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1、多排螺旋多排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像冠状动脉成像影响影响CT冠状动脉成像质量的冠状动脉成像质量的主要因素主要因素 因 素 设备参数 空间分辨力 探测器层厚度 时间分辨力 球管选择速度 Z轴时间分辨力 探测器宽度 后处理功能 简便、实用的后处理 软件 冠状动脉管腔大于50%狭窄者,16排CT与64排CT的比较 Sep Spe PPV NPV16MSCT 95%69%79%92%64MSCT 97%90%93%96%Hamon M,Radiology,2007,Dec,245(3):720-731.Hamon M,Radiology,2007,Dec,245(3):720-731.16排CT在空间分辨
2、力方面仍是限制准确评价冠脉病变的因素 Iriart X,Eur.Radiol,2007,(10)17:2581-2588 Iriart X,Eur.Radiol,2007,(10)17:2581-2588 Knollmann F,Int.J.Cardiovasc Imaging,2007 Set.12 Knollmann F,Int.J.Cardiovasc Imaging,2007 Set.12 Hamon M,Radiology,2007 Dec,245(3):720-731.Hamon M,Radiology,2007 Dec,245(3):720-731.心脏、冠状动脉心脏、冠状动脉C
3、T检查检查:更高的时间分辨力更高的时间分辨力更高的空间分辨力更高的空间分辨力最小的辐射剂量最小的辐射剂量更宽的探测器(更宽的探测器(Z轴时间分辨力)轴时间分辨力)简便易行的后处理软件简便易行的后处理软件推荐选择设备:使用64排以上CT设备螺旋螺旋CT三维重建技术三维重建技术n n冠、矢状位重建Co.Sa.Reconstructionn n多层面重建-MPRn n最大密度投影重建-MIPn n最小密度投影重建-Mipn n容积编码重建Volume Rendering多层螺旋多层螺旋CT技术进展技术进展冠脉检查注意要点冠脉检查注意要点n n技术简介和心理沟通n n呼吸训练n n心律和心率的干预n
4、n硝酸甘油的使用五、心脏CT成像适应症简介美国多学科学会联合推荐心脏(包括心美国多学科学会联合推荐心脏(包括心胸部)胸部)CT成像适应征:成像适应征:ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIRACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIRJournal of American college of Cardiology 2006,48:1475-1497Journal of American college of Cardiology 2006,48:1475-149719分法分法CT心脏检查分级心脏检查分级(79分)分)1 1,
5、有症状者、中等以上冠心病风险、,有症状者、中等以上冠心病风险、ECGECG不不 确切、不能进行运动试验,确切、不能进行运动试验,无症状者不推无症状者不推 荐荐CTCT检查(筛查)检查(筛查)2 2,急性胸痛者,中等以上冠心病风险、,急性胸痛者,中等以上冠心病风险、ECGECG无改无改 变、酶学正常者变、酶学正常者3 3,各种检查结果均不能明确诊断者,各种检查结果均不能明确诊断者4 4,冠状动脉、大血管、心腔和瓣膜等的形态学检查,冠状动脉、大血管、心腔和瓣膜等的形态学检查5 5,肿瘤、血栓、心包病变、肺静脉、冠状动脉内,肿瘤、血栓、心包病变、肺静脉、冠状动脉内 乳动脉、主动脉夹层动脉瘤、肺栓塞乳
6、动脉、主动脉夹层动脉瘤、肺栓塞正常冠状动脉正常冠状动脉正常冠状动脉正常冠状动脉不同心率冠脉成像结果不同心率冠脉成像结果(支数支数支数支数%)%)血管成血管成 9090像等级像等级 4 148 82.2 322 78.5 218 66.1 120 70.6 34 48.64 148 82.2 322 78.5 218 66.1 120 70.6 34 48.6 3 28 15.6 82 20.0 98 29.7 41 24.1 25 35.7 3 28 15.6 82 20.0 98 29.7 41 24.1 25 35.7 2 4 2.2 6 1.4 14 4.2 8 4.71 11 15.2
7、 2 4 2.2 6 1.4 14 4.2 8 4.71 11 15.2 1 0 0 0 1 0.6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.6 0正常冠状动脉正常冠状动脉左冠状动脉狭窄左冠状动脉狭窄CTA 与与DSA对照对照CTA与与DSA对照对照前降支狭窄前降支狭窄明确诊断后介入治疗明确诊断后介入治疗CT检测冠脉狭窄准确性检测冠脉狭窄准确性MDCT vs.ANGIOGRAPHY作者作者 例数例数 旋转时间旋转时间/周周 敏感度敏感度 特异度特异度 阴性期望值阴性期望值 不能评价不能评价Leschka 53 370 ms 94%97%99%-Leschka 53 370 ms 94%97%99%-Raf
