第十节课情态动词和虚拟语气.pptx

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1、语法专题十一情态动词和虚拟语气语法专题十一情态动词和虚拟语气-2-高考感悟考点归纳1.(2016北京改编)I love the weekend,because I get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.2.(2016天津改编)It was really annoying;I get access to the data bank you had recommended.1.neednt句意:我之所以喜欢周末是因为我在周六周日不必早起。故填neednt,意为“不必”。2.couldnt句意:这真让人恼火。我不能进入你推荐的资料库。由第一句“这真让人恼火”可知

2、,此处用couldnt,即“我不能进入你推荐的资料库”是“这真让人恼火”的原因。-3-高考感悟考点归纳3.(2016天津改编)I was wearing a seatbelt.If I hadnt been wearing one,I(injure).4.(2015重庆改编)You be Carol.You havent changed a bit after all these years.3.would have been injured句意:我系着安全带。如果我没系着安全带,我可能就受伤了。由第一句可知本题是谈论过去的事情。对过去的事情进行虚拟时,if条件句用过去完成时(had+过去分词

3、),主句用“would have+过去分词”。4.must句意:你一定是卡萝尔。这些年你一点儿没变。根据后一句的句意可知此处表示肯定推测,填must。-4-高考感悟考点归纳5.(2015陕西改编)You feel all the training a waste of time,but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it.6.(2015四川改编)You be careful with the camera.It costs!5.may从句子后半部分的“but Im a hundred percent sure

4、.”可以看出,句子前半部分是说话人对“you”的心理推测,存在不确定性,故填may。句意:你可能觉得所有这些训练是在浪费时间,但我百分之百地确信,你以后会庆幸你做了(这些训练)。6.must根据It costs(它很贵)推断,上一句应该是要求对方“一定要”小心使用照相机,带有命令的语气,故填must,意为“务必,必须,一定要”。句意:你一定要小心使用照相机。它很贵的!-5-高考感悟考点归纳7.(2015安徽改编)It is lucky we booked a room,or we(have)nowhere to stay now.8.(2015北京改编)If I(see)it with my

5、own eyes,I wouldnt have believed it.9.Ive ordered some pizza,so we worry about cooking when we get home tired.7.would have句意:幸亏我们订了房间,否则现在将没有地方住。分析语境可知,此处表示与现在事实相反的假设。故填would have。8.hadnt seen句意:如果不是我亲眼所见,我简直不能相信(这是真的)。根据主句的谓语动词wouldnt have believed可知,此处表示对过去情况的虚拟,所以条件句用过去完成时。9.neednt句意:我已经点了一些比萨饼,因

6、此当我们回到家感到很累的话,就不必担心做饭的问题了。neednt“不必”。-6-高考感悟考点归纳一二一、情态动词1.表示能力,但could主要指过去的能力。表示“过去有能力做成某事”时通常用was/were able to。The little boy can speak two foreign languages.这个小男孩会讲两种外语。Could the girl read before she went to school?这个女孩上学前识字吗?Everyone was able to escape when the fire broke out.起火的时候大家都能逃生。-7-高考感悟考

7、点归纳一二2.表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上,并不涉及此事真的发生),常译为“往往会,有时候可能会”,常用于肯定句中。Although you can find bargains in London,its not generally a cheap place to shop.虽然你有可能在伦敦买到便宜的东西,但通常而言这不是个买便宜东西的地方。3.表示请求和允许。在问句中could语气比can要委婉。Can I have a word with you?It wont take long.我能和你说会话吗?不会占用你很长时间。You can go back home now.你现在可以回家

8、了。-8-高考感悟考点归纳一二4.表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。How can you be so careless?你怎么能这么粗心?5.表示推测,常用于否定句和疑问句中,语气较强。He cant be in the classroom;the light is not on.他不可能在教室里;灯没亮。Why are your eyes so red?You cant have slept well last night.你的眼睛为什么红红的?你昨天晚上一定没有睡好。My book,The House of Hades,is missing.Who coul

9、d have taken it?我的书哈迪斯之屋丢了,谁会把它拿走呢?-9-高考感悟考点归纳一二6.cannot/can never.too/enough.表示“再也不为过”。You can never be too careful when driving a car.开车的时候再小心都不为过。7.cannot but do sth./cannot help but do sth./cannot choose but do sth.表示“不得不/只好做某事”。You cannot choose but go with me.你只能跟我走。-10-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.用于第二、三人称的陈述

