2019年英语专八真题解析.pdf

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1、2019年英语专业八级考试真题答案及解析PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE 1.power and dominance 2.make oneself big/open up 3.make oneself small/close up 4.the opposite/complementary 5.occupymg space 6.gender/sex 7.minds and bodies 8.assertive/confident/optimistic 9.different people 10.a gambling opp

2、ortunity 11.dominance hormone 12.stress hormone 13.assertive or stress-reactive/confident or stress-reactive 14.change our outcomes/change the outcomes 15.do the best MINI-LECTURE听力原文Body Language and Mind 肢体语言和意识Good morning,everyone.In todays lecture,Id like to focus on how our body language revea

3、ls who we are.Were really fascinated with body language,and particularly interested in other peoples body language.You know,were sometimes interested in an awkward interaction,or a smile,or a contemptuous glance,or maybe a very awkward wink,or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking abo

4、ut?I am interested in power dynamicsthat is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.大家早上好。在今天的课上，我主要来讲讲我们的肢体语言如何揭示出我们是什么样的人。我们对肢体语言十分感兴趣，尤其是其他人的肢体语言。你们知道的，我们有时会对一次尴尬的交流、微笑、轻蔑一瞥感兴趣，也有可能对尴尬的眨眼或握手感兴趣。那么，你们知道我说的是哪种肢体语言吗？我对动力学感兴趣这是权力和支配地位的非语言表达。And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dom

5、inance?Well,this is what they are.In the animal kingdom,nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about expanding.So you make yourself big,you stretch out,you take up space and youre basically opening up.Andand humans do the same thing.So they do this when theyre feeling powerful in the momen

6、t.And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are.For example,when athletes cross the finish line and theyve won,it doesnt matter if theyve never seen anyone do it.They do this.So the arms are up in the V sign,the chin is slightl

7、y lifted.But what do we do when we feel powerless?We do exactly the opposite.We close up.We make ourselves small.We dont want to bump into the person next to us.And this is what happens when you put together high and low power.So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the ot

8、hers nonverbals.What I mean is if someone is being really powerful with us,we tend to make ourselves smaller.We dont mirror them.We do the opposite.那么，权力和支配地位的非语言表达是什么呢？下面，我来阐述它们的含义。在动物王国，权力和支配地位的非语言表达是关于扩张的。你让自己变大，你伸展四肢，你占据了空间，基本上你就打开了。而人类也在做同样的事情。因此，当他们感觉强有力时，就会做这个动作。这个动作尤为有趣，因为它的确向我们展示出，这些关于力量的表达

9、是多么普遍而古老。例如，当运动员跨过终点线，嬴得比赛时，他们是否看过其他人做这个动作并不重要，而他们会做这个动作。他们举起双臂比成V的手势，下巴微微抬起。但我们无力时会最什么呢？我们会做正好相反的动作。我们合上了。我们让自己变小。我们不想碰到旁边的人。这就是你力量强大和微弱时会发生的事情。那么，我们在强大时倾向于补充其他人的非语言行为。我的意思是，如果某人和我们在一起时十分强大而有力，我们倾向于让自己变小。我们不模仿他们。我们做的动作恰恰相反。Im watching this behavior in the classroom,and guess what I have noticed.I n

10、otice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals.They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts,like they really want to occupy space.When they sit down,theyre sort of spread out.They raise their hands high.You have other people who are virtually collaps

11、ing when they come in.As soon as they,I mean other people,come in,you see it.You see it on their faces and their bodies,and they sit with their chairs and they make themselves tiny,and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands.I also notice another interesting thing about th

12、is.It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men.I mean women are more likely to make themselves small.Women feel chronically less powerful than men,so this is not surprising.我在教室里观察这个动作，猜猜我注意到了什么。我注意到工商管理硕士学生们真的会全方位展示出力量肢体语言。他们甚至在上课前就径直走到教室中央，好像真的想占据空间一样。当他们坐下时，他们伸展开来。他们高举双手

13、。你可以看到其他人进来时真的会崩溃。他们，我是指其他人，进来时，你就会看到。你会看到他们的脸上和身体都会出现崩溃的迹象，他们坐在椅子上，让自己变小，他们举手时也不会完全伸展开双臂。关于这一点，我还发现了另一个有趣的现象。女性似乎比男性更有可能做出这种动作。我的意思是，女性更有可能让自己变小。女性总感觉自己的力量比男性弱，因此这并不令人惊讶。The second question concerns our minds.We know that our minds change our bodies.But is it also true that our bodies change our mi

