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1、Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at WorkA Reading AZ Level X Leveled BookWord Count:1,680www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK XVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at WorkWritten by Ron FridellSeeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at WorkLeve

2、l X Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Ron FridellAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at WorkWritten by Ron FridellPhoto Credits:Front cover:Dale Sparks/AP Images;back cover,pages 3,8,12(right),13,18,20,22(left):Jupiterimages Corporation;title page,pages 4(right)

3、,22(inset,right):ArtToday;pages 4(left),9(all),10(top),11,19:Learning AZ;page 5:courtesy of Library of Congress,Prints&Photographs Div LC-USZC2-1459;pages 6(all),12(left):Hemera Technologies/Jupiterimages Corporation;page 7:Getty Images;page 10(bottom):Bettmann/Corbis;page 14:Toby Talbot/AP Images;p

4、age 15:AP Images;pages 16,17(inset):Justice Department/AP Images;page 17(main):David Longstreath/AP Images;page 21:Anna Clopet/CorbisCorrelationLEVEL XS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAwww.readinga-Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X34Table of ContentsIntroduction.4Case.File

5、.#1.7Case.File.#2.11Case.File.#3.15Case.File.#4.19Conclusion.22Glossary.23Index.24IntroductionA.man.walked.quickly.across.a.field.into.an.old.mill,.a.building.where.wheat.was.crushed.to.make.flour.Inside.the.building,.he.murdered.someone.and.then.hurried.away.without.being.seen.Later,.when.police.qu

6、estioned.the.man,.he.insisted.he.was.innocent.This.suspect.might.have.gotten.away.with.murder.if.only.he.had.wiped.trace evidence.off.his.shoes.Trace.evidence.is.dust,.hairs,.threads,.and.other.tiny.bits.of.material.found.on.or.near.a.suspect.or.victim.of.a.crime.When.a.detective.named.Edmond.Locard

7、.used.a.microscope.to.study.the.mans.shoes,.he.noticed.something.no.one.else.had.seen:.traces.of.flour.on.the.heels.and.soles.This.trace.evidence.matched.the.flour.found.at.the.mill.where.the.victim.was.murdered.This.placed.the.man.at.the.scene.of.the.crime.and.helped.to.convict.him.of.murder.Traces

8、 of flour could be seen on the suspects shoes with a microscope.Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X56Besides.these.tools.of.science,.Holmes.used.his.powers.of.concentration.and.deduction.to.see.what.no.one.else.noticed.In.A Case of Identity,.for.example,.Holmes.and.his.friend,.Dr

9、.Watson,.receive.a.visit.from.a.young.lady.who.seeks.their.help.in.solving.a.crime.Hments.that.she.must.have.left.home.in.a.hurry,.since.her.boots.were.mismatched.and.not.properly.laced.up.Holmess.deduction.amazes.Watson.Watson.wonders.how.he.missed.this.detail.about.their.visitor.Its.simple,.Holmes

10、.says,.“You.did.not.know.where.to.look,.and.so.you.missed.all.that.was.important.”In.the.following.four.real.cases,.forensic.scientists,.like.Holmes,.know.where.to.look.to.spot.important.evidence.As.you.read,.put.yourself.in.their.place.and.test.your.own.powers.of.concentration.and.deduction.The.flo

11、ur.mill.murderer.was.caught.by.forensic science,.the.use.of.science.to.solve.crimes.and.convict.criminals.in.courts.of.law.Detectives.began.to.use.science.to.solve.crimes.around.1900.Before.then,.police.used.eyewitnesses.and.informers.to.solve.crimes.One.of.the.first.detectives.to.use.forensic.scien

12、ce.was.a.make-believe.one,.an.Englishman.named.Sherlock.Holmes.The.popular.Holmes.stories.and.novels,.written.by.Sir.Arthur.Conan.Doyle,.started.appearing.in.1887.Most.of.the.stories.began.in.the.fictional.detectives.cluttered.London.home,.where.shelves.bulged.with.scientific.reference.books,.and.ta

13、bles.teemed.with.test.tubes.and.microscopes.Victorian boots,such as those from A Case of IdentitySeeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X78The CrimeThe.scene.of.the.crime.is.a.remote.stretch.of.railroad.track.in.southern.Oregon.The.year.is.1923.A.Union.Pacific.freight.train.has.been.r

