专题20阅读理解之推理判断题-2023年高考英语一轮复习《考点•题型 •技巧》精讲与精练资料（教师版）.docx

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1、专题20阅读理解知推理判断考点题型 技巧考向分析推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断考点导航考点01细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。考点02因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或

2、根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。考点03人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感

3、情色彩的形容词。（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。考点04篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。考点05文章结论推断题由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。考点06写作目的推断题这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend to, meant to, in order to等。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体

4、裁来判断作者的目的和态度。与写作目的对应的文章如下：（1）to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。（2）to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性文章。（3）开头提出问题让读者关注主题。简介相关事物为了引出主题。列举具体事例说明文段的主题对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键

5、是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。这种问题的提问方式通常有：1. From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that.2. We can infer from the text that/ Wh

6、at can we learn from? / We can conclude from the passage that3. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.4. The author implies that by the year 2080, .5. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.6. The author mentions the fact thatto show.7.

7、This passage would most likely be found in _?8. The authors attitude toward is _?9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _?这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原

8、则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意

9、。5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。【题型分析】Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount

10、 of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the re

11、volution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the penny paper-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the

12、street.This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printers office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sal

13、es of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase penny paper caught the publics fancy, and soon there would be paper

14、s that did indeed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for the man on the street did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a

15、 few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?A. They would be priced higher.B. They would disappear from cities.C. They could have more readers.D. They could regain public trust.31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A. It

16、was a difficult process.B. It was a temporary success.C. It was a robbery of the poor.D. It was a disaster for printers.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。29. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由

17、此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。31. A 【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was penny paper”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers for the man on the street did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had lit

18、tle desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they we

19、re just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their

20、territory.1. How does the writer explain birds singing?A. By comparing birds with human beings.B. By reporting experiment results.C. By describing birds daily life.D. By telling a birds story.【答案】A【解析】由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer an

21、d greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from gr

22、een to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the

23、 ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton grow

24、th，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes

25、to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantiti

26、es of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”45. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changesB. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chainC. To explain the effects of climate change on ocean

27、sD. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。45. C【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and gr

28、eener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warning trend Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, ”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，

29、并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。检测训练1、Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another.

30、These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of todays AI pioneers want to move on from todays world of

31、“weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, todays powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available dat

32、a, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If were successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”Since th

33、e early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machinethat can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went o

34、n to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for e

35、xample. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A

36、 GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of todays excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to buil

37、d these systems. And, having spoken to many of the worlds foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.9.What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?A.Enormous in quantity.B.Changeable daily.C.Stable in qual

38、ity.D.Present everywhere.10.What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?A.Help to tackle problems.B.Make brains more active.C.Benefit ambitious people.D.Set up powerful databases.11.As for Irving Goods opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is _.A.supportiveB.disapprovingC.fearf

39、ulD.uncertain12.What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?A.It may be only a dream.B.It will come into being soon.C.It will be controlled by humans.D.It may be more dangerous than ever.【答案】9.D 10.A 11.B 12.A【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。9.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法)

40、 carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“

41、Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。10.细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“

42、Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。11.推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machinethat can far surpass all the intell

43、ectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。12.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the worlds foremost AI research

44、ers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。2、Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animal

45、s. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest. Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant

46、amount of the worlds oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds. Amazingly,

47、 the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in

48、the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life. They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it wont keep you dry