14、nds?And when I say minds,in the case of the powerful,what do I mean?Im talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings,and in my case,thats hormones.I look at ho皿ones.So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like?P

15、owerful people tend to be,not surprisingly,more assertive and more confident,more optimistic.They actually feel that theyre going to win even at games of chance.They also tend to be able to think more abstractly.They take more risks.So there are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless pe

16、ople.Physiologically,there also are differences on two key hormones:one is dominance hormone,and the other is stress hormone.What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance hormone and low stress hormone.What does that mean?That means power is also about how you react to stre

17、ss.第二个问题是关于我们的意识。我们知道，我们的意识会改变我们的身体。但我们的身体也可以改变我们的意识吗？当我说到意识的时候，以强大的力量为例，这是什么意思呢？我在说想法和感觉，以及组成我们想法和感觉的生理上的东西，就这件事而言，是指激素。我来讲讲激素。那么，强大的人的意识与无力的人的意识看起来是怎样的呢？毫无疑问，强大的人往往更加坚定、自信而乐观。事实上，他们感觉自己会胜利，即使在博弈中也会如此。他们往往还具有抽象思维。他们会冒更多的险。因此，强大和无力的人有许多不同之处。从生理上来说，在两种关键激素中有许多不同：一个是主导性激素，另一种是皮质醇。我们发现，强大且有效率的领导含主导性激素较

18、高，而含皮质醇较低。这意味着什么呢？这意味着，力量还与你如何应对压力有关。Once we did an experiment.We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experiment.These people adopted,for two minutes,either high-power poses or low-power poses.We,for two minutes,say,You need to do this or this.And we also want them to be feeling

19、 power.So after two minutes we will ask them How powerful do you feel?on a series of items,and then we give them an opportunity to gamble.Before and after the experiment,we take their samples of saliva for a hormone test.Thats the whole experiment.我们做过一个实验。我们决定带一些人走进实验室做个小实验。这些人有的摆出强有力的姿势，有的摆出无力的姿势，

20、时长都是2分钟。“你需要摆出这个姿势或这个姿势。”这句话我们说了2分钟。我们还想让他们感受到力量。因此，2分钟后，我们会就一系列的事项问他们：“你们感觉有多少力量?然后我们给他们一个赌博的机会。实验前后，我们取他们的唾液样本进行激素试验。这就是整个实验过程。And this is what we have foundrisk tolerance,which is gambling.What we find is that when youre in the high-power pose condition,86 percent of you will gamble.When youre in

21、 the low-power pose condition,its down to only 60 percent,and thats a pretty significant difference.Heres what we find on dominance hormone.From their baseline when they come in,high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase,and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease.So ag

22、ain,two minutes,and you get these changes.Concerning stress hormone,high-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease,and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase.Once again,two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertiv

23、e,confident or really stress-reactive,and,you know,feeling sort of shut down.And weve all had that feeling,right?So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves.Also,our bodies change our minds.这就是我们发现的结果风险承受能力，也就是赌博。我们发现，当你摆出强有力的姿势时，你有86%的可能性会赌博。当你摆出无力的姿势时，这个百分比会下降到仅

24、60%,这是一个非常显著的差异。关于主导性激素，我们有如下发现。相比于他们进来时的基线，强有力的人上升了20%,而无力的人下降了10%。再次证明，2分钟后，你发生了这些改变。就皮质醇而言，强有力的人下降了25%,而无力的人上升了15%。再次证明，2分钟会导致这些激素的改变，基本上能让你的大脑变得要么坚定而自信，要么易受到压力的影响，以及，你知道的，感觉有点沮丧。我们都会有这种感受，对吗？因此，我们的非语言行为似乎的确控制我们的想法以及我们对自身的感受。另外，我们的身体会改变我们的意识。So,power posing for a few minutes really changes your l

25、ife in meaningful ways.When I tell people about this,that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior,and our behavior can change our outcomes,they say to me,I dont believe that.It feels fake.Right?So I said,fake it till you make it.Im going to live you with this.Before you go

26、into the next stressful evaluative situation,for example,a job interview,for two minutes,try doing this,in the elevator,or at your desk behind closed doors and say to youself Thats what I want to do.Configure your brain to do the best in that situation.Get your dominance hormone up,and get your stre

