高一英语阅读理解(科普环保)题20套(带答案)含解析.docx

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1、高一英语阅读理解（科普环保）题20套（带答案）含解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1 .梅森阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。A new study from brain researchers helps explain how the human brain evolved or changed over time, to permit people to speak and write.Michael Ullman, the lead researcher, a professor at Georgetown University Medical Scho

2、ol in Washington, D.C, has been studying language learning for more than 20 years.Ullman says his research shows that the human brain does not have a special area or system for making language. Over time we have simply reused or co-opted （指派）parts of our brain for language. And those parts, he says,

3、 are ancient-older even than humans themselves.This study examines the theoretical framework （准则）that language is learned, stored and processed in two ancient learning and memory systems in the brain.Ullman, Hamrick and the rest of the team looked at data from 16 other studies on language. They foun

4、d that people learn language using two memory systems: declarative and procedural. Memorizing vocabulary, for example, is a declarative memory process. But learning grammar is, mostly, a procedural memory process.Declarative memory, in humans at least, is what we think of as learning memory, such as

5、, Oh, remember what you said last night or things like that. And procedural motor memory is what we often call motor memory such as how you learn to ride a bicycle. Or, Ullman adds, These procedural memory skills become so deeply leaned that we are no longer aware that we are doing them.*However, Ul

6、lman explains that the two long-term memory systems can share tasks. And, he adds, the adult brain uses the systems to learn language a bit differently than a childs brain.Adult language learners of a second language may use their declarative memory for using grammar patterns. They think about it pu

7、rposefully. For a child, the grammar may come more naturally. They dont have to think about the grammar rules before speaking.In addition to language learners, Ullmans study could help people who have a brain injury that affects speaking and writing. This knowledge can also help those who have learn

8、ing disabilities such as dyslexia （阅读障碍）.People with dyslexia have difficulty recognizing words and symbols accurately.（1） How did Ullman study humans memory systems?A. By examining the brain with his team.B. By studying language learning over years.C. By comparing different languages year after yea

9、r.D. By referring to data from other studies on language.（2） Which of the following is an example of motor memory?A. Learning to make a model plane.B. Remembering the grammar patternsC. Repeating what you heard.D. Memorizing what you read.(4) D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人类的大脑在20岁左右于巅峰，在以后的成 就多数是因为需要丰富的经验。除

10、了头脑敏锐和经验丰富外，智慧也非常重要，因为智慧 为人们提供了正确的努力方向。人们要用智慧来决定做什么才是最好的。(1)考查推理判断。根据第一段It has been discovered that after the age of sixteen, the number of our brain cells begins to decrease at a speed of several million a year. They simply die off. In certain types of activity, the human brain is at its highest po

11、int in the early twenties,. and we know that Albert Einstein made all his world-shaking discoveries between the age of about 20 and 25, and spent the rest of his life tidying them up and arranging them.“人彳门发现，16 岁以 后，我们的脑细胞数量开始以每年几百万的速度减少。在某些类型的活动中，人类的大脑 在20岁早期处于巅峰状态，我们知道阿尔伯特爱因斯坦在20到25岁之间做出了所有震 惊世界的

12、发现。用余生来整理和安排这些发现。根据对爱因斯坦所的发现可知，他的伟大 的发现是在20-25岁之间，更是印证了人类大脑在20年代初达到了巅峰，可推断出，本段 主要研究人类大脑巅峰期，故选B。(2)考查推理判断。根据第二段“But in certain other types of activity (of which being an author is perhaps one), experience is more important than sharpness of brain, and there one usually finds that a person reaches his

13、 or her peak much later in life.但在某些其他类型的活动 中(作家可能是其中一种)，经验比头脑的敏捷更重要，人们通常会发现一个人在他一生的 晚期才达到顶峰。可推断出有些人在晚年取得成功是因为他们的工作中往往需要很多经 验。故选A。(3)考查推理判断。根据第三段中的Besides sharpness of brain and experience, here is another thing that is very important, and that is wisdom. Leaning to be wise is basically learning wha

14、t is not possible； and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth all the trouble one has to go through to get there. Mostly, it is learning about human nature； how real people behave and react, as against how one would like them to behave and react.除了敏锐的头脑和 丰富的经验外，还有一件事是非常重要的，那就是智慧。学习成为

15、智者，要基本的了解什 么是不可能的；学习有可能但又很困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出 所有的努力。最重要的是了解人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他 们如何行为和反应的。由此可推断出智慧的重要性在于智慧能让人知道什么可做，什么不 能做，即为人提供正确的努力方向。故选D。(4)考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的Leaning to be wise is basically learning what is not possible； and what is possible but so difficult that it is not worth all the t

