顾曰国主编跨文化交际教案.docx

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1、课程名称：跨文化交际教案教材和参考书1 、顾曰国主编，跨文化交际，外语教学与研究出版社， 20002 、张岱年，文化的冲突与融合，北京大学出版社， 19973 、胡文仲，文化与交际，外语教学与研究出版社， 19984 、贾玉新，跨文化交流学，上海外语教育出版社， 19975 、启良，西方文化概论，花城出版社， 20006 、石定乐、彭春萍编著：商务跨文化交际，武汉大学出版社， 20047 、赵艳萍，文化与交际，中国人民大学出版社， 19998 、毕既万，跨文化非语言交际，外语教学与研究出版社， 1999Unit One Language and Culture in Communication

2、教学重点：1. Our life depends on communication.There are all sorts of communication: human communication, animal communication,human-animal communication, human-machine communication, and machine-to-machine communication. Communication can also be divided into direct communication vs. indirect communicat

3、ion, face-to-face communication and distance communication such as our distance learning which is carried out through distance communication.2. Four models of communication are constructed: information model, mono-cultural model, unilateral model and bilateral model.3. In communication there are thr

4、ee kinds of meaning: utterance meaning, speakers meaning and hearers meaning.4. .All human communication takes place in social situations.5. Being polite is often considered a very important strategy in cross-cultural communication. However, polite expression in Chinese does not mean that it is also

5、 polite in English. Similarly a polite expression in English does not mean that it is equally polite in Chinese.教学内容：1、culture（文化）：“历史上创造的所有的生活形式，包括显型的和隐型的，包括合理的、 不合理的以及谈不上合理或不合理的一切，它们在某一时期作为人们行为的潜在指南而存在。”文 化是人类所独有的，它们是社会的遗产，而不时生理遗传。文化有船承的一面，也有变化的一面。 在跨文化交际研究中文化是核心。影响跨文化交际的文化因素包括一个民族的历史、传统、宗教、 价值观念、

6、社会组织、风俗习惯、社会所处于的发展阶段和社会制度等。2、cross-cultural communication （跨文化交际）：指具有不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。在跨文化交际研究中应该首先把眼光集中于国别研究，集中于一个国家中的主流文化的研究。3、communication（交际）：Definition 1：the activity or process of giving information to other people or to other living things, using signals such as speech, body movements, or radi

7、o signals，e.g.: Insects such as ants have a highly effective system of communication.定义1：交际是个人或团体通过符号向个人或团体传递信息、观念、态度或情感。Definition 2：the systems of processes that are used to communicate or to broadcast information, especially those that use electricity or radio wave, e.g.: the current revolution i

8、n communications定义2：从最一般的意义上而言，交际是一个系统信源（信息来源）通过可选择的符号去 影响另一个系统信宿（信息到达目的地）的过程，这些符号能够通过连接这两个系统的信息渠 道得到传递。Definition 3：a letter, telephone call or some other message; a formal use, e.g.: a secret communication from the Foreign Minister定义3：交际也可以定义为通过迅息进行的社会互动4、Types of communication（交际的种类）：human commun

9、ication （人类交际）animal communication （动物交际）human-animal communication（人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）5、Models of communication（交际的模式）：Communication experts have designed various models for communication. They have different ways of providing models. On

10、the whole, the earlier experts have simpler ones while the present experts have taken much more things into consideration before designing models. One of the most influential ones:Source of information encoder code channel decoder retrieval of information（message） mediumnoise6、Meanings in communicat

11、ion（交际的意义）：In any forms of communication, mono-cultural, unilateral and bilateral cross-cultural alike, meaning exchange is the essence. In this part, we shall examine various types ofmeanings in communication.In Page 23, there is a conversation between wife , a Finnish, and husband, a Taiwan Chines

12、e. They are talking about the husbands mother. Unfortunately this conversation is overheard by the mother:The author of the course book divides an utterance of words into three kinds of meanings:1)Utterance Meaning is what an utterance normally means.2.)Speakers meaning is what the speaker has inten

