食道静脉曲张 .ppt
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1、Liver1 Viral hepatitis2 Alcoholic liver disease3 Liver cirrhosis4 Primary carcinoma of liver Zhu keqing 竺可青 Pathology Department Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2014-12-11 Viral hepatitis肝炎病毒 肝实质细胞变性坏死The Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis A Virus B Virus C Virus D Virus E Virus G Virus*Agent Icosah
2、edral capsid,ssRNA Enveloped dsDNA Enveloped ssRNA Enveloped ssRNA Unenveloped ssRNA ssRNA virusTransmission Fecal-oral Parenteral;close contact Parenteral;close contact Parenteral;close contact Waterborne ParenteralIncubation period 2-6 wk 4-26 wk 2-26 wk 4-7 wk 2-8 wk UnknownCarrier stateNone0.1-1
3、.0%of blood donors in U.S.and Western world0.2-1.0%of blood donors in U.S.and Western world1-10%in drug addicts and hemophiliacsUnknown1-2%of blood donors in U.S.Chronic hepatitisNone5-10%of acute infections50%5%coinfection,80%upon superinfectionNoneNoneHepatocellular carcinomaNoYesYesNo increase ab
4、ove HBVUnknown,but unlikelyClinicopathologic Syndromes Acute asymptomatic infection with recovery:serologic evidence only Acute symptomatic hepatitis with recovery:anicteric or icteric 黄疸Chronic hepatitis:without or with progression to cirrhosis Fulminant hepatitis:with massive to submassive hepatic
5、 necrosis Basic pathological changeDegenerationBallooning changeFatty change,steatosisAcidophilicNecrosisAcidophilic body/councilman body/apoptosisSpotty necrosisPiecemeal necrosisBridging necrosisSubmassive necrosis/massive necrosisInflammatory cell infiltrationProliferationLiver cellKupffer cells
6、undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasiaHepatic stellate/Ito cell/myofibroblast-like cell肝炎分型及其特点1 Acute hepatitis急性普通性肝炎 点2 Chronic hepatitis 轻度慢性肝炎 点 中度慢性肝炎 碎、桥 重度慢性肝炎 重度碎、桥3 Severe hepatitis/Fulminant hepatitis 急性重型肝炎 大块 亚急性重型肝炎 亚大块Laboratory Evaluation of Liver DiseaseHepatocyte integrity Cytosolic h
7、epatocellular enzymes Serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST)*Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)*Serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)*Biliary excretory function Substances normally secreted in bile Serum bilirubin Total:unconjugated plus conjugated*Direct:conjugated only*Delta:covalently linked to albumi
8、n*Urine bilirubin*Serum bile acids*Plasma membrane enzymes(from damage to bile canaliculus)Serum alkaline phosphatase*Serum-glutamyl transpeptidase*Serum 5-nucleotidase*Hepatocyte function Proteins secreted into the blood Serum albumin Prothrombin time*(factors V,VII,X,prothrombin,fibrinogen)Hepatoc
9、yte metabolism Serum ammonia*Aminopyrine breath test(hepatic demethylation)Galactose elimination(intravenous injection)Clinical Consequences of Liver DiseaseHepatic dysfunction:Jaundice and cholestasis Hypoalbuminemia Hyperammonemia Hypoglycemia Fetor hepaticus Palmar erythema Spider angiomas Hypogo
10、nadism Gynecomastia Weight loss Muscle wasting Portal hypertension from cirrhosis:Ascites Splenomegaly Hemorrhoids Caput medusae-abdominal skin Life-threatening complicationsHepatic failure Multiple organ failure Coagulopathy Hepatic encephalopathy Hepatorenal syndrome Portal hypertension from cirrh
11、osis Esophageal varices,risk of rupture Malignancy with chronic disease Hepatocellular carcinoma 基本病理变化基本病理变化(一)肝细胞变性坏死1.肝细胞变性(1)细胞水肿,气球样变(2)嗜酸性变2.肝细胞坏死点状坏死(spotty necrosis):指单个或数个肝细胞的坏死,常见于急性普通型肝炎;碎片状坏死(piecemeal necrosis):指肝小叶周边部界板肝细胞的灶性坏死和崩解,常见于慢性活动性肝炎;桥接坏死(bridging necrosis),指中央静脉与汇管区之间,或两个中央静脉之
12、间出现的互相连接的坏死带,常见于慢性活动性肝炎;大片坏死,指几乎累及整个肝小叶的大范围肝细胞坏死,常见于重型肝炎。(二)炎症细胞浸润 主要为淋巴细胞和单核细胞呈散在性,或灶状浸润于肝小叶或汇管区。(三)肝细胞再生 坏死的肝细胞由周围的肝细胞通过直接或间接分裂再生而修复。再生的肝细胞可沿原有的网状支架排列。但如坏死严重,原小叶内的网状支架塌陷,再生的肝细胞则呈团块状排列。这称为结节状再生。(四)间质反应性增生和小胆管增生 间质反应性增生包括:Kuffer氏细胞肥大,并可脱入窦腔内变为游走的吞噬细胞。间叶细胞和纤维母细胞增生参与损伤的修复。2 Alcoholic liver diseaseHepa
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