27、ss hormone down.Dont leave that situation feeling like,oh,I didnt show them who I am.Leave that situation feeling like,oh,I really managed to say who I am and show who I am.因此，几分钟的力量姿势的确会用有意义的方式来改变你的生活。当我把这些告诉人们时，也就是：我们的身体会改变我们的意识、我们的意识会改变我们的行为、以及我们的行为会改变最后的结果，他们和我说：“我不相信。感觉很假。对吗？“我会说：“你就假装是这样，直到真的变

28、成这样为止。“我要让你这样去做。在你进行下一个很有压力的评估时，比如求职面试，试着用2分钟的时间来做这个，在电梯里，或者在关着的门后面的桌子前对自己说：“这就是我想做的事。”让你的大脑在那种情况下达到最佳状态。让你的主导性激素含量上升，皮质醇含量下降。不要让情况变成这样一哦，我没有向他们展示出我是谁。而要让情况变成这样哦，我真的讲出并展示出我是谁了。To sum up,today,we talk about the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance and the strong effects of the change of behav

29、ior.I suggest you盯powerposing,which is simple but will significantly change the outcomes of your life.OK,next time we are going to discuss the social functions of body language.综上所述，今天，我们讲了”权力和支配地位的非语言表达”以及改变行为的强大作用。我建议你们试试力量姿势，它虽然简单，但将极大地改变你的人生结局。好的，下一次我们要讨论肢体语言的社会功能。SECTIONB INTERVIEW INTERVIEW 1

30、1.What do the speakers mainly talk about?答案A2.What does the woman think of global warming?答案C3.What is the man mainly concerned about?答案B4.What do the speakers both agree about on the topic?答案C5.What is the womans attitude toward the topic?答案：C INTERVIEW 1听力原文M:Hey,Cathy,did you read this article in

31、 the magazine?I cant believe how much man is changing the planet.W:Yeah,I had a look at it.Quite interesting I suppose if you believe that sort of thing.M:What?What do you mean,if you believe that sort of thing?Are you saying you dont believe that we are damaging the planet?W:To be honest,Mark,not r

32、eally.M:What are you saying?Are you saying global warming isnt a fact,deforestation isnt a fact,the greenhouse effect isnt actually happening?W:Hey,calm down Mark.I just think too many people take these things as being definitely true without knowing all the facts.M:You really dont think global warm

33、ing is happening.You know theyve said sea levels are going to rise by quite a few meters over the next fifty to a hundred years.Weather conditions are getting worse all over the world.Can you remember how many big hurricanes there have been in this country over the last few years?I think evidence is

34、 all around us.W:I dont think we have enough information to be honest.Weve only been measuring these things for around two or three hundred years.We have no idea what was happening 50,000 years ago.For all we know,this is just a natural blip,a kind of sudden but temporary change,in the whole climate

35、 cycle.I dont think we should change how were living just because of twenty years of abnormal measurements.M:And dont you think all the other effects were having on the planet are destructive?W:What do you mean?M:I mean,like,deforestation,overpopulation,threatening the existence of many endangered a

36、nimals,pollution of the air and the seasI mean,I could go on if you want!W:No,noI understand what youre saying and,yes,its true that there are several problems worldwide caused by human influence.I think the destruction of the Amazon rainforest is really dangerous and its something we could live to

37、regret.I read somewhere that they were considered to be the lungs of the planet and there we are happily chopping it all down.And it would be a shame to lose some of those animals that may become extinct,you know,like the rhino or the panda.But I think we shouldnt interfere with nature.If they are g

38、oing to become extinct,then we have to allow nature to take its course.M:Youve just contradicted yourself in two sentences,Cathy.First you said its bad that were interfering with nature by destroying the rainforest and then W:Thats not the same thing!M:Well,of course it is!The only reason 99%of thes

39、e animals are endangered is precisely because WE are threatening their habitats,either by chopping it down as you say or by expanding towns and farming into areas where these animals normally live and hunt.You cant destroy an animals habitat and then turn around and say we cant interfere with nature

40、 to save it.W:I dont think having twenty panda cubs in zoos around the world is a very smart way to save an animal.Its totally artificial and is cruel to the animals involved.吗？M:I would go along with that,yes.The real solution is to save the animals original habitat This is the end of Part One of t

41、he interview.Questions 1 to 5 are based on what you have just heard.1.What do the speakers mainly talk about?2.What does the woman think of global warming?3.What is the man mainly concerned about?4.What do the speakers both agree about on the topic?5.What is the womans attitude toward the topic?男：嘿，