14、obbed.The.bandits.killed.the.engineer.and.used.a.homemade.dynamite.bomb.to.blow.open.the.mail.car.Back.then.mail.often.held.valuable.stock.and.bond.certificates.and.sometimes.cash.or.gold.When.police.searched.the.scene,.the.only.piece.of.evidence.they.found.was.a.pair.of.stained.overalls.that.one.of

15、.the.bandits.had.left.behind.How the Case Was SolvedThe.police.asked.for.help.from.Edward.Heinrich,.head.of.the.Berkeley,.California,.forensic.science.laboratory.Heinrich.was.famous.for.being.able.to.discover.a.great.deal.from.very.little.evidence.Heinrich.told.the.police.to.be.on.the.lookout.for.a.

16、left-handed.lumberjack.in.his.early.twenties.weighing.about.166.pounds.and.standing.5.feet.10.inches.tall.He.also.said.the.lumberjack.had.light.brown.hair,.rolled.his.own.cigarettes,.and.was.unusually.neat.about.his.appearance.Place:Oregon,U.S.A.Date:October 11,1923Crime:attempted robbery of a train

17、 known as the“Gold Special”Evidence:a pair of mens overallsCase File#1 ase Fact!The bandits actually used too much dynamite and blew up any money that may have been in the mail car.The explosion was so loud and destructive they ran from the scene without having robbed anyone of anything.CKeen observ

18、ation led Heinrich to conclude that one of the train bandits was a left-handed lumberjack.What could someone discover about you from examining your clothing?What would it tell about you?Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X910Just.as.Holmes.amazed.Dr.Watson,.Heinrich.amazed.the.pol

19、ice.How.could.he.have.discovered.all.that.from.a.pair.of.overalls?Heinrich.explained:.The.fact.that.the.left.pocket.was.more.worn.than.the.right.meant.the.owner.was.left-handed.What.stained.the.overalls.was.sap.from.trees.that.grow.in.southern.Oregon.forests.where.lumberjacks.work.The.overalls.size.

20、told.Heinrich.the.lumberjacks.height.and.weight,.and.he.could.estimate.the.owners.age.from.a.light.brown.hair.caught.on.a.button.Tobacco.shreds.in.a.pocket.and.nail.clippings.caught.in.a.seam.told.him.the.rest.And.one.more.thing,.Heinrich.said,.showing.police.a.piece.of.paper.he.had.found.rolled.up.

21、at.the.bottom.corner.of.a.pocket.The.paper.was.bleached.clean.from.many.washings,.but.when.treated.with.iodine,.words.began.to.appear.It.was.a.receipt.from.a.post.office,.made.out.to.Roy.DAutremont.of.Eugene,.Oregon.Police.went.to.Roys.house.and.learned.that.he.was.missing,.along.with.his.two.brothe

22、rs.Neighbors.descriptions.of.Roy.matched.Heinrichs.description.exactly.When.police.tracked.down.the.brothers.several.years.later,.they.confessed.to.the.robbery.and.murder.and.were.sent.to.prison.The.railroad.robbers.case.was.just.one.of.some.2,000.cases.that.Heinrich.solved.during.his.career.as.a.fo

23、rensic.investigator.more frayingmore wearTobacco strandsNail clippingsright pocketleft pocketSingle hairright pocketHugh DAutremontRoy DAutremontRay DAutremontPost Office receiptSeeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X1112The CrimePmitted.by.the.same.gang.of.thieves.Finally,.they.disc

24、overed.where.the.thieves.lived.The.gang.was.one.step.ahead,.though.When.detectives.raided.their.apartment,.it.was.empty.The.thieves.were.gone.The.police.searched.the.apartment,.but.they.could.find.no.trace.evidence.The.entire.place.had.been.wiped.clean,.but.not.quite.The.thieves.had.forgotten.to.run

25、.the.dishwasher.How the Case Was SolvedHow.could.the.police.discover.their.identities?.The.secret.was.on.the.thieves.hands.Look.closely.at.the.tips.of.your.fingers.and.thumbs,.and.you.will.see.raised.ridges.of.skin.running.in.patterns.of.curving.lines:.your.fingerprints.Each.of.your.fingerprints.is.

