初中英语2024届中考语法复习介词知识讲解.doc

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1、中考英语语法复习介词知识讲解（一）介词定义1.介词是表示两个词或短语之间关系的词。介词又叫做前置词，“介”就是“中间”的意思，通常位于名词和代词之前，表示后面的名词（或相当于名词的其他结构）与句子其他成分的关系。2.介词是一种虚词，不能单独充当句子的成分，必须与它后面的名词（或相当于名词的其他结构）结合起来，构成介词短语，才能充当句子成分。介词常接名词、代词、动名词等。（二）介词分类介词按其构成可分为：(1)简单介词：如as, in, on, at, by, for,to等；(2) 复合介词：由两个介词构成，有的连写，有的分写，如into; onto; out of; up to等；(2)短语

2、介词：由短语构成，如because of; according to; in front of等；(4) 分词介词：由动词的现在分词构成，如regarding; including; concerning等。（三）介词功能1.介词和名词的关系：介词总是位于名词或名词短语之前，构成介词短语。Eg: People loved life in the open air.人们喜欢露天的生活。2.介词和动词的关系：介词经常与动词固定搭配，组成短语动词。Eg: We always believe in him. 我们一直相信他。3.介词和形容词的关系：介词经常与形容词固定搭配，作形容词的宾语。Eg: Sh

3、e is good at swimming.她擅长游泳。4.“介词 + 宾语”构成介词短语，常作定语、状语、表语等。Eg: A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真朋友。 （定语）I live in Beijing. 我住在北京。 （状语）The child is like his mother.这个孩子像他母亲。 （表语）（四）地点介词1.表位置 at; on; in* 表地点时，at表示的位置是个“点”，on表示的位置是个“面”，in表示的位置是个“体”。Eg: The boy is standing at the door.小男孩站在门口。

4、There is a picture on the door. 门上有一张画。There is a small hole in the door.门上有个洞。 * in和at在表地点时，大地点多用in，小地点多用at.Eg: I arrived in Beijing two days ago.我两天前到达北京。I arrived at the shop two hours ago.我两小时前到商店。* 表示“在某街道”时，其前有门牌号时，介词用atEg: I live at 105 Shanghai Street.我住在上海路105号。2.表方位 in,to,on常位于方位词north、eas

5、t、south、west前* in指“在.内部：Eg: Shanghai is in the east of China.上海在中国东方。* to指“在.外部”（不接壤)Eg: Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国东方。* on指“与.接壤”Eg: Russia is on the north of China.俄罗斯在中国北方。3.表上下over; under; above; below; on* over：“在.正上方”，表示两者不接触Eg: There is a bridge over the river.这条河上有座桥。* under: “在.正下方”

6、，表示两者不接触Eg: There is a bag under the desk.桌子下面有个包。* above：“在.上方”，表示；两者不接触，不一定垂直Eg: The plane is flying above the clouds.飞机在云上飞。* below：“在.下方”，表示两者不接触，不一定垂直Eg: The cat is below the desk.那只猫在桌子下面。* on: “在.上方”，表示有接触Eg: There is a book on the desk.桌子上有本书。4.表穿过 across; through; over* across: 表示“穿过”物体表面，或

7、“横过”Eg: There is an old man walking across the street.有一位老人在过马路。* through: 表示在物体里面“穿过”或“纵穿过”Eg: The sunshine goes through the window. 阳光从窗户射进来。* over：表示在物体上方“穿过”Eg: The boy jumps over the fence. 那个那还从栅栏上跳过。5.onto；into与get on/in* onto和into常与动态动词连用；on和in常与静态动词连用Eg: They came into the room.他们走进房间。They

8、are in the room. 他们在房间里。6.get in/ out of与get on/off* get in/out of. 指“上、下小汽车（出租车、小船、救生艇等）”* get on/off. 指“上、下公共汽车（火车、飞机、轮船、马等）”Eg: The man got out of the car.那个男士从小汽车里出来。The old man is getting off the bus.那位老爷爷正在下公交车。7.其它方位词* near：“在.附近”Eg: My school is near my home.我的学校在我家附近。* beside：“在.旁边”Eg: Ther

9、e is a bookshop beside the park.在公园旁边有一个书店。* behind: “在.后面”Eg: Li Lei sits behind Lucy.李雷坐在露西后面。* along: “沿着”Eg: Go along the street.沿着这条街走。* towards “朝；向”Eg: The boy saw a sheep coming towards him.那个男孩看见一只羊向他走来。* inside: “在.里面”Eg: I heard the voice from inside the house.我听见房子里有人的声音。* outside: “在.外面