42、凯西，你看过杂志上的这篇文章了吗？我简直不敢相信人类改变了这个星球这么多。女：是的，我看了一眼。我觉得很有趣，如果你相信那档子事的话。男：什么？你说的“如果你相信那档子事的话”是什么意思？你是说你不相信我们正在破坏这个星球女说实话，马克，不大相信。男：你在说什么？你是说全球变暖不是事实，砍伐森林不是事实，温室效应也没有真的发生？女：嘿，马克，冷静点我只是觉得，太多人把这些事当作绝对真实的了，却并不知道全部事实。男：你真的不觉得全球变暖正在发生。你知道的，他们说，在今后的50年到100年，海平面将要上涨数米。全球的天气状况都在变差。你还能想起，过去几年内这个国家经历了多少场大型甩风吗？我觉得证据

43、就在我们身边。女：说实话，我觉得我们并没有充足的信息我们只是测量了两三百年的这些数据。我们并不知道5万年前发生了什么。我们所知的就是，在整个气候循环里，这只是大自然的一段插曲、一种虽突然但短暂的改变。我觉得我们不应该仅仅因为20年 的反常测量结果而改变我们的生活方式。男那你不觉得所有对这个星球的其他影响是有破坏性的吗？女：你是什么意思？男：我的意思是，比如砍伐森林、人口过剩、威胁到许多濒危动物的生存、空气和海洋污染我是说，如果你想的话，我可以继续说！女不，不.我明白你说的话，是的，世界上的确有许多问题是由人类影响造成的。我觉得亚马逊热带市林的破坏真的很危险，我们对此悔恨终生。我在什么地方读到过

44、，说它们被认为是“地球之肺,而我们却很开心地把它们全部砍掉。而且失去了一些可能会灭绝的动物，你知道的，比如犀牛和熊猫，这太遗憾了。但我认为我们不应该于预大自然。如果它们要灭绝，那我们必须让大自然顺其自然。男你说的两句话自相矛盾了，凯西。你先说，我们通过破坏热带雨林来于预大自然，这是不好的，然后.女：这不是一回事！男：这当然是!99%的这些动物濒临灭绝的唯一原因正是我们威胁到了它们的栖息地，要么就像你说的砍掉，要么扩大城镇规模、去这些动物通常居住和捕猎的地方耕作。你不能毁掉一个动物的栖息地，然后转过来说，我们不能通过干预大自然来拯救它。女我觉得全世界的动物园里有20个熊猫宝宝并不是一个拯救动物的

45、聪明方法。这完全是虚假的，而且对相关动物十分残忍。男：我赞同这个观点，对。真正的解决方案是挽救动物的原始栖息地.第一个访谈到此结束。根据刚刚听到的内容，回答1至5题。1说话人主要讲了什么？2这位女士是怎么看全球变暖的？3这位男士主要担心什么？4.针对这一话题，说话人都同意的观点是？5.这位女士对这一话题的态度是？INTERVIEW2 6.According to the woman,what is the biggest problem in teaching disciplinary literacy?答案C7.What does disciplinary literacy really m

46、ean?答案A8.What would a more disciplinary assessment ask students to do?答案C9.Which is the best practice in teacher training institutions to promote disciplinary literacy teaching?答案D10.What is the purpose of the interview?答案CINTERVIEW2听力原文M:Cyndie,youve been doing research on disciplinary literacy for

47、 about 20 years now.In that time,youve probably been asked just about everything possible.What question comes up most often these days?W:Thats easy.Were doing better convincing teachers that disciplinary literacy is worth teaching,but they still are hesitant about their studentsreactions.A teacher s

48、aid to me recently,I have enough trouble getting my kids to read a textbook chapter.How would I ever motivate them to read in a disciplinary way?M:Is that a real question or is it just a mask for teacher resistance?W:I think its a real question,and in fact,its also our biggest problem,because many t

49、eachers still dont understand the distinctions between content area reading and disciplinary literacy.M:What is disciplinary literacy anyway?You said thats different.W:Disciplinary literacy doesnt promise to make someone a better student.It invites students to join the disciplinary field itself.Its

50、a kind of invitation to join a club.M:Does it mean it invites students to join the history club by reading like a historian or the science club by reading like a scientist.W:Right,but it goes beyond that.It says,We want you to join us.We want to share with you our cognitive secrets,our way of thinki