化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案 .doc

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1、Key to ExerciseUnit 1 Chemical Industries1. the Industrial Revolution2. organic chemicals3. the contact process4. the Haber process5. synthetic polymers6. intermediates7. artificial fertilizers8. pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9. synthetic fibers10. pharmaceutical11. research and development1

2、2. petrochemical 13. computers(automatic control equipment)14. capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeFood artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary productsHealth antibiotics, -blockersClothing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides), synthetic dyesSheltersynthetic polymer

3、s (e.g. urea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes), plasticsLeisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)Transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index improvements),polymers, plasticsUnit 2 Research and Development1. R&D2. ideas and knowledge3. process and products4. fundamental5. applied6. product d

4、evelopment7. existing product8. pilot plant9. profitbility10. environmental impact11. energy cost12. technical support13. process improvement 14. effluent treatment15. pharmaceutical16. sufficiently pure17. Reaction18. unreacted material 19. by-products20. the product specification21. Product storag

5、eUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1. Mechanical2. electrical3. civil4. scale-up5. commercial-size6. reactors7. distillation columns8. pumps9. control and instrumentation 10. mathematics11. industry12. academia 13. steam14. cooling water15. an economical16. to improve17. P&I Drawings18.

6、 Equipment Specification Sheets19. Construction 20. capacity and performance 21. bottlenecks22. Technical Sales 23. new or improved24. engineering methods25. configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1. inorganic chemicals2. derive from (originate from)3. petrochemical processes4. Metallic ores5. ext

7、raction process6. non-renewable resource7. renewable sources8. energy source9. fermentation process10. selective11. raw material12. separation and purification13. food industry14. to be wetted15. Key to success16. Crushing and grinding17. Sieving18. Stirring and bubbling19. Surface active agents20.

8、OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals1. Ethylene2. acetic acid3. Polymerization4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintHigh-volume sectorLow-volume sectorProduction scaletens to hundreds of thousands tons per yeartens to a few thousands tons per yearProducts / a plantsingle productmulti-productsOperation m

9、annercontinuousbatchPrice or profitfairly cheapvery profitableUsageintermediatesend-productsChallengesreduced demand, environment pollutionProducts in the sectorsulphuric acid, phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, chlor-alkali, petrochemicals, commodity polymersagrochemica

10、ls, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, speciality polymersUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1. Ammonia2. ammonia absorber3. NaCl & NH4OH4. Carbon dioxide5. NH4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na2CO38. WaterProductRaw materialMajor steps orPrincipal reactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine, limestoneammoniating, carbonat

11、ing, precipitating, filtering, drying, calciningraw material for glassmaking, sodium silicate; as an alkali Chlorinebrine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2as water purification, bleaching of wood pulp; production of vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containing productsCaustic sodabrine2Na+

12、+ 2Cl - +2H2O NaOH +Cl2 +H2for paper-making, manufacture of inorganic chemicals, syntheses of organic chemicals, production of alumina and soapSulfuric acidelemental sulphurS +O2 SO2SO2 + O2 SO2SO3 + H2O H2SO4feedstock for fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphates Uni

13、t 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea1. kinetically inert2. some iron compounds3. exothermic4. conversion5. a reasonable speed6. lower pressures7. higher temperatures8. capital9. energy10. steam reforming11. carbon monoxide12. secondary reformer13. the shift reaction14. methane15. 3:11787C. Bertholletdi

14、scovers the composition of ammonia1903Fritz Habersynthesizes ammonia1909Fritz Haberdrives the optimum reaction conditions1909-1914C. Bosch, A. Mittaschscale-up the process1913in BASFbuild a pilot plant1919Fritz Haberreceives the Noble price1920sin Britain and AmericaIntroduce the Haber process1931C.

15、 Boschreceives the Noble priceUnit 8 Petroleum Processing1. organic chemicals2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity 7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage 9. surface and underground10. fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 Po

16、lymersAbbreviationName of polymerLDPELow density polyethylene低密度聚乙烯HDPEHigh density polyethylene高密度聚乙烯LLDPELinear low density polyethylene线性低密度聚乙烯PET or PBTPoly ethylene terephthalate (PET) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVCPoly vinyl chloride聚氯乙烯PSPolystyrene聚苯乙烯POMPolyoxymethy

17、lene聚甲醛PPPolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯PPOPolyphenylene oxide聚苯醚PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PFphenol-formaldehyde resins酚醛树脂PMMApoly (methyl methacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UFurea-formaldehyde resins脲醛树脂Name of polymerCompany or InventorYear introducedPhenol-formaldehyde resinBaekland1909Urea-formalde

18、hyde resin1929Alkyd resinlate 1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene)Germany Poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene)Germany Poly (vinyl chloride)Germany Polystyrene Germany polyethyleneICI1938Nylon Du pont 1941Polyacrylonitrile Du pont 1948Terylene ICI1949Epoxy resinsDu pont 1955polypropyleneMontecatini1956LLDPElate 19

19、70sUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (10-3m)l Atomic and molecular studies of catalystsl Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuitsl Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3102m)l Improving the rate and capacity of separations e

20、quipmentl Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers made from polymersl Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (10m)l Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemical plantl Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of

21、combustion-generated air pollutantsl Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamic models of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recoveryCourseCourse contentSc

22、ience and Math.Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics, Computer InstructionChemical EngineeringThermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis, Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / EconomicsOther EngineeringElectrical Engin

23、eering, Mechanics, Engineering DrawingHumanities and Social ScienceUnderstand the origins of ones own culture as well as that of othersUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1. density2. viscosity 3. tube diameter4. Reynolds5. eddies6. laminar flow7. turbulent flow8. velocity fluctuations9.