16、rouble one has to go through to get there. Mostly, it is learning about human nature； how real people behave and react, as against how one would like them to behave and react. One can read and hear lot of idealistic stuff about how to make the world a better place, which would be found if it was bas

17、ed on an accurate observation of human nature,”成为智者,要大体上知道什么是不可能的。学 习有可能但又如此困难的东西，以至于不值得一个人为了达到目的而付出所有的努力。最 重要的是学习人性，了解真实的人是如何行为和反应的，以及人们希望他们如何行为和反 应的。人们可以读到和听到很多关于如何使世界变得更美好的理想主义的东西由此可 推断出聪明的人必须运用智慧来决定最好要做什么事。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要根据上下文进 行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。7 .阅读理解Imagine your clothing co

18、uld release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, picture a car windshield that stores the suns energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear.According to a team of researchers at Ml both cases may be possible

19、before long, thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing.Solar energy is only available about half the time we need it during daylight. Fo

20、r the sun to become a major power provider for human needs, there has to be an efficient way to save it up for use during nighttime and stormy days. Most such efforts have focused on storing and recovering solar energy in the form of electricity, but the new finding, by Mil professor Jeffrey Grossma

21、n, Postdoc David Zhitomirsky and graduate student Eugene Cho, could provide a highly efficient method for storing the suns energy through a chemical reaction and releasing it later as heat.The key to enabling long-term, stable storage of solar heat, the team said, is to store it in the form of a che

22、mical change rather than storing the heat itself. But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration. When exposed to sunlight, the molecules can stay that way for l

23、ong periods Then, when triggered (触发)by a very specific temperature or something else, the molecules return to their original shape , giving off heat in the process.Such chemically-based storage materials, known as Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before. But those earlier efforts were

24、designed to be used in liquid solutions and not able to make durable (耐用的)solid-state films. The new approach is the first based on a solid- state material, in this case a polymer, and the first based on inexpensive materials and widespread production technology.(1) What is the main purpose of Parag

25、raph 1?A.To show the main idea of the passage.B.To practice readers imagination.C.To interest readers in the passage.D.To introduce a new kind of material.(2) According to the passage, what can the polymer film do?A.It can be made into window glass.B.lt can make necessary electricity.C.lt can store

26、energy and release sunshine.D.lt can absorb sunshine and give off heat.(3) According to the passage, what is STF based on?A.The chemical reaction.B.The movement of heat.C.The form of electricity.D.The physical reaction.(4) What is the advantage of the molecular configuration?A.It is less expensive.B

27、.lt is very powerful.C.lt is easily available.D.lt is less changeable.【答案】(1) C(2) D(3) A(4) D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种新型材料，它可以通过自身吸热并储存 热量，之后能够根据需要释放热。(1)考查推理判断。根据第一段Imagine your clothing could release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, pictur

28、e a car windshield that stores the suns energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear,想象一下你的衣服可以释放足够的热量让你温暖和舒适，让你可以在 冰冷的房间里保持舒适。或者，再想象一下车的挡风玻璃可以储存太阳的能量，然后释放 热量使挡风玻璃上的冰消失)可推测，本段以衣服和骑车挡风玻璃为例，提到了如果衣服能 够吸热和放热、汽车的挡风玻璃能够吸热和自动除冰那该是多么好的事，以此来吸引对着 对本文的兴趣。故选C。(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的

29、thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing. 多亏了这种能在白天吸热之后以热 能形式释放的新型材料，这个透明的聚合物膜可以应用于许多不同的表面，如窗户玻璃或 服装)可知，这种聚合物膜可以吸热，此后再以热能的形式释放出来。故选D。(3

30、)考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的Such chemically-based storage materials, known as Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before,这种以化学反应为基础的储存材料, 即太阳能热燃料(STF),以前就已经被开发出来了，可知，STF是以化学反应为基础。故选 Ao(4)考查推理判断。根据第四段中的But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a

31、chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration.但是热量会随着时间的推移而消失，不管周围的物质有 多好，所以研究小组建立了一个化学储存系统可以将能量保持在一个稳定的分子结构中) 可推断，这种分子结构的优势是相对稳定。故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需 要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。8.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。Fairy tales perfor

32、m many functions. They entertain, encourage imagination and teach problem-solving skills. They can also provide moral lessons, highlighting the dangers of failing to follow the social codes that let human beings coexist in harmony. Such moral lessons may not mean much to a robot, but a team of resea