10、句中,表示命令、许诺、警告、强制、威胁、决心等;此外,颁布法律、规定时也用shall。You shall do as your father says.你要按照你父亲说的那样做。One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.我们规定中的其中一项是:每位学生在校期间都要穿校服。Each party shall respect the articles of this contract.任何一方都要尊重合同的条款。-11-高考感悟考点归纳一二2.用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示说话人

11、征求对方的意见或向对方指示。Shall the man standing outside have a try?站在门外的那个人可以试试吗?-12-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.表示主观上的“必须,应该”,其否定形式mustnt表示禁止。对比:have to表示客观上的“不得不”,可用于各种时态。以must开头的问句,其否定回答用neednt或dont have to。Must I clean the dining room at once?No,you neednt/No,you dont have to.我必须马上打扫餐厅吗?不,你不必。Students mustnt play with mob

12、ile phones in class.学生课上不准玩手机。I had lost my key,so I had to wait outdoors.我丢了钥匙,所以不得不在外面等。-13-高考感悟考点归纳一二2.表示“非要,偏要”做某事,表达出说话者的一种不满情绪。Can I smoke here?No.Go to the smoking section,if you must.我能在这里抽烟吗?不能,如果你非要抽烟的话,就去吸烟区吧。Why must you be talking so loudly when others are sleeping?别人都在睡觉,为什么你偏要这么大声说话?3

13、.表示对具体事情的推测,意为“一定,肯定”,语气较强,只用于肯定句中。Since nobody gave him any help,he must have done the research on his own.既然没有人给他任何帮助,那他一定是独自完成的这项研究。-14-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.表示义务,常译为“应该”,用于各种人称。ought to的语气比should强烈。Parents should/ought to take good care of their babies.父母应该照看好他们的孩子。2.should表示推测,译为“可能,(按道理)应该”,多指对未来合乎理想的情况

14、或结果的一种期盼。Its nearly 8 oclock.He should be here at the moment.快八点钟了。此刻他应该在这儿了。-15-高考感悟考点归纳一二3.should表示惊讶、意外等,常译为“竟然,居然”。You should wear slippers in the classroom.你竟然在教室里穿着拖鞋。4.用在if条件句中,should表示可能性很小的一种虚拟语气。If I should see him,I would tell him the news.如果我见到他,我就告诉他这个消息。-16-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.表示意愿,用于各种人称的陈述句中

15、。would常指过去的意愿。If you will read the book,Ill give it to you.如果你愿意读这本书,我就给你。2.表示请求、建议,常用于第二人称,用在疑问句中。would语气较委婉。Will you please close the window?请你关上窗户好吗?-17-高考感悟考点归纳一二3.表示某种倾向或习惯性动作,常译为“总是,惯于”。would 可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向,后面接表示动作的动词,不能接表示状态的词。对比:used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,强调现在已不存在。The door wouldnt open,no matter

16、 how hard she pushed.无论她怎么用力推,这扇门就是打不开。I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.我仍然记得快乐的童年,那时妈妈经常在周末带我去迪斯尼乐园。-18-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.表示请求、允许、许可,might比may语气委婉。You may use my bike.你可以用我的自行车。2.表示推测,常用于陈述句中,语气比较弱,把握性不大。might语气比may还要弱。Life is unpredictable;even t

17、he poorest might/may become the richest.生活是不可预测的,甚至是最穷的人也可能会变成最富的。-19-高考感悟考点归纳一二3.may/might as well+动词原形,意为“最好,倒不如”。You may/might as well do it at once.你最好立刻开始做。4.may well+动词原形,意为“完全能,很可能”。He may well be late for class.他上课很可能迟到。5.may用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。May you return in safety.祝你安全归来。-20-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.两者都可以作为

18、情态动词和实义动词。当作情态动词时,后面要接动词原形,通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。用作实义动词时,其变化和一般的动词相同,有人称和数的变化,构成否定句和疑问句时要借助于助动词do,does,did。dare用作实义动词,用于否定句和疑问句时,常省略后面的to。Ive prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.Do you mean we neednt bring anything with us?我已经为野餐准备了各种各样的食物。你的意思是我们不必带任何东西了?The little girl didnt dare(to)go out at nig

19、ht alone.小女孩晚上不敢独自外出。-21-高考感悟考点归纳一二2.need用做实义动词时,若主语为动作的承受者时用谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义或用不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing.=The house needs to be repaired.这个房子需要维修。3.I dare say为习惯说法,意为“我想,大概”。I dare say she dare not speak to her father in this manner.我想她不敢用这种方式跟他父亲说话。-22-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.can,may,must皆可用来表示推测。(1)在肯

