英语（命题规律探究+题组分层精练）十二 推理判断 .ppt

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1、 专题十二 推理判断高考英语高考英语(江苏省专用)A A组组自主命题自主命题江苏卷题组江苏卷题组Passage1(2017江苏,C)词数:452Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urgingantitrust(反垄断)regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.Acenturyago,theresourceinquestionwasoil.Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiants(巨头)thatdealin

2、data,theoilofthedigitalage.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookunstoppable.Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.Butsizealoneisnotacrime.Thegiantssuccesshasbenefitedconsumers.Fewwanttolivewithoutsearchenginesoraquickde-livery.Farfromchargingconsumershi

3、ghprices,manyoftheseservicesarefree(userspay,ineffect,byhandingoveryetmoredata).Andtheappearanceofnew-borngiantssuggeststhatnewcomerscanmakewaves,too.Butthereiscauseforconcern.Theinternethasmadedataabundant,all-presentandfarmorevalu-able,changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedtheda

4、tacollectedfromusers五年高考totargetadvertisingbetter.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices:translationandvisualrecognition,tobesoldtoothercompanies.Internetcompaniescontrolofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea“Godseyeview”ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.Thisnatureofdata

5、makestheantitrustmeasuresofthepastlessuseful.BreakingupfirmslikeGoogleintofivesmalloneswouldnotstopremakingthemselves:intime,oneofthemwouldbecomegreatagain.Arethinkisrequiredandasanewapproachstartstobecomeapparent,twoideasstandout.Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintot

6、he21stcentury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirmsdataassets(资产)whenassessingtheimpactofdeals.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompanyisbuyinganew-bornthreat.Whenthistakesplace,especi

7、allywhenanew-borncompanyhasnorevenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.Companiescouldbeforcedtorevealtoconsumerswhatinfor-mationtheyholdandhowmuchmoneytheymakefromit.Governmentscou

8、ldorderthesharingofcertainkindsofdata,withusersconsent.Restartingantitrustfortheinformationagewillnotbeeasy.Butifgovernmentsdontwantadatae-conomycontrolledbyafewgiants,theymustactsoon.1.Whyisthereacalltobreakupgiants?A.Theyhavecontrolledthedatamarket.B.Theycollectenormousprivatedata.C.Theynolongerpr

9、ovidefreeservices.D.Theydismissedsomenew-borngiants.2.WhatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinParagraph3indicate?A.Datagiantstechnologyisveryexpensive.B.Googlesideaispopularamongdatafirms.C.Datacanstrengthengiantscontrollingposition.D.Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.3.Bypayingattentiontofirmsda

10、taassets,antitrustregulatorscould.A.killanewthreatB.avoidthesizetrapC.favourbiggerfirmsD.chargehigherprices4.Whatisthepurposeoflooseningthegiantscontrolofdata?A.Bigcompaniescouldrelievedatasecuritypressure.B.Governmentscouldrelievetheirfinancialpressure.C.Consumerscouldbetterprotecttheirprivacy.D.Sm

11、allcompaniescouldgetmoreopportunities.答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文,属于社科类文章。文章说明了人们在受益于大数据的同时,还成就了一些通过数据发财的商业巨头。为了防止这些巨头控制某一领域和市场,政府需要采取行动。1.A推理判断题。根据第二段第一句中的“Suchsituation”可知答案在第一段,第一段暗示出分化商业巨头的原因是他们控制了数据市场,故答案为A项。2.C细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知答案是C项。3.B细节理解题。根据第五段第二、三句可知选B项。4.D推理判断题。根据第六段可知,大数据规则的松动可以让小公司获得更多的机会,故选D项。长难句长难

12、句原句:Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urgingan-titrust(反垄断)regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.分析:本句为复合句。句子主干为Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urging.为现在分词短语作结果状语,其中who引导的是定语从句,先行词是those。译文:一种新商品促成了一个利润丰厚、增长迅速的行业,这迫使反垄断监管人员介入此事,严

13、查控制这一商品流动的人。重点词汇bringabout导致,引起Passage2(2017江苏,B)词数:346Red-backedfairywrens(鹪鹩),whichliveinnorthernandeasternAustralia,laythreeorfoureggsatatime.Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistin-guishtheirmothersvoicefromthatofafemalestranger.ButWhenitcomestoembryoni

14、clearning(胎教),birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmomscallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFl

15、indersU-niversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothersasoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!”call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidesp

16、readinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyan-alyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandch

17、icks,rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabiesbeggingcalls.Inaddi-tion,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimi-tatedtheirmomsvoicewer

18、erewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological(神经系统的)strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?”Kleindorferasks.“Ourre-sultssuggestthattheymightbe

19、goingforquality.”1.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“”.A.betheworstB.bethebestC.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood2.WhatareKleindorfersfindingsbasedon?A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.B.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.C.ThedatacollectedfromQueenslandslocals.D.Controlledexperimentsonw