8、f 70 330 ms 86%95%98%12%Raff 70 330 ms 86%95%98%12%Leber 59 330 ms 73%97%99%-Leber 59 330 ms 73%97%99%-Mollet 52 330 ms 99%95%99%2%Mollet 52 330 ms 99%95%99%2%Ropers 82 330 ms 95%93%99%4%Ropers 82 330 ms 95%93%99%4%杨立等杨立等 61 330 ms 90%94%93%-61 330 ms 90%94%93%-冠脉粥样硬化斑块冠脉粥样硬化斑块钙化(混合性)斑块 纤维斑块 软斑块(脂池)
9、Agatston Score 90+20HU 30+20HU管壁偏心性斑块管壁偏心性斑块管壁偏心性斑块管壁偏心性斑块管壁偏心性斑块管壁偏心性斑块管壁偏心性斑块管壁偏心性斑块管壁环周性斑块管壁环周性斑块粥样硬化斑块导致管腔狭窄粥样硬化斑块导致管腔狭窄冠脉血管造影冠脉血管造影冠脉支架治疗冠脉支架治疗The progress of coronary atherosclerosisPlaque rupture resulting myocardium infarctionCourtesy of Dr.Wei Li-xin.PLA General Hospital,ChinaThe vulnerable
10、 plaque without lumen stenosisThe aids of coronary CT imaging:detect the vulunerable plaque before ruptureCourtesy of Dr.Wei Li-xin.PLA General Hospital,ChinaCT发现冠脉斑块的敏感度发现冠脉斑块的敏感度PLAQUE DETECTIONPLAQUE DETECTION:MDCT VS.IVUSMDCT VS.IVUS83 segments in 22 patients Sensitivity plaque per segment:94%(a
11、ll)83 segments in 22 patients Sensitivity plaque per segment:94%(all)16-slice CT 53%(non-calcified)16-slice CT 53%(non-calcified)Achenbach et al:Circulation 2003Achenbach et al:Circulation 2003 -58 vessels in 37 patients Sensitivity plaque detection:85%(all)58 vessels in 37 patients Sensitivity plaq
12、ue detection:85%(all)16-slice CT 82%(non-calcified)16-slice CT 82%(non-calcified)Laber et al.JACC 2004Laber et al.JACC 2004 -32 vessels in 18 patients Sensitivity plaque detection:84%(all)32 vessels in 18 patients Sensitivity plaque detection:84%(all)64-slice CT 64-slice CT Leber et al JACC 2005Lebe
13、r et al JACC 2005 The controversy in identification of plaque types with MSCT Soft plaque:11+/-12HU Soft plaque:11+/-12HU Fibrous plaque:76+/21HU Fibrous plaque:76+/21HU Calcified plaque:516+/-198HU Calcified plaque:516+/-198HU There were statistically highly significant differences in There were st
14、atistically highly significant differences in the densitometric characteristics among the plaques the densitometric characteristics among the plaques and lumen and lumen The IVUS-based coronary plaque configuration The IVUS-based coronary plaque configuration can be accurately identified by MSCT.can
15、 be accurately identified by MSCT.Motoyama S.Circulation J.2007 Mar:71:363-366Motoyama S.Circulation J.2007 Mar:71:363-366Soft plaque 14 26 HUIntermediate plaque 91 21 HUcalcified plaque 419 194 HUSchroeder et al.JACC 2001The controversy in identification of plaque types:MSCT vs.IVUSCourtesy of Dr.L
