初中英语语法总结及练习 .doc

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1、初中英语语法总结一、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、代词、数词、形容词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, 英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1)专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall姓氏名词如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)

2、。2）普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注意：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词

3、,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep, toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 永远

4、不可数名词巧计：消息说他工作进步老板奖他许多钱，他得到建议如果天气好，他要去买家具，设备，行李。现在他在家喝牛奶听音乐，多么乐趣呀 3）名词所有格：名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十

5、分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).注意： s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend

6、of mine(我的一位朋友)4）名词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：My family is a very big one.如果表示其中的所有成员

7、时,则谓语用复数形式,如：My family like watching TV.Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard.Maths , news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：

8、The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)专项练习：一、写出下列名词的复数形式：1. pencil-box _ 2. wife _ 3 . Sunday_ 4. city_ 5. dress _ 6. Englishman _ 7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _10. exam_ 11. German _二、单选1. June 1st is _ Day all over the world.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. Childrens2.

9、 September 10th is _ Day in China， isnt it？A. Teachers B. TeachersC. Teacher D. Teacher of3. _ is made of _.A. Glass； glass B. A glass；glass C. Glasses；glasses D. A glass； glasses4. This is _ news.A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good5. What _ it is！ Lets go swimming.A. a fine weat

10、her B. fine day C. a fine day D. bad weather6. They like Chinese _.A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people7. Lucy and I go to school _ every day.A. on feet B. on foot C. by foots D. by buses8. Are those _？ -No， they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep； cows B. sheep； cow

11、C. sheeps； cow D. sheeps； cows9. What are you listening to， Jane？ _ or _？A. a music； a news B. music； news C.a music； news D. music； a news10. How many _ and _ are there in your class？A. boy student； girl ones B. girls students； boys onesC. boys student； girl one D. girl students； boy ones11. A grou

12、p of _ are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen； Germans B. Frenchmen； GermenC. German； Frenchmen D. Germans； Frenchmans12. That bus driver drank two _.A. glass of water B. glasses of waters C. cups of tea D. cup of tea13. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _.A. Bobs mother B. Bobs mothers C. moth

13、er of Bob D. Bob mothers14. The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher.A. Tom and Carl B. Toms and Carls C. Tom and Carls15. There is _ tree in our school.A. a 8-meters-tall B. an 8-meter-tall C. an 8 meters tall 代词一人称代词： 单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称it/she/heit/her/himtheythem1.主格作主语,宾

14、格作动词或介词的宾语. He teaches _(we) Chinese .2.三种人称代词并列时,顺序为: 单数:二,三,一 （You, she and I ） 复数:一,二,三 (we , you and they )注:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.) She and I have been to Beijing . Who broke the window ? I and Mike .注：it 还有一些特别的用法。 1）用作形式主语,常用于 “Its +adj +to do sth”句型中. 2) 用在句型: “It seems that ”中. 3

15、) 用在句型: “Its ones turn to do sth”中. 4) 用在句型: “Its time to do sth / for sth”中. 5) 用在句型: “Its +adj +that 从句”中. 6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式. make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth .二.物主代词.第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourits/his/hertheir名词性mineoursyoursyoursits/his/herstheirs1. 形容词性的物主代词作定语

16、放在名词前，不能单独使用。2. 名词性的物主代词，后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与of 连用。 Our classroom is as big as _(they) . This is a friend of _(my).注: 1)名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词.（名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+ 名词） 2)形容词性的物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词. My own house = a house of my own 三.反身代词单数复数第一人称myself ourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself/

17、herself/itselfthemselves记忆小窍门:反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f替.反身代词的常用搭配: enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself = learnby oneslf all by oneself help oneself to look after oneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself in say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself in t

18、he mirror四.指示代词 1.近指: this these 远指: that those 2.用法: 1)that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词. The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _ in Qinghai . The books in that shop are cheaper than _in this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those 2)this ,that 可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that代替前面提到的句

19、子而this代替下面提到的句子. He had a bad cold ,that is why he didnt come . 3)在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方. This is Tom speaking . Who is that ?五.不定代词的区别.1.one与it 的区别 One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I borrow it ?2.some与any 的区别 一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用some 代any.

20、 常用于could / would / May 开头或what about /how about . 的句中。 May I have some water ? He asked me for some paper , but I didnt have any .3.many与much的区别 Many+可数名词的复数 Much+不可数名词 都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词 注:a lot of 不能用于否定句中. 否定句中用many /much .4.a few /few /a little /little 的区别表否定(几乎没有)表肯定(有一点/几个)修饰可数名词fewa f

21、ew修饰不可数名词littlea little The story is easy to read . there are _ new words in it . Hurry up ! There is _ time left .5.each / every 的区别 each 表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个. There are trees and frowers on _ side of the street . _ student has read a story .注:each 可以与of 连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动

22、词用单数.而every 不能与of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语. Each of us _(study )hard .6.no one 与none 的区别 no one 表示没有人, 不能与of 连用. 而none of +复数名词/ 代词，作主语时，谓语常用单数。. The boys were all tired , but _ of them stopped to have a rest .7.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别都都不任何一个两者之间bothneithereither三者或三者以上allnoneanyThere are m

23、any trees on _ side of the river . A. both B.any C.either D.all 注: 1). both 的否定词是neither , all的否定词是none.2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数. neither of作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.Neither of the answers _(be) right .Both of my parents _(be) workers. 3).词组 A) both and 连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:not only but also 反义词组: neither nor N

