原版英语RAZ 教案Volcanoes_DS.pdf

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1、www.readinga-Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.LEVELED BOOK VSVZWritten by Chuck GarofanoVolcanoesA Reading AZ Level V Leveled BookWord Count:2,267VolcanoesWritten by Chuck GarofanoVolcanoesLevel V Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Chuck GarofanoAll rights reserved.www.readin

2、ga-www.readinga-VolcanoesPhoto Credits:Front cover:iS Grodin;back cover:iS Albiez;title page:courtesy of Robert Krimmel/U.S.Geological Survey;page 3:Windwardskies/D;page 4:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 5:iS Huss;page 6:InterNetworkMedia/PhotoDisc/Getty Images;page 7:Peter Horree/Alamy;page 8:courte

3、sy of James St.John;page 9:Jill Battaglia/D;page 10:Andrea Danti/D;page 13(inset):courtesy of Jacques Descloitres/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team/NASA/GSFC;page 14:iS 15(left):courtesy of Jim Nieland,U.S.Forest Service,Mount St.Helens National Volcanic Monument;page 15(right):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/

4、USGS;page 16:courtesy of Tom Casadevall/USGS;page 17:Pierrette Guertin/123RF;page 18:Keoni Debelka/D;page 19:iS Moments;page 20:iS Fortelny;page 21(top):courtesy of T.P.Miller/USGS;page 21(bottom):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS;page 22:Hiroshi Ichikawa/DArt Credits:page 11:Signe Nordin/Learning AZ;pag

5、es 12,13(main):Craig Frederick/Learning AZCorrelationLEVEL VR4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA2324Glossaryaccumulates(v.)builds up or collects over time;increases(p.12)billowed(v.)bulged and swelled out in response to wind(p.7)caldera(n.)a large bowl-shaped basin where land has collapsed into a

6、n empty magma chamber(p.17)cinders(n.)lightweight black rocks or pebbles formed by small pieces of flying lava and ash(p.20)crater(n.)a bowl-shaped hollow area in a volcano where lava,ash,and gases come out(p.14)debris(n.)scattered pieces of something that are left after the rest has gone or been de

7、stroyed(p.5)dormant(adj.)quiet for many hundreds of years(p.4)extinct(adj.)not having erupted in thousands of years and showing no sign of future eruptions(p.4)forges(n.)hot fires where metal is melted to be shaped by blacksmiths(p.9)geothermal(adj.)of or relating to the heat produced naturally insi

8、de Earth(p.22)geysers(n.)springs that shoot out jets of heated water and steam(p.13)magma(n.)melted liquid rock beneath Earths surface(p.10)obliterated(v.)completely destroyed(p.15)pyroclastic a very hot mixture of rocks,water flow(n.)and gases that moves rapidly in response to gravity(p.6)seismic(a

9、dj.)relating to the shaking of the Earth,as by an earthquake(p.4)surge cloud(n.)a fast,superheated cloud of ash,gas,dust,and rock that moves along the ground(p.7)tectonic plates(n.)the large sheets of rock that make up Earths crust(p.10)vents(n.)openings in Earths crust through which magma and gases

10、 emerge(p.15)volcanologists(n.)scientists who study volcanoes(p.9)Volcanoes Level VWritten by Chuck GarofanoVolcanoesLevel V Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Chuck GarofanoAll rights reserved.www.readinga-www.readinga-VolcanoesPhoto Credits:Front cover:iS Grodin;back cover:iS Albiez;title page:cou

11、rtesy of Robert Krimmel/U.S.Geological Survey;page 3:Windwardskies/D;page 4:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 5:iS Huss;page 6:InterNetworkMedia/PhotoDisc/Getty Images;page 7:Peter Horree/Alamy;page 8:courtesy of James St.John;page 9:Jill Battaglia/D;page 10:Andrea Danti/D;page 13(inset):courtesy of Ja

12、cques Descloitres/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team/NASA/GSFC;page 14:iS 15(left):courtesy of Jim Nieland,U.S.Forest Service,Mount St.Helens National Volcanic Monument;page 15(right):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS;page 16:courtesy of Tom Casadevall/USGS;page 17:Pierrette Guertin/123RF;page 18:Keoni Debel

13、ka/D;page 19:iS Moments;page 20:iS Fortelny;page 21(top):courtesy of T.P.Miller/USGS;page 21(bottom):courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS;page 22:Hiroshi Ichikawa/DArt Credits:page 11:Signe Nordin/Learning AZ;pages 12,13(main):Craig Frederick/Learning AZCorrelationLEVEL VR4040Fountas&PinnellReading Recovery

14、DRA2324Glossaryaccumulates(v.)builds up or collects over time;increases(p.12)billowed(v.)bulged and swelled out in response to wind(p.7)caldera(n.)a large bowl-shaped basin where land has collapsed into an empty magma chamber(p.17)cinders(n.)lightweight black rocks or pebbles formed by small pieces

