临床药理学药物基因组与个体化医学2017 PPT课件.ppt
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1、Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine张张 伟伟教授教授,博士生导师博士生导师中南大学湘雅医院临床药理研究所中南大学湘雅医院临床药理研究所中南大学湘雅医学检验所中南大学湘雅医学检验所 OutlinePharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics;Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP);Personalized medicine and Personalized therapy.Part I:Pharmacogenomics and PharmacogeneticsoPharmaceutic
2、al companies adopt“one-drug-fits-all”policy.oDrugs do not work in many people.oMore than 90%drugs work only in 3050%of people.oAdverse drug reactions(ADRs)are a common cause of morbidity and mortality.FactorsContributingtoInterindividualVariabilityinDrugDispositionandActionInterindividual difference
3、lAgelGenderlRace/ethnicitylNutrition statuslCo-medicationslCo-mobiditieslLifestyle variableslSocial factorslGENETICSPercentages of non-respondersDiseaseClassPercentages of non-respondersAsthma2-adrenergicagents40-75%DuodenalUlcerProtonPumpInhibitors20-70%HyperlipidemiaStatins35-75%HypertensionThiazi
4、dediuretics10-70%SolidCancersVariousdrugs70%RheumatoidArthritisAnti-metabolictherapy20-50%Potential of PharmacogenomicsAll patients with same diagnosis12Responders and patients not predisposed to toxicityNon-respondersand toxic respondersTreat with alternativedrug or doseTreat with conventionaldrug
5、or doseHGP(Human Genome Project)nOct1990to2003.Identifyapproximately30000humangenomeDNADeterminecompositionofthehumangenomeDNAisabout3billionnucleotides The Era of Genomic MedicinelEarlierdetectionofgeneticpredispositiontodisease;lImprovethediagnosisofdisease;lImprovepredictionofdrugefficacyortoxici
6、ty.Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics遗传药理学(遗传药理学(Pharmacogenetics,PGt):研究研究DNA变异如何引起药物反应差异变异如何引起药物反应差异n属于药物基因组学的范畴属于药物基因组学的范畴药物基因组学药物基因组学(Pharmacogenomics,PGx):研究研究DNA如何影响药物反应如何影响药物反应=药理学药理学+基因组学基因组学,目标目标:n药物反应的遗传易感性药物反应的遗传易感性n个体化药物治疗个体化药物治疗n新医疗模式的变革新医疗模式的变革Part II:Single nucleotide polymorphism(
7、SNP)10q24.2Chromosome 10CYP2C9 genen9 Exonn55kbn490 AA10q24.2CGTASNPCYP2C9*1Normal enzymatic activityG A G G A C C G T G T T C A AGluAspArgValGln53CYP2C9*2No enzymatic activityT430CT(Arg144Cys)Arg144Cys)CysThe biological basis of individualized treatment is single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)-Acco
8、unting for 90%human genetic variation n导致人类遗传易感性的重要因素导致人类遗传易感性的重要因素n导致人类药物代谢和反应差异的重要因素导致人类药物代谢和反应差异的重要因素GT突变突变野生型野生型 突变型突变型Difference in DNA sequence(SNP)Difference in encoding amino acid and protein structure and functionAlaAlaAlaArgArg Lys Asp Asp Asp Asn Asn Asn Cys Cys CysAsgeneBsgene编码改变但不改变氨基酸
9、序列Csgene编码改变使氨基酸序列改变G C A A G A G A T A A T T G TG C G A G A G A T A A T T G TG C A A A A G A T A A T T G T1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 5.C C A T T G A C.C C A T T G A C.G G T A A C T G.G G T A A C T G.C C A T T G A C.C C G T T G A C.G G T A A C T G.G G C A A C T G.C C G T T G A C.C C G T T G A C.G G
10、C A A C T G.G G C A A C T G.wt/wtHomozygous wild-typeSNP forms three genotypesXXXwt/mHeterozygote wild type m/mHomozygous mutations等位基因(等位基因(allele)-人的基因位于成对的染色体上(性染色体除外),因此人的基因位于成对的染色体上(性染色体除外),因此每一种基因都有一对。每一种基因都有一对。基因多态性(基因多态性(genetic polymorphism)-在正常人群中,由于同一基因位点上在正常人群中,由于同一基因位点上多个不同等位基因作用而出现两种或两
11、种以上遗传决定的基因型,如果每多个不同等位基因作用而出现两种或两种以上遗传决定的基因型,如果每种基因型的发生频率超过种基因型的发生频率超过 1%。单核苷酸多态性(单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)-在基因组水平上由在基因组水平上由单个核苷酸的变异所引起的单个核苷酸的变异所引起的DNA序列多态性。它是人类可遗传变异中最常见序列多态性。它是人类可遗传变异中最常见的一种,占所有已知多态性的一种,占所有已知多态性90%以上。以上。表型(表型(phenotype)-个体在一定环境条件下表现的性状。个体在一定环境条件下表现的性状。基因型(基因型(geno
12、type)-形成表型这种性状有关的遗传结构。形成表型这种性状有关的遗传结构。Individual differences in drug toxicitySame dose,but different drug concentration in vivo and total amountineffectiveness safe and effective toxicity Serious ADRl全球死亡主要原因第全球死亡主要原因第 5 位位l美国每年因严重美国每年因严重ADR死亡死亡10万人万人l我国因我国因ADR住院:住院:250万万/年年;因因ADR死亡:死亡:20万万/年年Drug e
