2.01 续写中的衔接与连贯-2023年新高考英语读后续写提分技能.docx

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1、2023年新高考英语读后续写提分技能2.01 续写中的衔接与连贯知识回顾1高考英语作文的评分标准强调文章语言的“连贯性”和“复杂性”。高考英语作文最高一档的给分范围和要求：“覆盖所有的内容要点；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力；能有效地使用语句问的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。显然，考生要得高分，除了文章要点全、语法正、表达准、结构整、逻辑顺、卷面洁外，考生还得掌握句型与词语的运用及行文(过渡承启)技巧，以增强语言的表达力和文章的逻辑性，提高文章档次。语篇结构的“连贯性”在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用。“连贯性

2、”主要是就句子之间的衔接和文章段落的过渡而言的。它要求段落中句与句之间、全文段落与段落之间的组织与安排以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序进行，做到条理清楚、层次分明。这样的篇章结构才能让评卷老师迅速而准确地捕捉文章信息。反之，叙述顺序混乱、前言不搭后语的文章会因“缺乏可读性”而被判为较低的得分档次。因此，英语读后续写中，考生就必然要关注促进语篇连贯的衔接方式的使用。读后续写常用语篇衔接手段分析1.照应 照应指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系，即在语篇中某个名词或概念第二次或重复出现时应使用恰当的代词或其他成分替代它。根据韩礼德和哈桑的观点，英语中的照应主要分为3 类：人称照应、指示照应、比较照应。 （

3、1）人称照应：人称照应是通过人称代词（如I、you、he、she、they、him、her、them 等）、所属限定词（如your、his、her、their等)和所属代词(如mine、his、hers、theirs 等）来实现的。 （2）指示照应：用于指示照应的词也可以分为3 类：名词性指示词：this、that、these、those；定冠词the；副词性指示词：her，their、now、then。 （3）比较照应： 比较照应指使用一些有比较意义的形容词或副词的比较级表达连贯的语义（如same、as、so、equal、such、similarly、differently、other、ot

4、herwise、likewise等表示的照应关系）。2.替代和省略 （1）替代：替代是用其他词代替上文的提及的内容，这样可以避免重复，达到语言凝练，语句连贯的目的。替代有名词性替代（如one、ones、some 等）、动词性替代（如do、does、did、doing、done 等）和从句性替代（如so、not 等）。 （2）省略：省略的作用同替代相似，省略可以使上下语义联系紧密，强调作者要表达的中心意思。省略大致分为3类：名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略。3.连接词 连接词指表示能把两个或多个短句衔接起来的表达一定逻辑关系的词。韩礼德（1976）把它们表示的关系分为4 大类：增补（如and、

5、also、too、furthermore等）、转折或对比（如but、yet、still、nevertheless、though、while、however等）、原因或结果（如because、for、as、since等）和时间（如first、second、third等）。4.词汇衔接 词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、整体与部分等关系来使语篇语义连贯。方法策略2表1：高考英语读后续写中的衔接手段举例试题句子表达举例衔接手段分析2016/10，浙江By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said t

6、o Tom. “Im going to find a better spot for us to camp” andwalkedaway.照应：she/us连接词：so.that./and2017/6，浙江As Mac pedaled (骑行) along alone, he thought fondly of his wife and two young daughters at home. He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday. 照应：he/them词汇衔接：as/and2018/6，浙江It was so peaceful

7、and quiet and the colors of the brown rocks, the deep green pine trees, and the late afternoon sun mixed to create a magic scene. It looked like a beautiful woven(编织的) blanket spread out upon the ground just for us.照应：it/us连接词：and2020/1，浙江The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there

8、.照应：there2020，新高考I卷“I wish you could see him,” she said to her own children, John, Harry, and Clara. “He is such a help to his mother. He wants very much to earn some money, but I dont see what he can do.”照应：her/his连接词：and/but2021/1，浙江My excitement was short-lived. I got into a panic as I pressed fi

9、rmly against the table and moved my head around trying to find the right angle， but it was no use. I cant get it out! I shouted， my voice sounding unnaturally loud in the enclosed space.照应：my/I连接词：as/and/but2021年，新高考I卷But Jeffs hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain. Jenna made him pu