20、定句中都可以用来表示可能性。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示不太肯定的可能性,而can表示理论上的可能性。(2)在否定句中只能用cannot/cant和may not。cant(不可能)语气比may not(可能不、也许不)更强。(3)在疑问句中只能用can,不能用may和must。Accidents can happen on such snowy days.Look,there is some blood on the road;an accident must have happened just now.But it cant have been Mike,for I saw h

21、im in the school.这样的下雪天可能会发生事故。看,公路上有血;刚才一定发生事故了。但肯定不是迈克,因为我看见他在学校里。-23-高考感悟考点归纳一二2.should 与ought to 可以表示对未来情况的一种期盼,常译为“按理应当”。He should/ought to be here on timehe started early.他应该能按时到达这儿他很早就出发了。-24-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.could have done的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为表示怀疑或不肯定,其中couldnt have done 多用于语气强烈的否定,意为“过去不可能做过”。coul

22、d have done在肯定句中表示“本来能做但却没做”。The accident could have been avoided;the driver couldnt have slowed down.这事故本来是可以避免的;司机肯定没减速。-25-高考感悟考点归纳一二2.may/might have done 表示对过去行为的推测,意为“可能做过”。might 所表示的可能性比较弱,此外might have done 还可表示“本可能做而实际上未做”,含有轻微的责备语气。You might have given him more help,though you were busy with

23、 your work.你本来可以给他更多的帮助,尽管你工作很忙。3.must have done 表示对过去行为的推测,意为“一定,想必做过”,语气十分肯定。It must have rained last night,as the ground is wet.昨晚一定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。-26-高考感悟考点归纳一二4.should/ought to have done 用于肯定句时,表示“本该做某事而实际上未做”;用于否定句时,则表示“不该做某事反而做了”。Sorry,Mum!I failed the job interview again.Oh,its too bad.You shou

24、ld have made full preparations.对不起,妈妈,我这次工作面试又失败了。太糟糕了。你本来应该进行充分准备的。5.neednt have done表示“本来不必做某事而实际上却做了”。I actually neednt have bought so much foodonly three people came.我实际上不必买这么多食物只有三个人来了。-27-高考感悟考点归纳一二6.had better have done 用于事后的建议,含轻微责备的口吻,意为“当时最好做了某事”。I had better have started earlier.我要是早点起程就好

25、了。7.would rather have done sth.表示“宁愿当时做某事”,其否定形式would rather not have done sth.表达相反的含义,两者都含有“后悔”之意。I would rather have taken his advice.我宁愿当时接受了他的建议。-28-高考感悟考点归纳一二8.would like/love to have done sth.表示“过去愿意做某事但未做成”。I would love to have gone to the party last night,but I had to work extra hours to fin

26、ish my report.我昨天晚上本想去参加聚会来,但我不得不加班写完报告。-29-高考感悟考点归纳一二二、虚拟语气1.表示与现在事实相反:条件状语从句中谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were);主句中谓语用would/should/could/might+动词原形。We would be back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.如果你没丢失地图的话,我们现在就回到旅馆了。2.表示与过去事实相反:条件状语从句中谓语用had+过去分词;主句中谓语用would/should/could/might+have+过去分词。If Mr Dew

27、ey had been present,he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.如果杜威先生在场的话,他会给那里的人们尽可能地提供帮助。-30-高考感悟考点归纳一二3.表示与将来的事实相反:条件状语从句中谓语用过去式或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形;主句中谓语用would/should/could/might+动词原形。Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live/should

28、live/lived there,she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often.格雷丝不想搬到纽约去,因为她认为如果她住在那儿的话,就不能经常见到她的父母了。-31-高考感悟考点归纳一二4.虚拟条件句有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件句形式表现出来,而是通过一个介词短语、连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有:without,with,but for(要是没有),otherwise,or,but等。Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway wouldnt have written his famous

29、 novel A Farewell to Arms.如果没有战时的经历,海明威就不会写出他的著名小说永别了,武器。But for your advice,I could not have done it so successfully.要是没有你的建议,我就不会这么成功。-32-高考感悟考点归纳一二I was so busy then;otherwise,I would have gone to help him.那时我太忙了,否则我就去帮他了。They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigat

30、ion,or they would have come to our help.我们开展这项调查的几个月间他们在国外,否则他们会来帮助我们的。-33-高考感悟考点归纳一二5.错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据主从句所表示的时间作出相应的调整。If we had booked a table earlier,we wouldnt be standing here in a queue.如果我们早点儿预订一张桌子,我们就不用站在这儿排队了。(从句说的是过去的情况,主句说的是现在的情况)If I were