24、ot only you but also she likes watching TV.= _ you _ she like watching TV .= You like watching TV , _ _ she .B) either or 或者或者 , neithernor 既不也不 连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则.Neither you nor he _ (be ) right .One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = _ Lily _Lucy _ going to the park.C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也”D

25、) neither 也可表示 “ 也不” 句型: neither sb 某人也不怎么样. If you dont go there , _ _ I . (我也不去)4) how many /how much 的回答:用none回答. Who 的回答:用no one 回答. What 的回答:用nothing 回答. How many students are there in the classroom ? _. Who can answer the question ? _. A. None B.No one C.Nothing 8.other /the other /others /the

26、 others 的区别(空)后面没有名词(空)后面有名词有数量限制(特指)the othersthe other没有数量限制(泛指)othersother 注: 1) one the other 表示两者之间的一个另一个 2) some others 表示一些 一些3) another 表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个. 只能修饰可数名词的单数.但 another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词 表示 “ 另外几个” Would you like _ apple ? I have two brothers , one is a teacher , _ is a worke

27、r . Some are cleaning the classroom , _ are sweeping the window . There are 20 teachers in our school . Eight of them are men teachers ,and _ are women teachers everyone 每个，人人，大家不与of 连用every one每个人、物可与of 连用9.Every one of us has seen the film . Everyone should do their best .10.复合不定代词.someany noevery

28、thingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneno oneeveryonebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody 注: 1.复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 2.形容词修饰不定代词时, 形容词放在不定代词之后.3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后.4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中, 1)指人的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或they . 2)指物的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it .5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用

29、于肯定句中,表示 “任何/任何物/任何人”Everything _(begin ) to grow in spring , _ _ ?Is there _(一些有趣的事)in todays newpaper ?I want something _ (eat ).关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词，如：who 、whom .which、 that 、as,whose连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。如：what, who ,whom, which ,whose。不定代词：代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词.如：some，any，none，all,e

30、ach,everything,nothing等。相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。each other ,one another是相互代词,疑问代词：用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。如：who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever。专项练习题：I. 用所给代词的正确形式填空。1. Mr. Lee teaches _(we) English. We all like _(he) classes. 2. Is this bike _(you)? No, _(I) is blue.3. Did you enjoy _(you) last

31、 night, kids?4. She hurt _(her) in the accident.5. Is this _(he) pen? Yes, its _(he).6. Whats _(you) age? -_(me) am 15 years old.7. We can help _(every) other and learn from each other.8. How is _(you) father going, Li Lei? He is fine, thanks.9. -My book is here. Where is _(you), Tom? -_ is in the c

32、lassroom.10. -Are _(you) parents workers? -No, _(they) are teachers.2,选择填空1This dictionary is not hers. Its _.A. my B. me C. mine 2. - Is this _ magazine? - No, it isnt. Its _.A. your, her B. hers, mine C. your, hers3. There are two books on the desk. One is a math book, _ is an English book.A. othe

33、rs B. another C. the other 4. _ of the girls plays tennis well.A. Neither B. Both C. All 5. Mary speaks very quickly. _ is difficult to understand what she is saying.A. That B. she C. It 6. The school was built by the villagers _.A. us B. ourselves C. themselves7. He put a finger into _ mouth and su

34、cked it.A. his B. he C. him 8. He is always ready to help _.A. another B. others C. the other 9. Let _ do this exercise myself.A. him B. her C. me10. Do you have _ to tell us?A. important something B. something important C. anything important11. I met an old friend of _ on _ way home.A. mine, a B. m

35、y, the C. mine, the12. _ of the students in our class has a ticket.A. Every B. Both C. Each 13. There are several books on the desk. _ of them is English.A. All B. Neither C. None 14. _ live in Shanghai.A. We B. Our C. Ours 15. - Is this _ jacket? - Yes, its _.A. her, her B. her, hers C. hers, her 1

36、6. - _ is that boy? - Hes my son.A. Who B. Whom C. Whose 17. _ humans _ animals can live without air.A. Both, and B. Neither, nor C. Either, or 18. They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher, _ are for the students.A. the other B. other C. the others 19. My dictionary is in

37、my bag. Where is _?A. yours B. you C. your20. I think you can do the job by _.A. yourself B. myself C. himself 21. - Which jacket is Marys? - The red one is _.A. she B. her C. hers 22. My uncle was so angry that he was not _ when he found I was beating his dog.A. him B. his C. himself 23. There are

38、many trees on _ sides of the street.A. all B. both C. either24. _ is important for us to keep the balance of nature.A. There B. That C. It25. She cant find _ watch.A. hers B. it C. her 26. There is _ milk in the glass.A. many B. little C. few27. Please pass _ the cap of tea.A. me B. my C. mine 28. H

39、ave you heard from _ recently?A. them B. they C. themselves 29. There is _water in the bottle.A. many B. some C. any 30. There isnt _ food left on the table.A. many B. few C. much 31. Sorry, I cant answer your question. I know _ about the news.A. a little B. little C. few 32. This is his schoolbag,

40、_ is on the desk.A. my B. yours C. your 33. We made the radio _.A. us B. ourselves C. myself 34. Would please give me _ hot tea?A. one B. any C. some 35. - Would you like some milk in your tea? - Yes, just _.A. a little B. little C. a few36. This question is so difficult that _ students can answer it.A. few B. a few C. a little37. They have only _ homework for Sunday.A. a little B. a few C. little 38. They told us about their school and we told