13、ded to convey by way of utterance meaning.3)Hearers meaning is what the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaning.Essential components of a social situation1)two or more participants2)a social situation: A social situation may receive two definitions. One is given by the community

14、andthe other by the participants. The community definition of a social situation is a sort of official definition, or official interpretation of the situation, such as a social situation of meeting, a social situation of classroom teaching, etc. The participants definition refers to the interpretati

15、ons of the situation given by participants themselves. The two types ofdefinition may coincide or differ.3)goal: a purpose you want to achieve by doing something4)setting: spatial setting(空间场合) & temporal setting(时间场合)5)schema/schemata: rules and procedures6)verbal communication7)non-verbal communic

16、ation: 一切不使用语言进行的交际活动，包括：眼神、手势、身势、 微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念、对空间的 使用等。8)time and space:7、Case studies(案例分析)：Case 1: Direction: Use the theory raised by Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver (1949) to analyze the following case:John meets Mary at the bus station and says to her: Morning, Mary!

17、1)The source of information is: John .2)The encode is: John.3)The code is: English.4)The message is: Morning, Mary!5)The channel is: face to face.6)The medium is: air.7)The noise is: the disturbance of the passing car.8)The decoder is: Mary.9)The retrieval of information is: Mary.Case 2: Direction:

18、Supposing that the I is male, and the two participants are strange to each other, the antidote takes place in the Yuehu Lake Park, Ningbo. Please analyze the following aspects of essential components in a social communication.I felt exhausted after much sightseeing. I looked for a seat to rest my le

19、gs. It so happened that on the nearby roadside there was a two-person stone chair with one place already occupied by a charming young girl. I hesitated, but still went over. Is it occupied? I asked. No was the answer. The moment I sat down, the woman stood up and left. I was a bit hurt by her instan

20、t departureCase 3: Direction: In a formal academic conference, Mr. Yao is being introduced to Professor Leach by Professor Guo. What is wrong with Mr. Yaos answer?Prof. Guo: Mr.Yao, let me intoduce you to Professor Leach.Prof. Leach: How do you?Mr. Yao: How do you, Mr Leach?Case 4: Direction: Prof.

21、Liang has written a book in Chinese. He wants to have his book published by Thompson Publishers. He is talking to Mr. Allright, a Thompson representative, through Li Yan, who is acting as his interpreter. What is the problem in this cross-cultural communication?Prof. Liang:奥莱特先生，这是鄙人的拙作。Li Tan: Mr.

22、Allright, this a clumsy book written by your humble servant.Mr Allright: No, no, no, youre not my humble servant.More contrast between the Chinese and the American cultures:If you are being invited to have a dinnerChinese: “不”( Please offer me again.)American:No. ( I dont accept your invitation.)If

23、someone has helped you, what you do say to himC?hinese: “很对不起，给您添了不少麻烦。”(Sorry to have given you so much trouble.American：Thank you for your help.If you are praised by someone else, what do you responCdh?inese: “过奖，过奖。” 或：“惭愧，惭愧。”（You are flatter me or I feel ashamed.）American: “Thank you.It doesnt

24、mean American people dont show any modesty. In the following situation, you are going to offer a gift to another person, you may have different ways to introduce your gift based on the fact that you are a Chinese or you are an American. Please notice the difference in itC. hinese:This is nothing/a m

25、ere trifle, but please accept it （stressing 礼物很 轻薄，不成敬意，请笑纳。”）American:Its not much. Its just a trifle, I picked it up in a bargain basement sale at Macys last week. I thought maybe you could use it （stressing 我买的便宜 货对你是适合的。”）Unit Two Culture Shock教学重点：1、 understand cross-cultural differences in app

26、roaches tohospitality,modesty, privacy, and politeness2、appreciate how differences in cultural values shape behavior3、identify and avoid taboo subjects in Western cultures4、avoid pitfalls in cross-cultural communication; and adjust more smoothly to a new cultural environment.教学内容：1、This is a psychol