10、t his hand in cold water. Then she caught the smell of burning. Oh dear! The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.照应：he/his连接词：and/but/then/as well实现读后续写语篇衔接与连贯策略一、整体审视语篇，确定话题主题 文章语篇的连贯是以内容的合理布局为前提的。因此，要想写出一篇高分作文，审题是关键的一步，一般坚持以下几个步骤：（1）审读情景材料：即对试题所提供的“情景” (包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等)及其“形式” (一般为

11、图画、图表、提纲等)予以全面的了解，同时不可忽视最后提供的“注意”。（2）提取主题思想：在审题的同时，要注意从所给材料中提炼出一个主题，即作文的中心。它是全文成败的关键所在，因为“评分说明”明确指出： “对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”。一般来讲，文章的中心不超出高中生学习和日常生活中的所见所闻。 （3）进行信息取舍：确定主题之后，就要依据所需文体(多为应用文、记叙文或说明文)，围绕中心对所获取的信息进行筛选，以突出重点。 （4）列举表述要点：这是评分标准规定的最主要标准，即是否“覆盖了所有内容要点”。动笔写作之前，最好在草稿纸上列出要点，以免因时间紧等原因而遗漏。 （5）确定主题句：段落通常由

12、一个表示段落中心思想的主题句和一些用来说明、描写、论证该主题的发展句构成。段落的主题句非常重要，对段落的各句起到提纲挈领的作用。一般情况下，主题旬的位置都在段落的开头，清楚明了地告诉读者该段落将要陈述的内容。为了便于展开下文，主题句一般要具备以下两个特点：内容要明确具体，具有特定性和单一性，切忌笼统。比较： a. Learning English is important. Learning English is important for middle school students. b. Tom is a good student Tom is a hard-working studen

13、t. 上述例句中的第二句要比第一句具体、明确得多。 语言要简洁，开门见山。如下面是题为“Honesty(谈诚实)”一文中的开头： Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people. 二、拓展主题语句，注意语篇连贯 主题句仅仅是提出基本观点，而要使评卷老师理解你的观点，就必须展开主

14、题，就要考虑如何组织安排语句，也就是说，文章词与词、句与句之间必须衔接密切，具有连贯性。因此，文章语句和段落就要进行适当排序，并要根据所表达的具体内容选择适当的连接方式，常用的方法有以下几种：（1） 巧用过渡词语，理顺句子逻辑关系。为了使文章在整体上结构严密，浑然一体，增强文章的说服力和感染力，保证段落或文章的连贯，考生应该在句子与句子之间，甚至段落与段落之间，恰当地使用一些过渡性词语，使文意表达清晰、流畅。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型：(见下表)表2：过渡衔接词举例逻辑关系常见过渡词语表示添加信息and, also, too, besides, moreover, as wel

15、l as, eitheror, neithernor, furthermore, in addition, what is more, not onlybut also, worse still表示转折关系but, yet, however, although, on the other hand, otherwise, while, rather, still, nevertheless，in spite of, on the contrary, whereas, in contrast 表示递进关系besides, again, moreover, worse still, above a

16、ll, certainly, furthermore, whats more, in addition, important of all, to make matter worse表示因果关系so, for, therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, therefore, since, thus, hence, on account of, consequently, as a consequence, it follows that表示条件关系as(so)long as, if, unless, on con

17、dition that表示解释、说明关系actually, in fact, such as, for exampleinstance, and so on, according to, after all, even, indeed, it is time, of course, specifically, truly, namely, that is, that is to say, in other words, to tell you the truth, an illustration of, to be specific, to illustrate表示强调Indeed, in f

18、act, surely, certainly, truly, especially, no doubt, without any doubt, obviously, above all, It isthat表示时间顺序关系now, after, after that, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, soon, suddenly, before, when, while, as, during, firstsecond, then, in the end, afterwards, after a

19、while, immediately, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, notuntil, eventually 表示空间顺序关系on the rightleft, in the middlecenter ofbackfront of, here, there, next to, on one side ofon the other side of, on the foottopend表示结论as you know, as far as I know, on t

20、he whole, in ones opinion, in short, in brief, in a word, in general 例如：The room was disgusting. By the far window was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed with rotting fruits. The path between the bed and the doorway, where 1 was standing, was