13、ffect is determined by the polymorphism of drug metabolic enzymes,transporters and drug targets pharmacokineticspharmacodynamicsDrug efficacy and toxicity of individual differencesGenomousgenovariation(single nucleotide polymorphism)drug targetsdrug transporterdrug metabolic enzymeDME in human liver
14、SNPs and phenotype distribution of DMEPhenotype distribution of CYP2D6 and drugs metabolized by CYP2D6lMetoprolollProponolollCarvedilollFlecainidelDiacetolollDebrisoquinelMexiletinelPropafenoneLog10 urinary debrisoquine/4-hydroxydebrisoquine ratioNumber of subjectsPoor metabolizerExtensive metaboliz
15、erUltra-rapid metabolizer服用服用40 mg 奥美拉唑后奥美拉唑后 奥美拉唑奥美拉唑(mg/L)CYP2C19*2/*2CYP2C19*1/*2CYP2C19*1/*1CYP2C19 基因型基因型/表型基因剂量效应表型基因剂量效应AUC:1.1 0.60.6 0.3mg.h/L5.32.21.药物代谢酶基因变异与药物反应实例药物代谢酶基因变异与药物反应实例0102030405060708090100UMEMEM/het.IMPMMetoprolol plasma con.(ng/ml)1.33.914.250.880.5Dose mg1001001007874 浓度相差
16、:浓度相差:60 倍倍美托洛尔血浆药物浓度与美托洛尔血浆药物浓度与CYP2D6基因多态性的关系基因多态性的关系Fux et al.,CPT 2006根据根据CYP2D6基因型调整剂量基因型调整剂量药物平均剂量(平均剂量(Mg)调整剂量调整剂量(%)单位PM IM EM卡维地洛5080110110美托洛尔1003060140传统用药传统用药个体化用药个体化用药100mg500mg100mg10mg超强代谢者超强代谢者强代谢者强代谢者中等代谢者中等代谢者弱代谢者弱代谢者根据根据CYP2D6基因型选择去甲替林剂量基因型选择去甲替林剂量功能性:功能性:CYP2D6*1功能降低:功能降低:CYP2D6*
17、2,*9,*10,*17无功能:无功能:CYP2D6*3,*4,*6基因缺失:基因缺失:CYP2D6*5Xie HG,Personalized Medicine(2005)ALDH2*2多态影响硝酸甘油的心血管效应多态影响硝酸甘油的心血管效应*Guo R,et al.J Am Coll Cardiol 2008 Examples of drugs“pharmacogenomic(PGX)testing proved to be beneficial.DrugActive metaboliteMain UseMajor Gene(s)involvedConsequence of abnormal
18、 phenotypeClopidogrel(prodrug)R-130964Prevent thrombosis in myocardial infarction,stroke CYP2C19Less active drug available and greater risk of cardiovascular events.Thiopurine e.g.azathiopurine,6-mercaptopurineThioguanine nucleotide(6-TGN)Inflammatory bowel disease,childhood acute lymphoblastic leuk
19、aemiaTPMTPMs have high risk of myelosuppression and neutropaenia.Tamoxifen(prodrug)Endoxifen Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer to prevent recurrenceCYP2D6PMs have lower blood concentrations of endoxifen and earlier relapse of breast cancer.AmitriptylineNortriptylineDepression CYP2D6(and CYP2C19)PMs
20、 have more adverse effects UMs are likely to have the least therapeutic response.Complicated by the involvement of CYP2C19.血浆Endoxifen浓度与CYP2D6基因型的关系他莫西芬与CYP2D6*4/*4代表CYP2D6弱代谢者,生成活性endoxifen能力降低,所以A图的无复发时间缩短,B图代表的无病生存时间也缩短。CYP2D6基因型复发风险OR值PEM1HetEM2.370.03PM3.30.04PM由于生成活性产物Endoxifen少,复发风险增高3.3倍。他莫
21、西芬与CYP2D6RF表示无复发生存率在CYP2D6EM最高,PM或IM或HetEM都会降低,只要携带功能降低突变的合并组也降低。2C19*17/*17纯合子超快代谢者因可产生更多4-OH-TAM,间接产生更多Endoxifen而升高疗效,导致无病生存期延长。定义CYP2D6EM和CYP2C19*17是导致生存期延长的有益突变,携带两个有益因素的黄色线条代表无病生存期最长,其次是携带一个有益突变,生存率最低的是2种有益突变都缺乏的患者群。CYP2D69年复发率15年复发率EM(含UM)3.4%7.2%PM10.7%19%他莫西芬与CYP2D61325例乳腺癌患者;除EM外,IM和PM都是复发风
22、险因子,类似肿瘤体积、淋巴结转移、癌症分期这些临床指标。续表续表DrugActive metaboliteMain UseMajor Gene(s)involvedConsequence of abnormal phenotypeCodeine(prodrug)MorphinePain reliefCYP2D6PMs are unable to convert codeine to morphine and have no pain relief.UMs have increased sedation and opioid toxicity.Paroxetine(active)None rel
23、evantDepression and other mood disorders CYP2D6PMs have increased plasma concentrations of paroxetine and increased side effects.Paroxetine strongly inhibits CYP2D6 and so may affect concentrations of other drugs that use CYP2D6 pathways.Sertraline(active)None relevant.Wide range of mood disordersCY
24、P2C19PMs have accumulation of sertraline and more side effects UMs have lack of response.Omeprazole5-hydroxy-omeprazole Gastric ulcersCYP2C19UMs have treatment failure.EMs require more frequent doses than PMs.IrinotecanSN-38CancerUGT1A1Individuals homozygous for UGT1A1*28 have increased exposure to
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