15、of flying lava and ash(p.20)crater(n.)a bowl-shaped hollow area in a volcano where lava,ash,and gases come out(p.14)debris(n.)scattered pieces of something that are left after the rest has gone or been destroyed(p.5)dormant(adj.)quiet for many hundreds of years(p.4)extinct(adj.)not having erupted in

16、 thousands of years and showing no sign of future eruptions(p.4)forges(n.)hot fires where metal is melted to be shaped by blacksmiths(p.9)geothermal(adj.)of or relating to the heat produced naturally inside Earth(p.22)geysers(n.)springs that shoot out jets of heated water and steam(p.13)magma(n.)mel

17、ted liquid rock beneath Earths surface(p.10)obliterated(v.)completely destroyed(p.15)pyroclastic a very hot mixture of rocks,water flow(n.)and gases that moves rapidly in response to gravity(p.6)seismic(adj.)relating to the shaking of the Earth,as by an earthquake(p.4)surge cloud(n.)a fast,superheat

18、ed cloud of ash,gas,dust,and rock that moves along the ground(p.7)tectonic plates(n.)the large sheets of rock that make up Earths crust(p.10)vents(n.)openings in Earths crust through which magma and gases emerge(p.15)volcanologists(n.)scientists who study volcanoes(p.9)Volcanoes Level V2122Lava dome

19、s also result from small,brief eruptions,but the lava that forms these structures is a thick,pasty liquid that oozes from the vent and quickly hardens.Sometimes,more lava pushes up and expands through the center of the dome,cracking the outside.These domes often form in areas with other volcanic act

20、ivity.They are often found in the craters and calderas of larger volcanoes.Like composite volcanoes,lava domes often explode violently.ConclusionVolcanoes are the most spectacular evidence we have that Earth is a changing planet.Lava pouring from a volcanic vent creates new rock and new land.Volcani

21、c ash makes extremely fertile soil that is useful for farming.In some places,people use the geothermal energy from volcanoes to run power plants and produce electricity.Some people even live inside volcanoes!In Rabaul,in the country of Papua New Guinea,volcanoes sometimes erupt inside the town.Volca

22、nic mountains,including Mount Fuji in Japan,Mount Rainier in Washington,and Mauna Loa in Hawaii,are some of the most recognizable and beautiful mountains in the world.It is no wonder that humans often choose to live near volcanoes.But we should always remember that volcanoes can be violent,dangerous

23、 places.Volcanoes unleash some of Earths most powerful forces.Beautiful Mount Fuji in JapanLava dome atop Novarupta vent,Katmai National Park and Preserve,Alaska(above);a scientist monitoring a lava dome inside a craterlava domeVolcanoes Level V34Table of ContentsThe Eruption of Vesuvius.4People and

24、 Volcanoes.8Where and Why Volcanoes Form.10Composite Volcanoes .14Shield Volcanoes .18Cinder Cones and Lava Domes .20Conclusion .22Glossary .23The Eruption of VesuviusFew people in the Roman city of Pompeii paid much attention to the earthquakes that began shaking the region in ad 79.They had suffer

25、ed through seismic activity in the past and had rebuilt their city whenever any significant damage happened.Usually,though,the earthquakes were minor,and people had grown accustomed to them.The residents of Pompeii loved their beautiful city and would not leave just because the ground occasionally s

26、hook or a building fell down.No one connected the trembling ground with the wisp of smoke that steadily hissed from nearby Mount Vesuvius.After all,people had lived in Pompeii for centuries without ever witnessing a volcanic eruption.The slopes of Mount Vesuvius were carpeted with trees,flowers,and

27、grass.It had been a thousand years since the volcano had erupted,so most people assumed that it was dormant,or even extinct.This volcano shows signs of activity.Volcanoes Level V34Table of ContentsThe Eruption of Vesuvius.4People and Volcanoes.8Where and Why Volcanoes Form.10Composite Volcanoes .14S

28、hield Volcanoes .18Cinder Cones and Lava Domes .20Conclusion .22Glossary .23The Eruption of VesuviusFew people in the Roman city of Pompeii paid much attention to the earthquakes that began shaking the region in ad 79.They had suffered through seismic activity in the past and had rebuilt their city

29、whenever any significant damage happened.Usually,though,the earthquakes were minor,and people had grown accustomed to them.The residents of Pompeii loved their beautiful city and would not leave just because the ground occasionally shook or a building fell down.No one connected the trembling ground

30、with the wisp of smoke that steadily hissed from nearby Mount Vesuvius.After all,people had lived in Pompeii for centuries without ever witnessing a volcanic eruption.The slopes of Mount Vesuvius were carpeted with trees,flowers,and grass.It had been a thousand years since the volcano had erupted,so

31、 most people assumed that it was dormant,or even extinct.This volcano shows signs of activity.Volcanoes Level V2122Lava domes also result from small,brief eruptions,but the lava that forms these structures is a thick,pasty liquid that oozes from the vent and quickly hardens.Sometimes,more lava pushe

32、s up and expands through the center of the dome,cracking the outside.These domes often form in areas with other volcanic activity.They are often found in the craters and calderas of larger volcanoes.Like composite volcanoes,lava domes often explode violently.ConclusionVolcanoes are the most spectacu