33、rchers at Georgia Institute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that Al (artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart.The collected stories of different cultures teach children how to behave in socially acceptable ways with examples of

34、 proper and improper behavior in fables, novels and other literature. We believe story comprehension in robots can prevent the intelligent robots from killing humanity which was predicted and feared by some of the biggest names in technology including Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates. This system is c

35、alled Quixote(堂吉诃德). It collects story plots from the Internet and then uses those stories to teach robots how to behave.The experiment done by the designers involves going to a drugstore to purchase some medicine for a human who needs to get it as soon as possible. The robot has three options. It c

36、an wait in line; it can interact with the store keeper politely and purchase the medicine with priority; or it can steal the medicine and escape. Without any further directives (指令),the robot will come to the conclusion that the most efficient means of obtaining the medicine is to steal it. But Quix

37、ote offers a reward for waiting in line and politely purchasing the medicine and a punishment for stealing it. In this way, the robot will learn the moral way to behave on that occasion.Quixote would work best on a robot that has a very limited function. Its a baby step in the direction of teaching

38、more moral lessons into robots. We believe that Al has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior. Giving robots the ability to read and understand our stories may be the most efficient means.(1) What function do fairy ta

39、les perform in the robots?A. They entertain robots.B. They highlight dangers.C. They make robots more intelligent.D. They enable robots to behave morally.(2) What is Quixote in the text?A. A punishment systemB. A character in literatureC. A big name in technologyD. A software educating robots.(3) Wh

40、at does the designer expect robot to do in the experiment?A. To take advantage of its privilege.B. To finish the task most efficiently.C. To perform in a good mannered way.D. To be rewarded by the storekeeper!(4) Which of the follow can best express the authors opinion?A. Robots will definitely have

41、 more functions.B. Robots with humans emotions are perfect.C. Training robots to be socially acceptable is necessary.D. The development of robots is still in a baby step.【答案】(1) D(2) D(3) C(4) C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了神话故事将应用于人工智能以指导机器人的 行为方式，使其行为更加道德。(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的a team of researchers at Georgia In

42、stitute of Technology believes it has found a way to use the fairy tales as moral lessons that Al (artificial intelligence) can take to its cold, mechanical heart.”可知乔治亚理工学院的一组研究人员认 为，他们已经找到了一种方法，可以将童话故事作为一种道德课程，让人工智能(AI)能够将 其应用于冰冷机械的心脏。故童话故事可以使机器人行为规范道德。故选D。(2)考查判断推理。根据第二段中的then uses those stories

43、to teach robots how to behave.可知Quixote用故事来教机器人如何守规矩，故Quixote是一个训练机器人的软 件。故选Do(3)考查推理判断。根据第三段中的In this way, the robot will learn the moral way to behave on that occasion J可知在实验中，设计者希望机器人将学会在那种情况下的道德行为 方式。因此推断即设计者希望实验中机器人行为有礼貌，故选C。(4)考查观点态度。根据第四段中的,We believe that Al has to be trained to adopt the va

44、lues of a particular society, and in doing so, it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior.”我。 认为人工智能必须接受培训，以适应特定社会的价值观，这样做，它将努力避免不可接受 的行为。可知作者认为训练机器人为社会所接受是必要的，故选C。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和观点态度三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅 读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推 理，从而选出正确答案。9.阅读下列短文，从所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出最佳选项。We all ar

45、e familiar with Android and iOS platforms as both are popular but are quite different when it comes to functionalities.If you are making a big move from Android to iPhone, then the first thing that counters your mind is how to get your data on the iPhone.Note: You need to turn on Wi-Fi on your Andro

46、id & iPhone and connect them with the same network.So, lets get started and learn how to transfer data from Android to iPhone.Note: Please keep in mind that the steps might vary from device to device.Install (安装)the Move to iOS App on your Android device from the Google play store. This application

47、is developed by Apple and available for free.Once you are done with installing the app, you need to grant permissions to the app. Now, follow on-screen instructions to proceed.Now, keep your Android aside and start your iPhone. Follow the on-screen instructions to set up your iPhone.The transfer mig

48、ht take a bit longer depending upon the size of the content.On your iPhone screen, you will see a screen saying/ Continue setting up iPhone.You can continue setting up your Apple ID on your new iPhone. Once done, you will find all your data such as contacts, messages, bookmarks, pictures etc. on it.Thats it, now you can dump your old Android phone and enjoy using your iPhone.(1) Before the transfer, what are you supposed to do first?A. Be familiar with Android and iOS platforms.B. Check your data on the iPhone and back it up.C. Remember the steps might vary from device to device.D. Turn on W