National Geographic UK - April 2024.pdf

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1、V O L U M E 2 4 5A P R I L 2 0 2 4N U M B E R 0 4Going the DistanceThe perilous and inspiring journey of whooping cranesP.112Fashions GraveyardWhere clothes reach the end of the lineP.76Scenes in StoneNew revelations from an ancient synagogue P.52Fabulous Fungi How these marvels are shaping life on

2、Earth,and our future P.16PHOTO:MARK THIESSENfor e s t t h at h ad t au g h t me t o pay at t e nt i on t o fu ng i.T h e e l e g ant wh i t e wi ng l i k e one s e x t e ndi ng fr om de c ayi ng l og s.T h e c r i nk l y one s t h at poppe d u p i n fai r y c i r-c l e s.T h e b r i g h t b l u e on

3、e s and or ang e one s and b l ac k one s.Pe r h aps b e c au s e of t h at c onne c-t i on,my t al k wi t h F u r c i s par k e d t h e i de a for t h i s mont h s c ov e r s t or y.T h e pi e c e s h ar e s t h e mos t fas c i nat i ng as pe c t s of t h e s e or g an-i s ms,fr om mak i ng u p t h

4、 e myc o-b i ome i n ou r b odi e s t o t h e i r u s e i n fas h i on t o h ow t h e y r e affe c t e d b y c l i mat e c h ang e.I h ope you e njoy t h e i s s u e.IN 2022,DURING MY FIRST WEEK as Na t i o n a l Geo g r a phi c s e di t or i n c h i e f,I me t Har v ar d as s oc i at e and myc ol o

5、g i s t Gi u l i ana F u r c i at t h e Nat i onal Ge og r aph i c Soc i e t y s Ex pl or e r s F e s t i v al i n Was h i ng t on,D.C.At t h i s annu al e v e nt,Ex pl or-e r s fr om al l ov e r t h e wor l d g at h e r t o s h ar e t h e i r wor k and i ns i g h t s.F u r c i,wh o h ad t r av e l

6、e d fr om h e r h ome i n Ch i l e,i s one of t h os e i nc r e di b l e h u mans wi t h wh om,i n t h e s pac e of ju s t a fe w mi n-u t e s,you c an g o fr om s mal l t al k t o s ou l fu l c onv e r s at i oni n t h i s c as e,ab ou t fu ng i and t h e i r u ns u ng pl ac e i n ou r e c os ys t

7、e ms and l i v e s.At t h e t i me,I was i n t h e pr o-c e s s of mov i ng t o D.C.fr om Se at-t l e,wh e r e I l i v e d s u r r ou nde d b y a F ROM t he EDI TORN A T H A N L U M PA P R I L2 0 2 4N A T I O N A L G E O G R A P H I CP A G E.1 NEW FROM NATIONAL GEO GRAPHICF E AT U R E S IN FO CUS|CO

8、NTRIBUTORSC O N T E N T SN A T I O N A L G E O G R A P H I CN U M B E R 0 4V O L U M E 2 4 5ON THE COVER The mushr ooms of Kallipefki,Gr eece,ar e just a small part of the vast world of fungiwondr ous and surprising,and with the potential to affect our lives in ways wer e only beginning to understan

9、d.Pho t o g r aph by A G ORA ST OS PA PAT SA NI S1 34 NEW FROM NATIONAL GEO GRAPHIC1 6THE WONDROUS WORLD OF FUNGIMost of us dont give much thought to these organisms,but we should.Not only do they live within us;they also make much of life on Earth possible.48EYE TO THE SKYIn Wisconsin,the historic

10、observatory housing the worlds lar gest r efr acting tele-scope is r estor ed and drawing new visitors.52SURPRISING SCENES IN S TONEWhen ar chaeologists began excavating a site in Isr aels Galilee,they found a fifth-century synagoguewith r emarkable mosaics giving clues about ancient Jewish life.70B

11、UGS ON THE MOVEAlthough these images appear to be beautiful abstracts,they depict the dizzying paths of flying insects.76FASHIONS DESERT GRAVEYARDThanks to cheap prices and mass pr oduction,consumers buy and discar d a lot of clothing.Where does it go?Towering tons end up in Chiles Atacama Desert.92

12、EVOL VING BEAS TSIllustr ations fr om our ar chives show how r esear chers under-standing of dinosaurs has changed over the past hundr ed years.94THE DECISIVE DISH TOWELThis modest and little-known item helped bring an end to the most divisive chapter in American history.96EXTRAORDINARY MOMENTSFr om

13、 the first fr ee solo climb of Yosemites El Capitan to a polar bear swimming under ice,photogr aphers shar e stories behind the scenes.1 08IMAGINING OTHER LIVESA best-selling author reveals sources of her cr eative inspir ation,which include a familiar yellow-bor der ed magazine.1 1 2GOING THE DIS T