27、ogical phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. It is the trauma of bewilderment which people find themselves in when they are isolated in an alien culture.文化冲击指在大量地收到一种异文化的信息之后，尤其身处异国，不同程度地

28、产生的一种心理 反应。这是因为失去自己原有熟悉的社会信号和符号，对于对方的社会符号不熟悉，而产生的深度 焦虑症。2、Theories of Values on Individual Culture and collectivist culture .1)Individual Culture (believed in liberalism): a culture that scores high on individualism. The individual human being is seen as having intrinsic worth, and individuals tend

29、to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.2)Collectivist culture (believed in Confucianism): a culture that places little value on

30、 individual identity and great value on group identity. The survival of the group is more important that of any individual member. Going ones own way is not valued; instead uniformity and conformity are stressed. People in collectivist cultures define themselves in terms of hose qualities that stres

31、s identity as a group member.3、Five basic themes in individualist culture.1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politenesswith which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. Th

32、e reason might be that individualists tend to believe in equality; their communication norms stress equal treatment of subordinate and superior. friend and stranger. In contrast, collectivists communication norms often stress deference; a clear demarcation is made between ones treatment of those abo

33、ve and below one in the social hierarchy. Clearly, to a collectivist, the way individualists treat strangers will seem unusual and unnecessarily polite.2) ) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give

34、to children. The reason might be that individualists value separateness and independence; the basic unit in an individualist culture is the autonomous self, not the group. Individualist need to be different from rather than the same as others, and they have a strong need for a back region where they

35、 can escape from public scrutiny. This is so basic to the culture that it is part of childrearing practices. Naturally. to a collectivist, this attitude seems unusually selfish and unsociable.3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their l

36、ack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. Because of their independence, Individualists give little thought to the evaluations of others; they are willing to, and indeed encouraged to , express themselves freely. Collectivists, on t

37、he other hand, care very much what others in their group think and do not like to be the targets of scrutiny and criticism. Therefore, the free and easy openness of individualists can be distressing too collectivists.4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulat

38、ein-group members, found in foreigners casual attitudes towards hospitality. As a result of all of these beliefs, individualists do not see the world in terms of duty toward in-group members. The foreigners lack of hospitality is partially due to his belief that guests are independent entities who c

39、an make their own decisions; once having offered food or drink, it is not necessary to go any further. No special duty is owned to in-group members, and the role of host is not a privileged one.5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy. The reason might be that

40、even the freedom with which foreigners express love and sexual desire can be seen as a valorization of the individuals pursuit of personal pleasure and happiness. That this is offensive to collectivists is not surprising, as intense dyadic fusion is a kind of personal involvement that draws loyalty

41、on attention from the group and focuses it on individual needs.4、HospitalityThis word means cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests.对客人的热诚慷慨的接待或安排The following table shows some different responses to different ways of hospitality:An English guest :Each time a new dish arrived

42、his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to ear that too.A Chinese guest :Can you imagine how many dishes I had? One o

43、ne - a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-star

44、ved.The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldnt imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold

45、dishes, she couldnt eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their different hospitality in different ways.5、PolitenessIt refers to consideration for others, tact, and observan

46、ce of accepted social usage. 为 他人着想、圆滑和遵守被接受的社会规范为特征或表现some Chinese students views on Western politeness:Foreigners never pretend to be modest. They just tell others what they think. If a Chinese person is faced with the same situation, maybe he or she would say, Im sorry. The restaurant is a little

47、 bit small and the dishes are just so-so, but I hope youll enjoy yourself.When guests are to leave, the foreign hosts dont accompany guests to the gate uponleaving-taking. This happens because the foreigners are simply following their own cultural customs. If a Chinese host does like this, he will b

48、e considered a person with bad manners or no training and education. Therefore, there is a deep separation between Chinese conventions and foreigners.6、PrivacyIt could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.个人自己决定愿在何种程度上与他人共享有关其个人的信息的权利, 这种在其他人或组织间的非法信息交换会给个人带来危害。The westerners are not willing to let others know their income, age,