宏观经济学课件(英文版).pptx
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1、Macroeconomics courseware(English version)Introduction to MacroeconomicsMacroeconomic IndicatorsAggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand ModelFiscal Policy and Government SpendingMonetary Policy and Central Bank OperationsInternational Economics01Introduction to MacroeconomicsDefinition and Scope of Ma
2、croeconomicsMacroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole,focusing on aggregate variables like GDP,inflation,and unemployment.Macroeconomics examines the performance of the economy as a whole,dealing with large-scale economic issues that affect the entire country or even the global economy.I
3、t focuses on aggregate variables such as gross domestic product(GDP),inflation,and unemployment,and aims to understand their movements and relationships.Macroeconomics also examines how economic policies,including fiscal and monetary policies,influence these aggregate variables and overall economic
4、performance.The Main Themes in MacroeconomicsThe main themes in macroeconomics include economic growth,inflation,unemployment,interest rates,fiscal policy,and monetary policy.The main themes in macroeconomics revolve around several key areas.One is economic growth,which concerns how a countrys econo
5、my expands or contracts over time.Another important theme is inflation,referring to the general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.Unemployment,the phenomenon of workers being jobless and seeking employment,is also a key theme.Interest rates,which influence borrowing costs
6、and savings returns,are another key aspect.Macroeconomists also study fiscal policy,which involves government spending and taxation,and monetary policy,which deals with the supply of money and credit in the economy.The Evolution of MacroeconomicsThe evolution of macroeconomics has been marked by the
7、 development of new theories and models to explain economic phenomena and address policy challenges.The field of macroeconomics has undergone significant evolution over time.Early macroeconomists like John Maynard Keynes developed theories to explain the causes of economic depressions and provide gu
8、idance for government policies to stabilize the economy.Since then,macroeconomics has expanded to include a range of theories and models that aim to explain different economic phenomena,such as economic growth,inflation,and unemployment.Macroeconomists have also responded to new challenges and polic
9、y issues that have emerged over time,such as financial crises,inflation targeting,and fiscal sustainability.The evolution of macroeconomics has been characterized by a constant process of refinement and adaptation to new evidence and changing economic conditions.02Macroeconomic IndicatorsGDP A measu
10、re of the total economic output of a country,calculated as the sum of the market values of all goods and services produced within the borders of the country in a specific time period.GDP Composition The breakdown of GDP into its various components,such as consumption,investment,government spending,a
11、nd net exports.GDP and Its CompositionVS A measure of the percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.Labor Market The supply and demand for labor,including the relationship between workers and employers and the conditions under which they exchange their services.Un
12、employment RateUnemployment Rate and Labor MarketInfluence and Price LevelsInflationA general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.Price LevelThe average price of goods and services in the economy.The cost of borrowing money or the return on investment for saving or lending.I
13、nterest Rate The management of the money supply and interest rates by the central bank to control inflation and stabilize the economy.Monetary PolicyInterest Rates and Monetary PolicyExchange Rate The value of one currency in terms of another currency.Foreign Exchange Market The market where currenc
14、ies are bought and sold,determined by supply and demand.Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Market03Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand ModelTheoretical Framework of the ModelDefinition of Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand:The aggregate supply curve represents the total quantity of goods and s
15、ervices that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices in the short run,while the aggregate demand curve represents the total quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices in the short run.Theoretical Basis:The model is based on the pr
16、inciples of supply and demand,which determine the equilibrium price and quantity in a market economy.It extends these principles to the entire economy,considering the supply and demand for the aggregate output of the economy.Macroeconomic Significance:The model is used to analyze macroeconomic issue
17、s such as economic growth,inflation,and business cycles.It helps to understand how changes in aggregate supply and demand can affect the overall level of economic activity and inflation.The Model in Practice:Analysis of Economic Growth and ReceptionApplication to Economic Growth:The AS-AD model can
18、be used to analyze economic growth by considering the factors that influence aggregate supply,such as labor,capital,and productivity.By understanding how these factors interact with aggregate demand,policymakers can formulate appropriate fiscal and monetary policies to promote sustainable economic g
19、rowth.Impact on Macroeconomic Policies:The model has been widely used by policymakers to analyze macroeconomic issues and formulate policies to address them.Central banks often use the model to assess the impact of interest rate changes on aggregate demand and inflation,while governments may use it
20、to evaluate the impact of fiscal policies on economic growth and inflation.Limitations and Criticisms:Although the AS-AD model has been widely used,it has also faced criticism for its simplicity and assumptions.Some critics argue that the model fails to capture the complexities of the real economy,s
21、uch as the role of institutions,market frictions,and financial markets.Shifts in the AS-AD Model and Their Impact on the EconomyChanges in Technology and Productivity:Shifts in aggregate supply can occur due to technological progress and changes in productivity.As technology improves,the quantity of
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