31、you,I would have gone abroad.如果我是你,我就会出国了。(从句说的是现在的情况,主句说的是过去的情况)-34-高考感悟考点归纳一二6.省略if的虚拟语气如果if从句中含有were/should/had时,则可以省略if,把这三个词置于句首,采用倒装语序。If I were you,I would go to the party.Were I you,I would go to the party.如果我是你,我会去参加聚会。If it should happen,what would you do?Should it happen,what would you do

32、?如果那件事真的发生了,你会做什么?If you had come earlier,you would catch the bus.Had you come earlier,you would catch the bus.如果你早点来的话,你就赶上那辆公交车了。-35-高考感悟考点归纳一二在wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句中通常用虚拟语气。从句中谓语的构成形式为:1.表示对现在情况的虚拟,从句中谓语动词用过去式(be动词用were)。Do you like the school?Yeah.I only wish the classes were a

33、little smaller.你喜欢这个学校吗?是的。我只希望班级小一些。-36-高考感悟考点归纳一二2.表示对过去情况的虚拟,从句中谓语动词常用had+过去分词。I wish I had been at my sisters wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.我多么希望自己上个星期二能参加姐姐的婚礼呀,可是我当时正在纽约出差。3.表示对将来的主观愿望,从句中谓语动词常用would/could/might+动词原形。I wish it would be fine tomorrow.我希望明天有个

34、好天气。-37-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.表示“建议,要求,命令”的动词:一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command),三建议(suggest,recommend,advise),四要求(demand,require,request,ask)后面的宾语从句或由it做形式主语的主语从句中的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”。这些动词相应的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语也要用“(should+)动词原形”。The teacher ordered that the homework(should)be handed in on time.老师要求我们按时上交作业。My mom

35、 suggests that we(should)eat out for a change this weekend.我妈妈建议本周末我们出去吃饭换换口味。-38-高考感悟考点归纳一二注意suggest当“表明,暗示”讲时,不用虚拟语气;insist 当“坚持认为”讲时,不用虚拟语气。The smile on his face suggested he was happy.他脸上的笑容表明他很开心。The boy insisted he hadnt stolen the money.那个男孩坚持说他没有偷钱。2.在It is important/strange/natural/necessar

36、y/a pity/a shame等+that从句,表示情绪、观点等,主语从句中的谓语用“(should+)动词原形”。It is a pity that he(should)refuse to accept the offer.遗憾的是他拒绝接受那个提议。-39-高考感悟考点归纳一二1.在as if/as though引导的状语从句中,若从句与事实相反,则要用虚拟语气。具体情况如下:当从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生时,从句谓语动词用过去式。当从句的动作发生于主句的动作之前时,从句谓语动词用过去完成式。He talks as if he knew all about it.他谈论起来好像他知道一

37、切一样。He walked in as if he had bought the school.他走进来好像他已经买下了学校一样。-40-高考感悟考点归纳一二2.在It is(high)time that.句型中也用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词常用过去式,表示“是时候做了”,含“建议”的意味。Jack is a great talker.Its high time that he did something instead of just talking.杰克是个空谈家。到了他做点事而不是夸夸其谈的时候了。3.would rather后接动词原形,但接从句时要用虚拟语气(宁愿,但愿)。具体情况如下:

38、当从句表示与现在或将来事实相反时,从句谓语动词用过去式。当从句表示与过去事实相反时,谓语动词用过去完成式。-41-高考感悟考点归纳一二I would rather our daughter stayed at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.我宁愿女儿和我们一起待在家里,但是她可以自己作出选择,毕竟她不是小孩了。Id rather you hadnt told Mike the bad news.我宁愿你没有告诉迈克那个坏消息。4.if only“要是就好了”。表示与现在或将来事实相反的愿望

39、时,句子谓语动词用过去式;表示与过去事实相反的愿望时,句子谓语动词用过去完成式。If only I had passed the driving test last week!要是我通过了上周的驾驶考试就好了!-42-.单句填空1.I concentrate with so many problems bothering me.I will try again later.2.According to our teacher,all of our compositions be written in ink.He wont accept papers written in pencil.1.c

40、ant根据后文“我将会再试一次”可知,此处意为“有这么多问题烦我,我不可能专注”,故在否定句中应用cant表示推测,意为“不可能”。2.must根据后文老师不让用铅笔写作文可知,此处应用must表示对具体事情的肯定推测,意为“一定,肯定”,语气较强。-43-3.The sign said that one eat in the library.4.Try to speak slowly when you give your speech.If you dont,some of your words be misunderstood.5.Judy stay home.I will take ca