16、ars K.HofmannThe controversy in identification of plaque types with MSCT The overlap of CT value on the plaque The overlap of CT value on the plaque composition:16-slice CT results vs.IVUS composition:16-slice CT results vs.IVUS mean CT value IVUS mean CT value IVUS 58+/-43HU Hypo-echo.Plaque 58+/-4
17、3HU Hypo-echo.Plaque 121+/-34HU Hyper-echo.Plaque 121+/-34HU Hyper-echo.PlaqueSignificant differences and substantial overlap between Significant differences and substantial overlap between the plaques typesthe plaques types Pohal K.Pohal K.atherosclerosisatherosclerosis,2007,Jan,190:174-1802007,Jan
18、,190:174-180.LAD:soft-plaqueNo significant stenosisPLAQUE TRANSFORM A 54-y/o man with“cardiopalmus”.LAD irregular-surface plaque with lower density and lumen stenosis 50%2005-11-09治疗及生活习惯干预治疗及生活习惯干预n n05-11:n n速降脂,40mg/日,30天n n 20mg/日,90天n n饮食控制:不吃内脏类食物,增加蔬菜类n n戒烟:n n远动:6 km/H,30min/日 2006-08-01 200
19、8-12-19Cor.Dissection血管迂曲、壁冠状动脉(肌桥)血管迂曲、壁冠状动脉(肌桥)心肌桥心肌桥-壁冠状动脉壁冠状动脉n n冠状动脉部分节段被心肌纤维覆盖,在心肌内走行一段距离后又浅露于心肌表面,覆盖在该段冠状动脉上的心肌束称为心肌桥(Myocardial Bridge MB),位于心肌桥下的冠状动脉称为壁冠状动脉(Mural Coronary Artery MCA)。n n心肌桥=心肌桥-壁冠状动脉复合体(MB-MCA)杨立杨立 赵林芬赵林芬 李颖等。中华医学杂志,李颖等。中华医学杂志,20062006,8686:2858-28622858-2862心肌桥相关问题心肌桥相关问题
20、一般为良性先天发育异常一般为良性先天发育异常可能的临床意义:可能的临床意义:引起心肌退变 与冠状动脉动脉硬化、心律不齐相关 导致急性心肌缺血、猝死等赵林芬赵林芬 杨立杨立 中国临床医学影像杂志中国临床医学影像杂志 20072007,1818:285-287285-287。Normal pattern of the left anterior descending artery(LAD)as seen on axial plane(A,B)and multiplanar reformation(C,D).The left anterior descending artery(arrow)is e
21、mbedded through all of its length in the epicardial fat.*Interventricular septum.CCTA coronary computed tomographic angiography.K0NEN,JACC,2007,49(5):587-693.Coronary morphologyThe normal morphology of RCAThe normal LADIntramuscula LAD,superficial type,as seen on axial plane(A,B)and multiplanar refo
22、rmation(C,D).The mid LAD(arrow)shows a typical deviation and straitening and is only partially surrounded by myocardium.Of note,an atheroscleroticplaque in the proximal LAD,whereas the intramuscular segment is free of disease.Konen,JACC,2007,49(5):587-693.Intramuscular LAD,right ventricular type(arr