20、rensandotherbirds.3.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich.A.canreceivequalitysignalsB.areinneedoftrainingC.fittheenvironmentbetterD.maketheloudestcall答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇科普类说明文。我们都知道母亲在怀孕期间对小宝宝进行胎教,但是你知道鸟类也会给自己还未孵化出的小宝宝进行胎教吗?请看澳大利亚生物学家的研究成果吧。1.B词义猜测题。根据画线部分后面的描述:一些鸟类在小鸟孵化出来前就开始教它们唱歌了

21、,小鸟孵化出来后几天就能模仿自己母亲的叫声。由此推断出小鸟在这方面做得最棒,所以答案为B项。2.A推理判断题。根据第三段中的最后一句话可知,他们把雏鸟的叫声和母亲的叫声进行对比,根据相似度进行排名,由此可知他们的发现是以母亲和雏鸟叫声的相似度为依据的,所以答案为A项。3.C推理判断题。根据最后一段可知答案为C项。长难句长难句原句:Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmomsvoicewererewardedwiththemostfoo

22、d.分析:本句为复合句。主句部分是:theteamsetupaseparateexperiment,第一个that引导定语从句,修饰先行词experiment;第二个that引导宾语从句;第三个that引导定语从句,修饰先行词thebabybirds。译文:此外,这个团队还设置了一个单独的实验。实验表明那些模仿母亲叫声最像的雏鸟会被奖赏最多的食物。重点词汇distinguishvt.区分;辨别;分清imitatevt.模仿widespreadadj.分布广的;普遍的;广泛的identifyvt.确认;认出;鉴定词汇积累similarityn.相似性hintvt.暗示inferencen.推断;

23、推论Passage3(2016江苏,C)词数:443ElNio,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhono-ticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNioseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewest-ernPacific,flowbackeastwardswhen

24、windsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.Theweathereffects,bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.Richcountriesgainmorefrompow-erfulNios,onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNioin1997-98helpedAmericaseconomygrowby$15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests:farmer

25、sintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreaterthanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱)insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNiomayrelievethedroughtinCali-fornia,theyarelikelytocau

26、sesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNio,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNioscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInsti-tute(ODI),however,just12%of

27、disaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreduc-ingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基础设施)canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(下水道)makeitlesslike

28、lythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Ac-cordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNiosharm-fuleffectsandthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationship

29、maynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNio,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutElNioinParagraph1?A

30、.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.B.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.C.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.D.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.2.WhatmayElNiosbringabouttothecountriesaffected?A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.B.Droughtsbecomemoreharm

31、fulthanfloods.C.Richcountriesgainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.D.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.3.ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat.A.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB.governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidC.victimsofElNiodeservemorecompensationD.recoveryandreconstruction

32、shouldcomefirst4.Whatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthepassage?A.TointroduceElNioanditsorigin.B.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNio.C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNio.D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNio.答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象名称的由来、发生的时间、造成的影响,敦促人们加强风险前资金的投入,改进基础设施,为厄尔尼诺现象的发生做好准备。1.D细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句ElNios

33、eeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.可知,厄尔尼诺现象见证了大海中水流方向的变化。故选D项。2.C细节理解题。根据第二段第二句RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNios,onbalance,thantheylose.可知,总的来说富裕国家收获的比失去的多,故选C项。3.A推理判断题。根据第四段第三句Accordin

34、gtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance.可知,在过去20年里仅有12%的灾难救济资金用于提前降低风险,因此第四段旨在说明应该投入更多的资金来降低风险。故选D项。4.D主旨大意题。综合全文内容并结合文章最后一段可知本文旨在敦促人们为厄尔尼诺现象做好准备。高级语块高级语块1.inadvance提前,预先2.beleastlikelytodosth.最不可能做某事3.makeupfo

35、r弥补长难句长难句ElNio,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfisher-menwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.厄尔尼诺在西班牙语中是“圣婴”的意思,南美洲的渔夫们注意到了这种全球天气模式,每两年到七年就发生一次,它减少了在圣诞期间捕鱼的数量,从而将其命名为厄尔尼诺。本句为复合句,含有两个定语从句和一个宾语从句。主句

36、ElNiowasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermen;aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”为同位语,补充说明主语ElNio;第一个定语从句由who引导,其中that引导的从句作noticed的宾语;其中which引导非限制性定语从句。Passage4(2015江 苏,D)词数:596FreedomandResponsibilityFreedomschallengeintheDigitalAgeisaserioustopic.Wearefacingtodayastrangenewworldandweareallwonderingwhatweareg

37、oingtodowithit.Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyran-nies,oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.InGreece,inAthens(雅典),alittlecityinalittlecountry,therewerenohelplessmasse

