2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题4.docx

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1、2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a uestion about what is said. The uestion will be read only once, after you hear th

2、e uestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You havent had a bite all day.uestion: Whats the matter with the womanYou w

3、ill read:A. She is sick.C. She is hungry.Here C is the right answer.Now lets begin with uestion Number 1.1. A. A coughB. Diarrhea2. A. TuberculosisB. Rhinitis3. A. In his bag.C. In his house.4. A. Hes nearly finished his work.B. He has to work for some more time.C. He wants to leave now.D. He has tr

4、ouble finishing his work.5. A. A patientB. A doctor6. A. 2.6B. 3.57. A. He is the head of the hospital.C. He went out looking for Dan.8. A. He has got a fever.C. He is very rich.9. A. To ask local people for help.8. Todo as Romans do only when in Rome.官方网站:B. She is bitten by an ant.D. She spilled h

5、er paint.Sample AnswerABDC. A feverD. VomitingC. LaryngitisD. FluB. By the lamp.D. No idea about where he left it.C. A teacherD. A studentC. 3.9D. 136B. He is in charge of Pediatrics.D. He went to Michigan on business.B. He is a talented skier.D. He is a real ski enthusiast.B. arc intended to dig fo

6、r ancient human mindsC. are not scientific enough to be answered hereD. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearanceThe scientists find the proxy to be.A. the role of cultureB. the passage of timeC. the structure of a skullD. the biological makeup of the brainAccording to Renfrew paradox,

7、 the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that.A. human civilization came too lateB. the hardware retained biologically staticC. it took so long for the software to evolveD. there existed an interaction between gene and environmentFrom the example illustrating the relation between cul

8、ture and biology, we might conclude that.A. the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB. the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolutionD. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brainSpeaking of the human

9、 mind, the author would say that.A. its cognitive development is extremely slowB. to know its past is to understand its futureC. its biological evolution is hard to predictD. as the brain develops, so as the mindPassage FourDespite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and m

10、ass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer world wont just be inconvenient. Huge swathes （片）of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable一too hot, dry or stor

11、my to sustain a human population.This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about itOne option is

12、 to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering （危言耸听）.Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some

13、say that 4 may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles一would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being theSo what are the alternatives The most obvio

14、us answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes arent coming nearly uickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earths plan B

15、.Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the suns heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earths thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse,

16、 or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we havent managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test

17、and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying conseuences of climate change.Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.72. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of.A. the likel

18、ihood of climate change making life inconvenientB. the warning against worsening climate changeC. the inevitable conseuence of global warmingD. the misconception of a warmer worldAs the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will.A. live with the temperature raised by an average

19、 of 4B. have nowhere to go but live in the desertC. become victims as soon as 2050D. move closer to (he polesIt is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is.A. to reduce massively CO2 emissionsB. to take protective measures by 2025C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrat

20、ionsD. to launch habitual constructions closer to the polesEarths plan B is ambitious enough.A. to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB. to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC. to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD. to manage the Earths thermostatWhich

21、 of the following statements are the supporters of “Earths plan B forA. Its Time to Go GreenB. Encrgy-cfficicnt measures must be takenC. Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD. For the Planets geoengineering or catastrophePassage FiveBrittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her bi

22、ological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittanys mother, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children bom from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development.Last week, Brittany was

23、 given the green light to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the states product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousa

24、nds of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donors history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their

25、 disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder.So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates It seems unlikely. New Yorks product liability laws arc highly unusual in that

26、 they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogu

27、ed, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way.Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult uestions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm As we learn more and mor

28、e about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out一and there is a test that can do so 一 but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to early Al

29、zheimersDonovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be u

30、sed in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion.73. Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for.A. a cheat in boasting its biological productsB. donor sperm as a productC. problematic donor spermD. a breach of confidentialityIt can be inferred from the passage that thousands of peo

31、ple in the US purchase sperm.A. without knowing its potential dangersB. regardless of repeated warningsC. for the reason of uaiity supplyD. for their desperate needsThe uestion from the case is whether .A. people arc entitled to donor spermB. donated sperm should be just a productC. Donovan is allow

32、ed to sue the sperm bankD. Donovans health problems have been clinically certifiedIt seems that sperm banks are in no position to.A. treat donor sperm as a productB. screen out the fragile X mutationC. manage their business as others do in NYD. guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defectThe statem

33、ent Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression thal babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that.A. Donovan will surely win the case in courtB. any product could have a defect in one way or anotherC. the sperm bank guarantees its seed like any other productD. donor sperm cannot be guarant

34、eed as much as anything else Passage SixStephanie Smith, a childrens dance instructor, thought she had a stomach virus. The aches and cramping were tolerable that first day, and she finished her classes. Then her diarrhea turned bloody. Her kidneys shut down. Seizures knocked her unconscious. The co

