2009年英语专八真题解析.pdf
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1、2009年专八真题详解(新题型优化)PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A Writing Experimental Reports Good morning,everyone.Today well discuss some preliminaries concerning how to write experimental reports.When you first signed up for a course in university,like a psychology course,chances are that you didnt rea
2、lly expect what was coming in your study;particularly,the course emphasis on methodology and statistics.For a few of you,this may have come as a pleasant surprise,provided that you have already known something about the course.For most,however,I dare say,it will undoubtedly have been a shock to the
3、system.No doubt in other parts of your course study,you will read books and journals,examining,critically,models and theories,assumptions and hypotheses put forward by scholars and specialists.My task today is to help you understand some of the important features of experimental reports,because you
4、will have to write up some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work,especially experimenting.Then what is an experimental report?1 All a re ort is reall is the lace in which ou tell the sto of our stud like what ou did wh ou did it what ou found out in the roce
5、ss and so on.In doing this,you are more like an ancient storyteller,whose stories were structured in accordance with widely recognized and long-established conventions,than a modem novelist who is free to dictate form as well as content.Moreover,like the storyteller of old,although you w让1 invariabl
6、y be telling your story to someone who knows quite a bit about it already,you are expected to present it as if it had never been heard before.2/3This means that you w山need to s ell out the details and assume little knowled e of the area on the art of our audience.Then,perhaps,you may ask,what is the
7、 nature of the conventions governing the report?A clue,I think,can be found in its basic structure.4A highly structured and disciplined report is written in sections and these sections b and lar e follow an established se uence.What this means is that,in the telling,your story is to be cut up into c
8、hunks:different parts of the story are to appear in ctferent places in the report.5What ou did and wh ou did it a ear in the section called INTRODUCTION.How you did it is in the METHOD section.And what you found out is in the RESULT section.6 And finall what ou think it shows a ears in the DISCUSSIO
9、N part.As you can see,the report,therefore,is a formal document composed of a series of sections in which speci:fic information is expected to appear.We will discuss the precise conventions governing each section as we go along.For example,what are the subsections in the METHOD?But today,I w讥 introd
10、uce to you certain general rules straight away.The first of these concerns the person to whom you should address your report,whom I shall call your reader.7A ve common mistake es eciall earl on is to assume that our reader is the erson who will be marking the report.8In reali however the marker will
11、 be assessin our re ort on behalf of someone elsean idealized h othetical erson who is intelli ent but unlmowled eable about our study and the area in which it took place.Your marker will,therefore,be checking to see that you have written your report with this sort of reader in mind.So you need to m
12、ake sure that you have:1.introduced the reader to the area relevant to your study;2.9 rovided the reader with the back round necess to understand what you did and why you did it;3.spelt out and developed your arguments clearly;专八 2009-12 4.lOdefined technical terms And 5.11 rovided recise details of
13、 the wa in which ou went about collectin and anal zin the data that you obtained.In short,you should w卤e for someone who knows little about your area of study,taking little for granted about your readers knowledge of your area of study.So when in doubt,spell it out.This is my advice to you.If you fi
14、nd this difficult to do,then a useful approach is to write the report as if it would be read by someone you know who is intelligent but unknowledgeable about your subject.A friend of yours,say.Write it as if this person were going to have to read and understand it.Indeed,it is a good idea,if you can
15、,to get just such a person to read your report before handing it in.12The demands and e ectations laced u on ou will of course v with our e erience of re ort writing.Early on in your study,as an author of experimental reports,less will be expected of you than later.At this early stage,you w山 be expe
16、cted mainly to show that 13you understand what you did in your report and its implications,together with evidence that you have,at least a basic grasp of the demands of the reports format.14Later on however ou will be e ected to a more attention to this research si nificance of what you did.The why
17、you did it part will become more important because in being responsible for the choice of topic and design,you w山 be expected to be able to justify this choice.So you must be able to tell us why it is,that given the options available to you,you decided to conduct your particular study.You will need,
18、therefore,to develop the habit of thinking about how the ideas that you are entertaining for your experiment or study w让1 look in the report,paying particular attention to how they will fit into the part of INTRODUCTION.Specific dangers that you must watch out for here are:First,a lack of adequate m
19、aterial to put in the section;15And second the undertakin of a roect that lacks叩research ustification because it is based on assum tions that are contradicted b existin fmd让1s in the area.Thinking clearly in advance w让I help you to avoid making these mistakes.OK.Today weve had a brief look at the fo
20、rmat of an experimental report,what each section is about and some of the basic issues like reader awareness,so on and so forth.Next time,we will discuss how to w讥e up the INTRODUCTION section.1.study method II study findings/results/discussion/discoveries(解析原文说,实验报告包括“研究问题领域”“研究目 的“以及 what you foun
21、d out in the process。因此,应填 study fmdings、results 或记忆中的其他内容。2.spelling out details II providing details【解析】本题与第三题紧密相连,原文说,写实验报告需要把细节都说出来(spell out the details),由 下一行的 regarding 可知,空格处应该用 doing 形式,故可填 spelling out details,或者 用 近 义 的 providingdetails 等表达。3.audience/non-professionals II ordinary people/
22、laymen【解析】原文提到写实验报告时要把 自 己 的读者 当作“对该报告的研究领域一无所知的听众 故可用 audience,也可用 non-professionals,laymen 或 ordinary people。4.disciplined【解析 原文说,实验报告具有较强 的结构性和规范性。答案 disciplined 可直接从听力原文中得出。5.what you did(解析】原文提到实验报告中关于“做过什么?为什么做?”的是“引 言”部分,因 此,根据后 面 的 why you did it 直接填入短句 what you did 即可。6.DISCUSSION【解析】题干所给内容
23、是 what you think it shows,这是报告的”讨论”部分的 内容,故填 DISCUSSION。注意与前面的 METHOD 和 RESULT 等统一,用全大写。7.a common mistake/mistaken assumption/wrong/incorrect【解析】材料提到,如果实验报告的作者把该报告的评阅者当作 自 己 的读者,这样假设就错了。因此,应填 acommon mistake,或填入 mistaken assumption 等表示“错误”的表达。8.reality/truth/correct assumption/correct/right【解析】根据材料
24、中的信号词 however 可知本题所在句子是对前一句的转折,前一句是错误的假设,这一句应该就说”事实、真相”或“正确 的假设”。9.necessary background information【解析】材料中提到了五项任务,其中第二项是给读者提 供 必 要 的 背 景(p,rovided the reader with the background necessary to.),让他们 明 白你在做什专八2009-13 么和你为什么这么做,此处应填入名 词(词组),将原文概括一下,答案可填 necessary background information。10.technical term
25、s 解析】材料中 提到 的第 四项任务是定义专有名词(defined technical terms),答案可从原 文直接得出,注意要用复数形式。11.collecting II collection/collection and analysis/analysis【解析】文中说要详细、准确地描述你收集、分析数据的方法。这里填“收集、分析”的名词或动名词形式即可。12.Demands and expectations 解析】材料中在说三个时期前提到,对你 的要求和期望(demands and expectations)会因你的写作经验而有所不同。故此处填入 Demands and expec-
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