10、”Eg: There is a man outside the door.门外有人。（五）方式介词with; on; by; in小结* with: 用具体的东西，后接表示工具或身体部位的词Eg: The men eat with their hands.那些人用手吃饭。* on: “通过；用”，后接通讯工具或电子产品 Eg: I watch the football match on TV.我在电视上看足球赛。* by: “用.手段或方式”， 后接动名词Eg: You can learn English by reading aloud.你可以通过大声读来学英语。* in: “用.”，语言、

11、声音、原材料等Eg: Please read the passage in English.请用英语读这篇文章。（六）常见介词1.with 与 without:* with: (1) “具有”Eg: China is a country with long history.中国事一个历史悠久的国家。The girl with big eyes is Lily.长着大眼睛的女孩事丽丽。Do you have any money with you? 你身上带钱了吗？(2) “和.一起”Eg: He always takes a walk with his father.他总是和他的爸爸散步。 (3

12、) “随着；由于”Eg: Peoples ideas change with the change of the times.人们的思想随着时代发生变化。* without: “没有；缺乏”Eg: He goes to school without having breakfast.他没吃早饭去上学。2.against与for:* against (1) “反对；违背”Eg: Few people are against his ideas.几乎没有人反对他的观点。 (2) “倚；靠”Eg: There is a boy standing against the door.有个男孩靠着门站着。

13、* for (1) “为.；对于.”Eg: I bought this scarf for my mum.我给妈妈买了一条围巾。(2) “赞成”Eg: I think youll be for my opinion.我觉得你会支持我的观点。3.between 与 among:* between “在（两者）.之间” 常与and连用Eg: The boy sits between his mother and father.那个男孩坐在爸爸妈妈中间。* among “在.之中（三者或三者以上）”Eg: Our teacher is sitting among the students.我们的老师

14、坐在学生中间。4.其它介词* about “关于;大约”Eg: I will get to your home at about 18:00.我大约18：00到你家。* around “在.周围；环绕着”Eg: The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。* as (1) “作为”Eg: You can use the bottle as a vase.你可以用这个瓶子做花瓶。(2) “像；如同”Eg: He speaks English as an Englishman.他英语说得像英国人。* like “像；跟.一样”Eg: She looks like h

15、er mother.她看起来像她的妈妈。* off “离开；脱落”Eg: Keep off the grass.远离草坪。* past “经过；越过”Eg: I will go past your home.我会路过你的家。（七）介词搭配1.In系列in class 在课堂上；in English 用英语in danger 处于危险中；in fact 事实上in order to 为了； in person 亲自in public 公开地；in surprise 吃惊地in return 作为回报；in time 及时in a hurry 匆忙； in turn 轮流in the future

16、 在将来；in a word 总之in a hurry 匆忙；in the end 最后be interested in 对.感兴趣be successful in 在.方面成功be weak in 在.方面薄弱2.At系列at first 起初； at last 最后at least 至少； at most 最多at present 现在； at once 马上at the moment 此刻；at table 在用餐at the age of.在.岁时at the end of.在.尽头at the same time 同时at the beginning of.在.开始时be good

17、at 在.方面擅长be mad at 在.感到愤怒be surprised at 对.感到惊奇3.on系列on business 出差on duty 值班on foot 步行on holiday 度假on sale 出售on time 准时on ones own 独立地on the left/right 在左/右边on the way to. 在去.的路上on the phone 在电话中4.by系列by accident 偶然地by mistake 无意地by the way 顺便说一下5.About系列be careful about 对.小心be crazy about 对.热衷be s

18、ure about 对.有把握be worried about 对 .感到担忧6.For系列be late for 迟到be famous for 因.而著名be ready for 为.做准备be good for 对.有好处7.from系列be absent from 缺席be different from 与.不同be separated from 和.分离开8.Of系列be afraid of 害怕be full of 充满be short of 短缺be proud of 对.感到自豪9.to系列be close to 靠近be friendly to 对.友好be kind to 对.和蔼10.with系列be angry with 对.生气；be careful with 小心.be busy with 忙于. ；be filled with 充满.be patient with 对.由耐心；be satisfied with 对.感到满意；be strict with 对.要求严格6