33、lar evidence we have that Earth is a changing planet.Lava pouring from a volcanic vent creates new rock and new land.Volcanic ash makes extremely fertile soil that is useful for farming.In some places,people use the geothermal energy from volcanoes to run power plants and produce electricity.Some pe

34、ople even live inside volcanoes!In Rabaul,in the country of Papua New Guinea,volcanoes sometimes erupt inside the town.Volcanic mountains,including Mount Fuji in Japan,Mount Rainier in Washington,and Mauna Loa in Hawaii,are some of the most recognizable and beautiful mountains in the world.It is no

35、wonder that humans often choose to live near volcanoes.But we should always remember that volcanoes can be violent,dangerous places.Volcanoes unleash some of Earths most powerful forces.Beautiful Mount Fuji in JapanLava dome atop Novarupta vent,Katmai National Park and Preserve,Alaska(above);a scien

36、tist monitoring a lava dome inside a craterlava domeVolcanoes Level V1920Eruptions of shield-volcanoes are usually gentle rather than explosive,although the lava flows can still destroy roads,homes,and forests.Sometimes a shield volcano contains hot gases or steam that sprays from the crater,creatin

37、g a bright lava fountain.Since the paths of the lava flows are stable and predictable,scientists are often able to get very close to study them.Shield volcanoes can remain quietly active for long periods of time and can grow to become extremely large in the process.Mauna Loa on Hawaii is the tallest

38、 volcano in the world,rising 9,170 meters(30,080 ft)from its base on the seafloor,making it taller than Mount Everest.However,even Mauna Loa seems tiny when compared to the largest known volcano in our solar systemOlympus Mons on Mars.This enormous Martian shield volcano stands 27 kilometers(17 mi)i

39、n height.Cinder Cones and Lava DomesSome volcanoes are not active long enough to form large mountains.Instead,they may just spray small bits of lava into the air for brief periods of time.The small lava chunks and bits of ash harden into lightweight black rocks called cinders.The cinders pile up aro

40、und the vent into a cone-shaped hill with a crater at the top.Such hills are called cinder cones.Brand-new volcanoes that suddenly appear often form cinder cones.Other cinder cones pile up inside the craters or calderas of larger,older volcanoes.Most cinder cones erupt only once.Because cinder cones

41、 are made of loose rocks,they usually erode quickly in the wind and rain.Olympus Mons,on the surface of Mars,is the largest volcano in the solar system.It would cover the entire state of Arizona.Cinder cones at Mauna Kea volcano,HawaiiVolcanoes Level V56But everything changed on August 24 around one

42、 oclock in the afternoon.Suddenly,a huge explosion shook the area around the mountain.Dust,ash,and melted rock spewed from the summit of the volcano,darkening the sky.This dust,ash,and stone(collectively known as tephra)blanketed the city,covering the ground as far away as 16 kilometers(10 mi)from t

43、he mountain.By three oclock,lava began pouring from the mouth of the volcano,destroying everything in its path.By six oclock,the cloud of dust and ash had ascended to a height of 32 kilometers(20 mi),and the powerful energy inside it generated lightning bolts.The ash continued to fall over the area,

44、covering the ground to a depth of 1 meter(3.3 ft).Buildings collapsed under the weight of the falling debris.People in the cities surrounding Mount Vesuvius tried to flee as the volcano demolished their homes and farms.They gathered their most portable treasures and hurried their families away from

45、the disaster.Some people tried to walk over the thick layers of ash,but the ash was so deep and hot that many people died.Others were struck and killed by stones falling from the dark sky.Many choked to death on the ash-and dust-clogged air.Around midnight,the crisis grew even worse.The massive clou

46、d of ash,poisonous gases,glowing-hot dust,and smoke had become so huge and heavy that it could no longer stay in the air.The cloud collapsed into a pyroclastic flow,racing down the mountain at speeds of up to 500 kilometers per hour(310 mph).Glowing-hot lava bubbles up inside a volcano.Mount Vesuviu

47、s overlooks the excavated ruins of Pompeii.Volcanoes Level V56But everything changed on August 24 around one oclock in the afternoon.Suddenly,a huge explosion shook the area around the mountain.Dust,ash,and melted rock spewed from the summit of the volcano,darkening the sky.This dust,ash,and stone(c

48、ollectively known as tephra)blanketed the city,covering the ground as far away as 16 kilometers(10 mi)from the mountain.By three oclock,lava began pouring from the mouth of the volcano,destroying everything in its path.By six oclock,the cloud of dust and ash had ascended to a height of 32 kilometers

49、(20 mi),and the powerful energy inside it generated lightning bolts.The ash continued to fall over the area,covering the ground to a depth of 1 meter(3.3 ft).Buildings collapsed under the weight of the falling debris.People in the cities surrounding Mount Vesuvius tried to flee as the volcano demoli

50、shed their homes and farms.They gathered their most portable treasures and hurried their families away from the disaster.Some people tried to walk over the thick layers of ash,but the ash was so deep and hot that many people died.Others were struck and killed by stones falling from the dark sky.Many