreds of years ago.15A Memorial for the AgesToday,the Taj Mahal sees thousands of daily visitorsmillions e

37、ach yearfrom all over the world.The United Nations declared the Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site.An international vote established it as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.Shah Jahan desired a memorial for his beloved wife that would be admired by the entire world for all time.The Taj Mahal ma

38、y not last forever,but centuries after its construction,it remains one of the most beautiful memorials ever created.Early in the morning and later in the day,visitors get unforgettable views of the changing light on the Taj Mahal.Taj Mahal Level W16Glossary artisans(n.)people who are skilled at a cr

39、aft or trade and who create items by hand(p.9)banned(v.)stopped allowing(p.11)dominates(v.)has continuing power or a commanding presence over something or someone(p.7)dynasty(n.)a series of rulers in a country from the same family(p.4)geometric(adj.)relating to the field of math that deals with angl

40、es,points,lines,surfaces,and solids(p.9)Islamic(adj.)of or relating to the monotheistic faith of Muslims(p.5)marble(n.)a kind of hard stone often used in making statues and buildings(p.5)mausoleum(n.)a large tomb or a structure that contains several tombs(p.5)memorial(n.)something that represents the memory of a person,place,thing,or event(p.10)restoration(n.)the act of returning something to its original condition(p.13)symbolize(v.)to represent an idea with an object,picture,or sign(p.5)tomb(n.)a vault,chamber,or grave for a dead person(p.7)