24、solid surface10. ideal fluids11. viscosity12. Prandtl13. fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering1. physical2. unit operations3. identical4. A. D. Little5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance10. equilibrium stage model11. Hydrocyclo

25、nes12. Filtration13. Gravity14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations1. relative volatilities2. contacting trays3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8. stripping section9. rectifying section10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency12. tray efficienci

26、es13. Batch operation14. composition15. a rectifying batchSieve plateBubble-cap platesValve platesCostlowhighmiddleCapacityhighlowmiddleOperating rangelowhighmiddleEfficiencysamesameSamePressure droplowhighmiddle1 2 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption1. a liquid solvent2. solubiliti

27、es3. leaching4. distillation5. extract6. raffinate7. countercurrent8. a fluid9. adsorbed phase10. 400,00011. original condition12. total pressure13. equivalent numbers14. H+ or OH15. regenerant16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance18. closely similar19. stationary phase20. mobile pha

28、se21. distribution coefficients22. selective membranes23. synthetic24. ambient temperature25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO). Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying1. concentrate solutions2. solids3. circulation4. viscosity5. heat sensitivity6. heat transfer surfaces7. the long tub

29、e8. multiple-effect evaporators9. vacuum10. condensers11. supersaturation12. circulation pump13. heat exchanger14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe16. Product 17. non-condensable gas18. barometric condenserDryer typeGeneral featuresApplicationTray dryersBatch operation, Close control of drying con

30、ditions and product inventoryDrying valuable productsConveyor dryersContinuous circulation, High drying rates, Good product-quality, High thermal efficiencies, High initial and maintenance costDrying materials that form a bed with an open structureRotary dryerContinuous operation, High throughput, H

31、igh thermal efficiency, Low capital cost and labor costsNon-uniform residence time, Dust generation,High noise levelsDrying free-flow granular materialsFluidized bed dryersContinuous or batch operation,Rapid and uniform heat transfer,Short drying times,Good control of the drying conditions,Low floor

32、 area requirements;High power requirements Drying granular and crystalline materialsPneumatic dryersShort contact times,Low thermal efficiencyDrying fine and heat sensitive materialsSpray dryersShort contact times,Good control of the product particle size, bulk density and form,High heat requirement

33、sDrying liquid and dilute slurry feeds as well as heat sensitive materialsRotary drum dryersAn alternative choice to spray dryers Drying liquid and dilute slurry feedsUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1. design2. optimization3. control4. unit operations (UO)5. many disciplines6. kinetics7. thermo

34、dynamics,8. fluid mechanics9. microscopic10. chemical reactions11. more valuable products12. harmless products13. serves the needs14. the chemical reactors15. flowchart16. necessarily17. tail18. each reaction19. temperature and concentrations20. linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1. optimiza

35、tion2. mathematical equations3. time4. experiments 5. greater understanding6. empirical approach 7. experimental design8. differing process condition9. control systems10. feeding strategies11. training and education12. definition of problem13. mathematical model14. numerical methods15. tabulated or

36、graphical16. experimental data17. information1. the preliminary economics2. technological changes3. pilot-plant data4. process alternatives5. trade-offs6. Off-design7. Feedstocks8. optimize9. plant operations10. energy11. bottlenecking12. yield and throughput13. Revamping14. new catalystProblemUnexp

37、ected resultsPossible causeWater as impurityKill a catalyst, or modify the performances of catalyst Steam leakDetermination of explosive limitsExplosionsNarrower limits in small-scale equipmentStorage of unstable materialsExplosions and firesLower heat removal rate in commercial unitsUnit 19 Introdu

38、ction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2. control scheme3. process manuals4. profit5. sustainable industrial activities6. waste7. health 8. safety9. a reactor10. tradeoffs11. optimizations12. hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1. the producing species2. nutrient medium3. fermen

39、tation step4. biomass5. biomass separation6. drying agent7. product8. water9. biological purificationMaterials areasResearch activitiesPolymerProbe the microscale dynamics of macromoleculesDevelop improved processes,Create new materialsPolymer CompositesMicrostructural reinforcementAdvanced Ceramics

40、Produce specific micro structuresApplication researchCeramic CompositesEngineering the chemical reactions relatedComposite LiquidsUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1. Atmospheric chemistry2. stratospheric ozone depletion3. acid rain4. environmentally friendly products5. biodegradable6. harmfu

41、l by-product7. efficiently8. power plant emissions9. different plastics10. recycled or disposed11. acidic waste solutions12. organic components13. membrane technology14. biotechnology15. microorganismsFrontierResearch activities or problems facedIn-site processingField tests;Uncertainties of the pro

42、cess,Adverse environment impactsProcess solidsImprove solids fracture processes,Research on the mechanics of pneumatic and slurry transport,Understand the chemical reaction processes,Equipment design and scale-upSeparation processResearch on: membrane separations, chemical selective separation agents, shape-selective porous solids, traditional separation methodsMaterialsFind construction materials,Develop new process-related materials,Develop less energy intensive materialsDesign and scale-upComplexity, Lack of basic data,