23、ow).In this variant it is frequently difficult to follow the LAD on sequential axial images(A,B)because it disappears between the right ventricular trabeculae,whereas the multiplanar reformationimages easily show its intraventricular course(C,D).Konen,JACC,2007,49(5):587-693.Intramuscular LAD,right
24、ventricular type(arrow).In this variant it is frequentlydifficult to follow the LAD on sequential axial images(A,B)because it disappearsbetween the right ventricular trabeculae,whereas the multiplanar reformationimages easily show its intraventricular course(C,D).Konen,JACC,2007,49(5):587-693.SUPERF
25、ICIAL TYPEVENTRICULAR TYPE(深在型)深在型)MB-MCA ON RCAMB-MCAMB:Myocardial Bridge,MCA:Mural Coronary ArteryMB:Myocardial Bridge,MCA:Mural Coronary ArteryMCA on diastolic and systolic phase Diastolic phase Diastolic phase Systolic phase Systolic phase F,67y,EFFORT ANGINA,3MMyocardial infarction F,67y,EFFORT
26、 ANGINA,3M M,53 y,Chest Malaise 3 yearsMyocardial ischemia女女63岁,岁,冠心病冠心病17年,年,高血压高血压2年年扩张性心肌病扩张性心肌病肥厚性心肌病肥厚性心肌病术前术前 术后术后瓣膜病变瓣膜病变左房黏液瘤左房黏液瘤心脏肿瘤心脏肿瘤心房肿瘤心房肿瘤?“胸痛三联胸痛三联”检查检查-PE“胸痛三联胸痛三联”检查检查主动脉壁内血肿主动脉壁内血肿CABG复查复查ANASTOMOSIS STENOSIS支架通畅支架通畅冠脉支架评价M/58支架邻近再发狭窄支架邻近再发狭窄支架内膜增生支架内膜增生74 cases 16 MDCT(n=27),64
27、MDCT(N=43)Demonstration ISR:Accuracy 93%(10/70)Sen 100%PPV 67%Spe 91%NPV 100%MDCTIVUS stent diameter and area:R=0.78,R=0.73Van Mieghem CA,et al,Circulation,2006,114(7):616-6193737个冠脉内支架个冠脉内支架CTACTA与与DSADSA评价再狭窄评价再狭窄 刘新,杨立刘新,杨立 等,等,中华放射学杂志,中华放射学杂志,2006,40(8):):808 sen spe ppv npv肉眼观察法()肉眼观察法()18 69 2
28、0 67 CT值测量法()值测量法()27 81 38 72冠状动脉起源和分布变异冠状动脉起源和分布变异n nLAD、LCX单独在左冠窦开口:n nLCX异位起源RCA、D1n nRCA、LAD共干n nLADRCAn n回旋支缺如n n冠状动脉间交通n nRCA起源主动脉LAD、LCX共同起源左冠窦共同起源左冠窦 LCX起自起自D1并纤细并纤细左、右冠脉共干左、右冠脉共干冠脉畸形并左右交通冠脉畸形并左右交通左冠经交通支左冠经交通支与右冠相连与右冠相连LCX 起源起源RCALCX 起源起源RCA心脏心脏CT和其他检查和其他检查n n心脏心脏CTCT应用应用 替代检查替代检查n n心脏钙化心脏钙
29、化 超声超声n n冠脉钙化冠脉钙化 参照其他风险因素评估参照其他风险因素评估n n冠脉解剖异常冠脉解剖异常 MRIMRIn n冠脉狭窄筛选冠脉狭窄筛选 运动试验运动试验/MRI/MRI?n n架桥术后评估架桥术后评估 运动试验运动试验/MRI/MRI?超声?超声?n n冠脉支架术后评估冠脉支架术后评估 -n n先天性心脏病先天性心脏病 超声,超声,MRIMRIn n心脏肿物心脏肿物 超声,超声,MRIMRIn n肺静脉肺静脉 MRIMRIn n心脏静脉心脏静脉 -n n瓣膜疾患,瓣膜置换瓣膜疾患,瓣膜置换 超声,超声,MRIMRI仔细进行仔细进行CT冠脉分析冠脉分析n n应熟悉心脏和冠脉的解剖,熟悉有关心脏病的临床知识,各种检查方法适应症和临床意义n n应深刻理解CT心脏检查的原理和成像技术,能够对各种可疑征象正确分析和解释n n充分了解CT心脏检查的限度认真进行认真进行CT冠脉分析冠脉分析n n目前对于无症状者“普查”,尚不明智。n n对于运动实验结果不确定者,MSCT检查有助于决定是否进行冠脉导管造影。n n可疑冠脉解剖异常者,CT可为首选检查方法。
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