41、re of the baby.3.mustnt根据句意可知,此处表示在图书馆禁止吃东西,故应用mustnt表示“禁止,不允许”。4.may根据句意可知,在演讲的时候,如果你不说得慢一点,就有可能被误解。此处只是一种推测,存在不确定性,故用may表示“也许,可能”。5.doesnt have to根据句意可知,我会照顾好孩子,因此朱迪不必待在家里,故此处用doesnt have to表示“不必”。-44-6.If I can speak Spanish,I(spend)next year studying in Mexico.7.If you(fail)your last exam,you wo

42、uld have graduated in May.8.My mother(rent)this apartment if she had known it was so noisy.6.would spend分析语境可知,此处表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。因此用“would+do”形式。7.hadnt failed根据主句的谓语动词would have graduated可知,此处表示对过去情况的虚拟,所以条件句用过去完成时。8.wouldnt have rented该句表示与过去事实相反,条件状语从句用“had+过去分词”,主句用“would+have+过去分词”。-45-9.Sam wou

43、ld help the poor if he(be)rich.10.If I hadnt lost my cellphone,I(contact)you yesterday.11.The city would look more beautiful if people(throw)rubbish on the streets.9.were此处谓语动词是be,在含有虚拟语气的条件状语从句中要变为were。10.would have contacted根据句中的yesterday可知,此处表示对过去情况的虚拟,故主句的谓语动词应用would have contacted。11.didnt thro

44、w分析语境可知,此处表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。因此从句用一般过去时。-46-12.Are we lost?I think so.I wish we(bring)a map with us.13.When I stopped talking,Jim finished my sentence for me as though he(read)my mind.14.If I(know)you were coming,I would have prepared lunch.12.brought此处为wish宾语从句中的虚拟语气,表示对现在情况的虚拟,故从句中谓语动词用过去式。13.had read

45、该句为as though引导的状语从句,从句与事实相反,故要用虚拟语气。且从句的动作发生于主句的动作之前时,从句谓语动词用过去完成式。14.had known根据主句的谓语动词would have prepared可知,此处表示对过去情况的虚拟,所以条件句用过去完成时。-47-15.If I were you,I(go)to the beach instead of going to work.16.But for the kind lady,I(wander)in the street now.15.would go分析语境可知,此处表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。因此用would go。16

46、.would be wanderingbut for表示“要是没有”,从句用虚拟语气。根据“now”可知,此处表示对现在情况的虚拟,且为现在进行时,故此处应用would be wandering。-48-17.Im afraid I have to leave now.As you see,he is waiting for me.Well,if you,at least wait till the heavy rain stops.18.Film reviewers are surprised to find that Han Hans first film,The Continent,be

47、 such a huge success.17.must句意:恐怕我不得不现在离开了,正如你看到的,他在等我。好的,如果您非要走,至少要等到大雨停了再走。用must表示“非要;偏要”。18.should句意:影评家们很吃惊地发现韩寒的第一部电影后会无期,竟然获得如此巨大的成功。根据句意填should“竟然”,表吃惊。-49-19.The fire in the supermarket last night was terrible!They have taken some measures to prevent it occurring.20.What do you think of the

48、report written by Tom?The report was based on a careful investigation,so it be reliable.19.should/ought to句意:超市昨晚的火灾很可怕。他们本来应该采取措施制止火灾的发生。should/ought to have done表示“本来应该做但却未做”。20.should句意:你认为汤姆写的报告怎么样?该报告以严谨的调查为基础,因此应该是可以信赖的。根据语境填should,表示“按理应当”。-50-.单句改错1.I suggest that we telling them we want the

49、m to trust us as much as wed like to trust them.(2016湖北七市教科协作体联考)2.When we were children,we will sit around Grandpa after supper,listening to his stories.1.tellingtell考查虚拟语气。suggest意为“建议”,后接that引导的宾语从句时,从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用(should+)动词原形。2.willwould根据前面的were可知,这里陈述的是过去的情况,故用would,表示过去的习惯。-51-3.How I wish I

50、passed the geography exam!So youre sorry that you didnt work hard.4.It was suggested that an armed guard stood in readiness,protecting the president.3.passed前加had句意:我多么渴望我的地理考试及格啊。那么你很遗憾你没有努力学习。根据题干含义pass动作应该发生在过去,表示与过去事实相反的愿望应用过去完成时。故应用had passed。4.stoodstand此处suggest表示“建议”,此时that引导的宾语从句应用虚拟语气,谓语用“