26、different.from.the.other.nine,.and.each.one.is.unique.No.one.else.on.Earth.has.fingerprints.like.yours,.and.no.one.ever.will.In.1896,.an.Englishman.named.Edward.Henry.discovered.a.system.to.classify.fingerprints.In.1901,missioner.and.used.his.system.to.identify.criminals.Case File#2 Place:Anyplace U

27、.S.A.Date:Anytime after 1950Crime:a series of burglariesEvidence:dirty dishesUnwashed dishesWhat evidence could the police find in the dishwasher?A forensic scientist uses black powder and a brush to find fingerprints on a mug.Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X1314Henrys.basic.s

28、ystem.is.still.used.today.Pputer.databases.Ppared.quickly.with.all.the.prints.in.the.databases.When.a.match.turns.up,.police.have.a.piece.of.evidence.that.places.a.person.at.the.scene.of.a.crime.Criminals.know.this,.and.many.are.careful.to.leave.no.fingerprints.behind.When.crime scene investigators.

29、(CSIs).searched.the.thieves.apartment,.at.first.they.found.no.fingerprints.It.looked.as.if.the.thieves.had.carefully.wiped.the.whole.place.clean,.floor.to.ceiling.However,.the.CSIs.got.fingerprints.from.the.dishes.in.the.dishwasher.and.matched.them.to.prints.in.the.database.The.robbers.were.caught.b

30、ecause.of.their.dirty.dishes.Classifying FingerprintsEdward Henry based his system on features that every fingerprint shares.Every print has ridges(the raised lines)and furrows(the low spots between ridges).And every print has arches,loops,and whorls.Arches are either tented(pointed at the top)or pl

31、ain(rounded).Loops are either radial(running toward the thumb)or ulnar(running toward the little finger).Whorls are circular.Henry added smaller features to his system,known as forks,dots,islands,hooks,and bridges.All together,the type,number,and position of these features make each fingerprint uniq

32、ue.What type of fingerprint is this?Type 3whorlforkdotsislandType 1archType 2loopA technician uses a computer database to match fingerprints of suspects to crimes.Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X1516The CrimeThe.crime.scene.investigators.sometimes.have.only.a.small.apartment.t

33、o.search.But.sometimes.the.crime.scene.is.huge.In.this.case,.the.CSIs.had.several.city.blocks.covered.in.thousands.of.tons.of.rubble.to.search.for.clues.that.would.lead.them.to.a.suspect.At.9:08.on.the.morning.of.April.19,.1995,.an.explosion.rocked.downtown.Oklahoma.City,.Oklahoma.A.truck.carrying.a

34、.5,000-pound.bomb.exploded,.blowing.away.the.front.of.the.nine-story.Murrah.Federal.Building.The.blast.killed.168.people.and.injured.more.than.500.The.bomber.set.off.the.blast.by.remote.control.and.drove.away.How the Case Was SolvedAfter.searching.for.days,.investigators.finally.found.a.small.piece.

35、of.a.trucks.axle.The.rear.axle.belonged.to.the.truck.that.carried.the.bomb.The.rear.axle.of.every.truck.has.a.vehicle identification number(VIN).in.the.metal.This.piece.of.axle.had.only.part.of.the.VIN,.but.it.was.enough.to.lead.investigators.to.a.truck.rental.office.in.Junction.City,.Kansas.The.cle

36、rk.remembered.renting.the.truck.to.a.man.named.Robert.Kling.The.name.was.false,.but.the.clerk.remembered.what.the.man.looked.like.A.forensic.artist.made.a.sketch.from.the.clerks.description,.and.the.owner.of.a.nearby.motel.recognized.the.face.The.man.had.rented.a.room.from.him.and.had.used.the.name.