35、nvulsions grew so relentless that doctors had to put her in a coma for nine weeks. When she emerged, she could no longer walk. The affliction had ravaged her nervous system and left her paralyzed from the waist down.Ms. Smith, 22, was found to have a severe form of food-bornc illness caused by E.col

36、i, which Minnesota officials traced to the hamburger that her mother had grilled for their Sunday family party. In the simplest terms, she ran out of luck in a food-safety game of chance whose rules and risks are not widely known.Meat companies and grocers have been barred from selling ground beef t

37、ainted by the virulent strain of E.coli known as O157:H7 since 1994. Yet tens of thousands of people are still sickened annually by this pathogen,with hamburger being the biggest culprit. Ground beef has been blamed for 16 outbreaks in the last three years alone. This summer, contamination led to th

38、e recall of beef from nearly 3,000 grocers in 41 states.Ms. Smiths reaction to the virulent strain of E. coli was extreme, but tracing the story of her burger shows that neither the system meant to make the meat safe, nor the meat itself, is whatportion of hamburger meat is often an amalgam of vario

39、us grades of meat from different parts of cows and even from different slaughterhouses. This makes the costs 25% less than it would have for cuts of whole meat. These cuts of meat are particularly vulnerable to E.coli contamination, food experts and officials say. Despite this, there is no federal r

40、euirement for grinders to test their ingredients for the pathogen.Those ingredients include cuts from areas of the cow that are more likely to have had contact with feces, which carries E.coli, industry research shows. Yet most meal companies rely on their suppliers to check for the bacteria and do

41、their own testing only after the ingredients are ground together.Unwritten agreements between some companies appear to stand in the way of ingredient testing. Many big slaughterhouses will sell only to grinders who agree not to test their shipments for E.coli for fear of a recall of ingredients they

42、 sold to others.“Ground beef is not a completely safe product,said Dr. Jeffrey Bender, a food safety expert at the University of Minnesota who helped develop systems for tracing E.coli contamination. He said that while outbreaks had been on the decline, unfortunately it looks like we are going a bit

43、 in the opposite direction.74. What is the main idea of this passageA. An outbreak of O157:H7B. Food contamination on a rise.C. A case report on food poisoningD. The flaws in the system of beef inspectionWe can learn from the passage that.A. most people get sickened every year for eating hamburgers

44、tainted by E.coliB. so far there have been 16 outbreaks of E.coli contamination of beefC. beef contamination is so serious that it can be found in 41 statesD. Ms. Smiths reaction to O157:H7 is uncommonThe reason behind the way ground beef is produced is.A. the making of more profitsB. the satisfacti

45、on of the customers needsC. the vulnerability to E.coli contaminationD. the reuirement of the federal governmentWe can infer that many big slaughterhouses.A. conducted a recall of ground beef this summerB. cannot be too careful about the safety of their beef productsC. actually know the possibility

46、of their ground beef contaminationD. are completely ignorant of E.coli contamination of their beef suppliesAs Bender implies at the end of the passage,.A. it is wise for consumers to stay away from beef productsB. the outbreaks of E.coli contamination are on the declineC. things are not completely s

47、atisfyingD. it is unhealthy to live on hamburgers试卷二(Paper Two) Part V Writing (20%)Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary cover the major points of the essay.健康处方帮你走出“

48、第三状态剧烈的竞争，需要我们全力以赴面对各种各样的挑战。但长时间精力充分地工作和生活 并非易事。相反，许多人都有过情绪低落、容易疲劳、不愿意运动、失眠、头痛、注意力不 集中的经历，有人甚至长期或经常出现这种情况，可到医院检查没事，出了医院依旧难受。 医学上将这种介于健康和疾病之间的边缘状态称之为“灰色状态”或第三状态。医学专 家们对这种现代人的“通病进行了大量研究，并开出了一系列简便可行的健康处方。均衡营养合理膳食理想的食谱首先要保证营养均衡，像糖、蛋白质、脂类、矿物质、维生素等必须的营养 物质在每天的膳食中一样也不能少。都市中有两种不良营养倾向，一是营养和热量过剩，另 一种倾向是为了节食导致某些营养素和热量的缺乏。这两种倾向都足以引起“灰色状态每 一个健康的成年人每天需要1500卡路里的能量，工作量大者那么需要2022卡路里的热 量，不断补充营养是保持精力充分的前提。此外还应注意；脂肪类食物不可多食亦不可不 食，因为某些脂类是大脑运转所必需的。缺乏脂类将影响思维；但是假设食用过多，短期内 会产生昏昏欲睡的感觉，长期那么在体内堆积，形成脂肪。维生素作用大从事文字工作或经常操作电脑者容易眼肌疲劳、视力下降，维生素A对于预防视力减弱 有一定效果，所以要多吃鱼肉、猪肝、韭菜、鳗鱼等富含维生素A的