14、ANCEBy tracking wild whooping cranes,scientists ar e unraveling mysteries of the birds 5,000-mile r ound-trip migrationsand aiming to boost their conservation success.F E AT U R E S3 IN FO CUS|1 5 CONTRIBUTORSC O N T E N T SP A G E.22 0 2 4A P R I LJ US T I N FRO M OUR PHOTO GR A PHER SI N F O C U S

15、M A R C I O P I M E N T A,Pho t o g r a pher a n d Na t i o n a l Geo g r a phi c Expl o r erS C I E N C E“T h e F i ndi ng Dar wi n e x pe di t i on pr ov i de d me wi t h a PROF OUND I MMERSI ON i nt o h ow h e s l owl y c ons t r u c t e d h i s t h ou g h t s and t h e l eg a cy o f sci en t i f

16、ic kn o wl edg e h e l e ft i n Pat ag oni a.”During his solo journey tracing the travels of Charles Darwin,supported by the National Geographic Society,Pimenta encountered this life-size replica of a Patagoti tan dinosaur in Trelew,Argentina,home of the Egidio Feruglio Paleontological Museum.2 0 2

17、4P A G E.3A P R I LI N F O C U ST O M S H L E S I N G E R,Pho t o g r a pherO C E A N S“Wi t ne s s i ng t h e syn chr o n i zed el eg a n ce of t h ou s ands of c or al s c r e at i ng l i fe NEVER CEASES T O AMAZE.T h i s e nc h ant i ng ph e nome non i mpar t s a un i que a est het i c sen sa t i

18、 o n,as i f you r e g azi ng u pon an u nde r wat e r,i nv e r t e d,c ol or fu l s nows t or m.”In the Red Sea,branching corals release egg-and-sperm bundles into open water,where they will mingle and match.This“broadcast spawning”event occurs only once a year for a few minutes at night.2 0 2 4A P

19、R I LM A T T M O Y E R,Pho t o g r a pher a n d Na t i o n a l Geo g r a phi c Expl o r erC U L T U R E“I l e ar ne d ab ou t a g r ou p of wome n de di c at e d t o t h e EGYPT I AN GODDESS I SI S.T h e i r r e v e r e nc e for t h e wat e r s of t h e Ni l e and i t s h i s t or y i s r e pr e s e

20、 nt at i v e of t h e i mpo r t a n ce o f t he Ni l e t o Eg ypt i ans and t h e wor l d.”Vera Novitskaya welcomes an offering as part of a ritual at the Temple of Philae near Aswan.Moyer captured this scene while working on a National Geographic Societyfunded project about Egypts looming water cri

21、sis.N A T I O N A L G E O G R A P H I C2 0 2 4A P R I LA P R I LI N F O C U SClinging in clusters to pickerelweeds and bulrushes,non-native island apple snail eggs,which are bright pink,vastly outcompete the pale pink native apple snail eggs in number (composite of 10 images).M A C S T O N E,Pho t o

22、 g r a pher a n d Na t i o n a l Geo g r a phi c Expl o r erE N V I R O N M E N T“T h e Ev e r g l ade s wat e r s h e d c an b e a n o ver whel mi n g pl a ce i n i t s b r e adt h and t h e i s s u e s i t fac e s.I s t ar t e d wor k i ng on a s e r i e s i s ol at i ng s u b je c t s ag ai ns t

23、wh i t e b ac k g r ou nds t o DI ST I LL COMPLEX I SSUES i nt o s i mpl e v i s u al nar r at i v e s.”2 0 2 42 0 2 4P A G E.1 5A P R I LPaolo Verzone,p.52For this issue,Verzone,who lives in Italy and Spain,photographed a stunning synagogue in Israel.His images of the new Grand Egyptian Museum in t

24、he November 2022 issue were awarded first prize for science and natural history by Pictures of the Year International.Rene Ebersole,p.112A National Magazine Awardwinning journalist,she has traveled to some of the worlds most remote places for Nati onal Geographi c,including northern Canadas vast bor

25、eal forests,where she reported this issues story about the migra-tions of whooping cranes.Phyllis Ma,p.16Images from Mas ongoing series,Mushrooms&Friends,frame this months story on“mycotex-tiles,”part of our larger look at the hid-den kingdom of fungi.Work by the New Yorkbased photographer has appea

26、red in outlets such as the New Yorker,Le Monde,and the New York Ti mes.John Bartlett,p.76Since moving to Chile in 2018,the British-born writer has traversed the length of the country to cover subjects rang-ing from fashion waste to Haitian refugees.“Still,”he says,“my favorite achievement is playing