37、Timothy.McVeigh.Place:Oklahoma,U.S.A.Date:April 19,1995Crime:a federal building is blown upEvidence:a truck axleCase File#3 How could a truck axle lead investigators to the suspect?Murrah Federal Building,Oklahoma CityThis part of a trucks vehicle identification number gave investigators evidence us

38、ed to solve the bombing case.Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X1718Iputer.database.and.came.up.with.a.match.A.man.by.that.name.was.being.held.on.a.traffic.and.weapons.charge.in.the.Perry,.Oklahoma.jailand.was.about.to.be.released.Investigators.got.there.just.in.time.The.Oklahoma

39、.City.bomber.was.caught,.thanks.in.large.part.to.the.work.of.forensic.investigators.Timothy.McVeigh.was.later.tried,.convicted,.and.put.to.death.for.the.bombing.The forensic artists sketch led investigators to Timothy McVeigh.Locards Exchange PrincipleEdward Heinrich did his work in a crime lab,a ro

40、om filled with scientific equipment used to help discover and study forensic evidence.The worlds first crime lab was set up in 1910 in Lyons,France,by police detective Edmond Locard.Locard stated a guiding principle that todays forensic scientists still follow.He called it the Exchange Principle:“Ob

41、jects or surfaces that come into contact always exchange trace evidence.”In other words,everyone who enters a crime scene takes away something from the scene and leaves something of themselves behind.Locard,youll remember,was the detective who solved the flour mill murder case.A forensic scientist w

42、orks in a lab more modern than that of Edward Heinrich.Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X1920The CrimeTpany.in.England.in.1993.The.$100,000.cash.used.to.pay.workers.is.in.the.office.when.an.armed.robber.breaks.in.and.carries.off.the.money.Crime.scene.investigators.found.no.finge

43、rprints.in.the.office.The.only.piece.of.evidence.left.behind.was.the.robbers.mask,.a.womans.black.nylon.stocking.Unlike.the.overalls.in.Case.No.1,.the.stocking.had.no.pockets.or.seams.where.trace.evidence.could.be.discovered.How the Case Was SolvedWhen.the.robber.pulled.off.his.mask.back.in.1993,.tw

44、enty-five.of.his.skin.cells.came.off.with.it.In.2004,.eleven.years.later,.scientists.were.able.to.make.a.DNA profile.from.the.stored.skin.cells,.which.led.police.to.a.suspect.named.Andrew.Pearson.At.Pearsons.trial.in.2004,.a.forensics.expert.showed.that.his.DNA.profile.was.an.exact.match.for.the.pro

45、file.from.the.skin.cells.on.the.robbers.mask.We.from.another.person.and.not.Pearson?.A.billion.to.one,.the.expert.said.Pearson.was.convicted.of.the.1993.robbery.and.sent.to.prison.Place:England,U.K.Date:1993Crime:armed robbery of$100,000Evidence:a nylon stocking used as a maskCase File#4 What tiny b

46、its of evidence might be left on the stocking?nylon mask no maskA view of skin under a microscope isnt the same as a microscopic picture that makes a DNA profile.Seeing the Evidence:Forensic Scientists at Work Level X2122ConclusionEach.of.the.four.cases.in.this.book.deals.with.a.different.kind.of.fo

47、rensic.evidence.There.are.other.kinds.of.forensic.evidence,.toofootprints,.shoe.prints,.palm.prints,.lip.prints,.bite.marks,.paint.chips,.tire.tread.marks,.the.markings.on.a.bullet,.and.more.Any.of.these.can.link.suspects.to.the.scene.of.the.crime,.or.can.show.who.is.innocent.Together,.the.law.enfor

48、cement.officers.and.scientists.who.gather.and.study.forensic.evidence.use.virtually.all.of.the.sciences,.from.anthropology.to.zoology,.in.their.work.Whatever.science.they.specialize.in,mon.Like.the.fictional.Sherlock.Holmes,.they.use.their.knowledge.to.see.what.goes.unnoticed.by.the.rest.of.us.DNA P

49、rofilingModern scientists and engineers keep inventing new and better ways to gather forensic evidence.The most important new way is known as DNA profiling.DNA is the part of each of your bodys cells that carries instructions that tell your body how to live and grow.About 98 percent of these instruc

50、tions are the same in all people.The 2 percent that are different make your DNA unique,just like your fingerprints.Scientists can make microscopic,X-ray pictures of unique DNA,known as DNA profiles.Police have developed computer databases of DNA profiles,just like fingerprint databases.DNA can be co