38、s.AndAtheni-answillinglyobeyedthewrittenlawswhichtheythemselvespassed,andtheunwritten,whichmustbeobeyediffreemenlivetogether.Theymustshoweachotherkindnessandpityandthemanyqual-itieswithoutwhichlifewouldbeverypainfulunlessonechosetolivealoneinthedesert.TheAthe-niansneverthoughtthatamanwasfreeifhecoul

39、ddowhathewanted.Amanwasfreeifhewasself-controlled.Tomakeyourselfobeywhatyouapprovedwasfreedom.Theyweresavedfromlookingattheirlivesastheirownprivateaffair.EachonefeltresponsibleforthewelfareofAthens,notbe-causeitwasforcedonhimfromtheoutside,butbecausethecitywashisprideandhissafety.Thees-sentialbelief

40、ofthefirstfreegovernmentintheworldwaslibertyforallmenwhocouldcontrolthemselvesandwouldtakeresponsibilityforthestate.Butdiscoveringfreedomisnotlikediscoveringcomputers.Itcannotbediscoveredonceforall.Ifpeopledonotprizeit,andworkforit,itwillgo.Constantwatchisitsprice.Athenschanged.Itwasachangethattookp

41、lacewithoutbeingnoticedthoughitwasoftheextremeimportance,aspiritualchangewhichaffectedthewholestate.IthadbeentheAtheniansprideandjoytogivetotheircity.Thattheycouldgetmaterialbenefitsfromherneverenteredtheirminds.Therehadtobeacompletechangeofattitudebeforetheycouldlookatthecityasanemployerwhopaidherc

42、itizensfordoingherwork.Nowinsteadofmengivingtothestate,thestatewastogivetothem.Whatthepeoplewant-edwasagovernmentwhichwouldprovideacomfortablelifeforthem;andwiththisastheprimaryobject,ideasoffreedomandself-relianceandresponsibilitywereneglectedtothepointofdisappear-ing.Athenswasmoreandmorelookedonas

43、acooperativebusinesspossessedofgreatwealthinwhichallcitizenshadarighttoshare.Athensreachedthepointwhenthefreedomshereallywantedwasfreedomfromresponsibility.Therecouldbeonlyoneresult.Ifmeninsistedonbeingfreefromtheburdenofself-dependenceandre-sponsibilityforthecommongood,theywouldceasetobefree.Respon

44、sibilityisthepriceeverymanmustpayforfreedom.Itistobehadonnootherterms.Athens,theAthensofAncientGreece,refusedresponsibility;shereachedtheendoffreedomandwasnevertohaveitagain.But,“theexcellentbecomesthepermanent,”Aristotlesaid.Athenslostfreedomforever,butfree-domwasnotlostforeverfortheworld.AgreatAme

45、rican,JamesMadison,referredto:“Thecapacity(能力)ofmankindforself-government.”NodoubthehadnotanideathathewasspeakingGreek.A-thenswasnotinthefarthestbackgroundofhismind,butoncemanhasagreatandgoodidea,itisnevercompletelylost.TheDigitalAgecannotdestroyit.Somehowinthisorthatmansthoughtsuchanidealivesthough

46、unconsideredbytheworldofaction.Onecanneverbesurethatitisnotonthepointofbreakingoutintoactiononlysurethatitwilldososometime.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?A.Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.B.Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.D.G

47、overnmentsruledwithabsolutepower.2.Peoplebelievinginfreedomarethosewho.A.regardtheirlifeastheirownbusinessB.seekgainsastheirprimaryobjectC.behavewithinthelawsandvaluesystemsD.treatotherswithkindnessandpity3.WhatchangeinattitudetookplaceinAthens?A.TheAtheniansrefusedtotaketheirresponsibility.B.TheAth

48、eniansnolongertookprideinthecity.C.TheAtheniansbenefitedspirituallyfromthegovernment.D.TheAthenianslookedonthegovernmentasabusiness.4.Whatdoesthesentence“Therecouldbeonlyoneresult.”inParagraph5mean?A.Athenswouldcontinuetobefree.B.Athenswouldceasetohavefreedom.C.Freedomwouldcomefromresponsibility.D.F

49、reedomwouldstopAthensfromself-dependence.5.WhydoestheauthorrefertoAristotleandMadison?A.Theauthorishopefulaboutfreedom.B.Theauthoriscautiousaboutself-government.C.TheauthorisskepticalofGreekcivilization.D.Theauthorisproudofmanscapacity.6.Whatistheauthorsunderstandingoffreedom?A.Freedomcanbemorepopul

50、arinthedigitalage.B.Freedommaycometoanendinthedigitalage.C.Freedomshouldhavepriorityoverresponsibility.D.Freedomneedstobeguaranteedbyresponsibility.答案答案语篇解读本文为议论文,题材为社会历史类。在现在的“数字时代”,自由是一个很严肃的话题。纵观历史,古希腊在2,500年前发现了自由,而且它的自由来源于责任。1.D词义猜测题。根据第二段的前三句Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Be-forethatt