27、 for Chiles national cricket team at the 2023 South American championships.”PHOTOS(CLOCKWISE FROM TOP):TAMARA MERINO;SAM BRUCHEZ;TAMARA MERINO;RENE EBERSOLE;PAOLO VERZONEC O N T R I B U T O R STamara Merino,p.76Merinos photography has taken her to opal mines in Australia,migrant process-ing centers

28、on the U.S.-Mexico border,and,for this feature on fashion waste,to the Atacama Desert in Chile.An Explorer since 2020,she visited subterranean communities in Utah,Andalusia,and the Australian outback for her project Underland.Her latest project:capturing images of her newborn daughter,Ona.NATIONAL G

29、EOGRAPHIC EXPLORERThis contributor has received funding from the National Geographic Society,which is committed to illuminating and protecting the wonder of our world.AGORASTOS PAPATSANIS(CORAL SPINE AND PARASOLS)MACROLEPIOTA PROCERA While delectable,the par asol mushr oomseen her e among pines at d

30、uskis a risky pick,as it can be mistaken for poisonous look-alikes such as the death cap mushr oom.F ar leftHERICIUM CLATHROIDESThe aptly nicknamed cor al spine fungus cascades fr om a tr ee in the Chalkidik Peninsula of Gr eece.The Wondrous World of FungiTHEYRE IN US,ON US,AND ALL AROUND US.A GROWI

31、NG MOVEMENT TO STUDY AND PROTECT OUR FUNGAL NEIGHBORS MAY DEFINE OUR INTERTWINED FUTURES.CAL OS CYPHA FULGENS Though ful gens is Latin for“dazzling,”these or ange-hued mushr ooms,found her e on Gr eeces Mount Olympus,ar e a pathogenic fungus,killing and mummifying the dormant seeds of conifers.19FLO

32、RA.FAUNA.FUNGA.THE CASE FOR FUNGI t o b e c ons i de r e d t h e i r own k i ng dom wi t h i n t h e nat u r al wor l d was s i mpl e:Wi t h ou t t h e m,mu c h of l i fe as we k now i t on t h i s pl ane t s t ar t i ng wi t h t h e ab i l i t y of pl ant s t o l i v e ou t s i de of wat e r wou l

33、d not e x i s t.I t s b e e n at l e as t 400 mi l l i on ye ar s s i nc e myc or r h i zal fu ng i h e l pe d pl ant s c ol oni ze t h e Ear t h s l and,t h ank s t o a pr e t t y b as i c t r ade-off:F u ng i t e nd t o for m a s ymb i ot i c r e l at i ons h i p wi t h di ffe r e nt pl ant s and

34、ani-mal s,and t h e y mov e b y e at i ng and e x pand-i ng ou t war d.F or mos t pl ant s t oday,t h at me ans fu ng i l i v e wi t h i n t h e i r r oot s ys t e ms,me t ab ol i zi ng s u g ar fr om ph ot os ynt h e-s i s wh i l e h e l pi ng t h e m ac c e s s wat e r and c r i t i c al nu t r i

35、e nt s.Bu t t h at s onl y t h e b e g i nni ng of wh at t h e s e t i ny mar v e l s c an do.F r om ye as t t o mol d t o mu s h r oom,t h e v ar i e t y among fu ng i i s n t ju s t r e mar k ab l e b u t al s o far wi de r t h an t h e di v e r s i t y t h at e x i s t s among pl ant s and v e r

36、t e b r at e s.T h e r e ar e ar ou nd fiv e mi l l i on s pe c i e s of fu ng i,ye t r ou g h l y 90 pe r c e nt r e mai n u ndoc u me nt e d.F u ng i ar e i n ou r ai r,i n ou r wat e r,and e v e n on ou r s k i n and wi t h i n ou r b odi e s.St i l l,r e s e ar c h e r s h av e onl y s c r at c

37、h e d t h e s u r-fac e of wh y t h e y r e s o c r i t i c al t o k e e pi ng e c os ys t e ms i n b al anc e.“F u ng i c an s h ow you t h at l i fe b e g i ns e v e n wh e n anot h e r one e nds,”s ays myc ol-og i s t Gi u l i ana F u r c i,a Har v ar d Uni v e r-s i t y as s oc i at e and Nat i

38、onal Ge og r aph i c Ex pl or e r,ab ou t t h e i r c r u c i al r ol e i n ou r pl ane t ar y l i fe c yc l e.As fou nde r of t h e F u ng i F ou ndat i on,s h e h as s pe nt t h e pas t 14 ye ar s l e adi ng t h e c ampai g n for t h e i r i nc l u s i on i n c ons e r v at i on pol i c y.F or F u

39、 r c i,t h e ah a mome nt ar r i v e d wh e n,du r i ng a r e s e ar c h t r i p as a u ni v e r s i t y s t u-de nt i n Ch i l e,s h e c ame ac r os s an ar r e s t-i ng or ang e mu s h r oom and,u pon fu r t h e r r e s e ar c h,r e al i ze d t h at not onl y we r e t h e r e no mu s h r oom fie l

40、 d g u i de s for t h e c ou nt r y b u t t h e r e we r e no myc ol og y pr og r ams at al l.Sh e v owe d t o c h ang e t h at and h as s i nc e b e e n doc u me nt i ng Ch i l e s nat i v e fu ng i.Now doze ns of myc ol og i s t s ar e ampl i-fyi ng t h e c al l for “fu ng a”a ne w t e r m for t h

41、 e r e g i onal fu ng i popu l at i ont o b e pr o-v i de d t h e s ame l e v e l of r e s e ar c h fu ndi ng and b i odi v e r s i t y c ons e r v at i on as flor a and fau na.Si mu l t ane ou s l y,fu ng i fig u r e h e ads l i k e Pau l St ame t s,wh o appe ar e d i n t h e 2019 doc u me nt ar y

42、Fa n t a st i c Fun g i,and Me r l i n Sh e l dr ak e,au t h or of t h e b e s t-s e l l i ng 2020 b ook En t a n g l ed Li fe,h av e fou nd t h e i r own ways t o s h ar e t h e b e ne fit s and wonde r of t h i s h i dde n wor l d.Not s u r pr i s i ng l y,mor e i nt e r nat i onal pol i c y g at

43、e k e e pe r s s u c h as Me x i c o s Se c r e t ar i at of Env i r onme nt and Nat u r al Re s ou r c e s,t h e Nat i onal Bi ob ank of T h ai-l and,and I t al y s I ns t i t u t e for Env i r onme nt al Pr ot e c t i on and Re s e ar c hand t h e I nt e r na-t i onal Uni on for Cons e r v at i on

44、 of Nat u r e ar e pu b l i c l y pu s h i ng for fu ng a s i nc l u s i on i n t h e i r own e nv i r onme nt al c ons e r v at i on wor k.So t oo i s t h e Nat i onal Ge og r aph i c Soc i e t y,wh i c h r e c e nt l y adde d fu ng a t o i t s de fini t i on of“wi l dl i fe”t o i nv i t e g r ant

45、appl i c at i ons i n t h i s ar e a and ope n u p mor e oppor t u ni t i e s for fu t u r e Ex pl or e r s.I n t h e pag e s ah e ad,you l l l e ar n mor e ab ou t wh y t h i s e ffor t i s s o i mpor t ant t o ou r l i v e s,fr om i nv as i v e s pe c i e s t h at c an s i g nal h ow we l l nav i

46、g at e a war mi ng and c h ang i ng wor l d,t o t h e c ompl e x “myc o-b i ome”of b odi l y b as e d fu ng i t h at offe r ne w i ns i g h t i nt o h ow de adl y di s e as e s l i k e c anc e r may s pr e ad(and s ome h i nt s ab ou t t r e at me nt),t o h ar ne s s i ng myc e l i u m as a mor e e

47、c o-fr i e ndl y fas h i on mat e r i al.T h e wor l d i s a b i g g e r pe t r i di s h t h an al mos t anyone e v e r i mag i ne d.T h e fu t u r e i s fu ng a.Now i s t h e t i me t o u nde r s t and wh at i t h ol ds.NICK MARTINAGORASTOS PAPATSANIS2121LACCARIA AMETHYS TINA Under the galaxy purpl

48、e cap of this toxic beauty,the mushr oom accumulates high levels of arsenic.Chapter OneNatures Strange HitchhikerP hotographs by A G O R A S T O S PA PAT S A N I SWords by S A R A H G I B B E N SFUNGI ARE POPPING UP IN NEW PLACESWITH UNEXPECTED CONSEQUENCES.23OUDEMANS IEL LA MUCIDA Por celain mushr

49、ooms,like these“towering”fr om a beech tr ee on Mount Olympus,r each between one and thr ee inches tall.ANNE PRINGLE WAS SURVEYING mu s h r ooms at a fie l d s i t e i n T omal e s Bay St at e Par k,ju s t nor t h of San F r anc i s c o,wh e n s h e fou nd h e r-s e l f i n a pr e di c ame nt.Sh e w

50、as s u r r ou nde d b y a s e a of one of t h e wor l d s mos t dang e r ou s mu s h r ooms:Ama n i t a pha l l o i des,c ommonl y k nown as t h e de at h c ap.“I c ou l dn t pu t my foot down wi t h ou t s t e p-pi ng on t h e m,”Pr i ng l e s ays.“I t was ju s t a v al l e y of de at h.A t ot al i