21、full of dirty clothes and old newspapers. (通过选择参照物，然后巧妙运用表示空间顺序的连接词，给读者一个清楚的空间观念。用准确的方位词说明空间的具体位置，就仿佛给了阅卷老师一幅空间布置图或导游图。) （2）使用平行结构，增强语感节奏和顺畅度。平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法，其中既有词汇的重复，又有纯粹的语法结构的重复。重复使用相同的结构，不仅能使句子或段落节奏匀称，还可以起到强调或承上启下的作用，从而引起评卷老师的注意。 词的重复是常用的连接手法，它可强调你所要表达的意思，也必然让人把眼前的句子与前面的句子联系起来，如同用一根线将整个段落贯穿成一个整体，

22、从而增强句子的语感节奏，使句与句之间的衔接更加紧密、顺畅。例如： a.I love life; I love nature; and I love peace. b. I am a boy of 17 and I am studying at high school now. I am good at English and I can talk with foreign tourists in English freely. 上述例子使用的是词汇的重复，下面的段落则通过使用相同的语法结构保证了文章的连贯与流畅。 a.If I have the honor to be chosen as a

23、volunteer, besides the above, I will work hard and creatively, but never be lazy. I will follow the law and discipline, but never break them. I will take the opportunity to make fiends with the athletes and visitors, and help them make the 2008 Olympic Games a great success. b. My mother has passed

24、along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are

25、not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Dont argue. (3)灵活运用代词，避免成分冗余。除了过渡性词语外，省略、替代和所指等技巧同样可以连句成段，避免罗嗦和重复，以保持段落的连贯性。名词或代词是很重要的关系指引词，它们不仅能指明句子内部某些词之问的关系，而且能沟通和建立句子和句子之间意义上的联系，从而使段落中前后句子的意义逻辑地、有条理地联系起来，起到承上启下的作用。例如： a.However, the number of students who enjoy reading po

26、pular science articles doubles that of those who pre-reading articles about learning methods. (句中使用代词that代替the number, those代替students, 既避免了重复和单调，又显得简洁明了，过渡自然。) b.While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice from which I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. (句中关系代词which引导的非限制性定

27、语使得主从句意义连贯。)试比较：While surfing the Internet, I happened to see your notice. From the notice I knew you were eager to have a Chinese friend. (4)巧用同义反义词，文章连贯中见文采。同义词与反义词用得好，可以避免出现单词重复，避免文章内容单调。文章在连贯的同时还能适当增加文采，给人耳目一新的感觉。例如： I like music, especially classical music. I am also interested in photography b

28、ecause it allows me to record the beautiful moments in my life. In fact, I like meeting people and enjoy talking with them. Believing we all need help from each other, I appreciate friends help and I am willing to help anyone in need. （5）巧用分词短语或独立结构。简化句子结构可以增强表达效果。巧妙利用分词短语或独立主格结构能使句子化繁为简，把复合句变为简单句；恰

29、当使用独立成分可以使句子的表达形式丰富多样，从而起到增强语言表达效果的作用。它们各有特点：分词要坚持逻辑主语一致原则，而独立主格结构要坚持主语不一致原则；独立成分为约定成俗的固定形式，不受逻辑主语限制。如：Judging from, Frankly speaking (To be frank)等。试看下列句子： (1)Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. (分词短语) (2)Weather permitting, we are going to visit you

30、tomorrow. =If weather permits we are going to visit you tomorrow. (独立主格结构) 试比较以下两个例句： (原句)The driver escaped; he left the old man lying on the road. (修正句)The driver escaped, leaving the old man lying on the road. (分词短语) （6）使用同位语。避免重复，明晰句意。同位语的应用不仅能避免重复，还可以使文章表述自然、流畅，起到很好的连接作用。例如： Also we can both wr

31、ite and talk to each 0theT on the Skype, a program that can carry sounds as well as words. I am Wangshan, a girl of sixteen, presently attending Beijing Yangguang Middle school. （7）使用过渡句，自然衔接句子和段落。过渡句在句子与句子、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，故极为重要。例如： The summer holiday is coming. Our class

32、 have had a discussion about what to do during the holidaySome are in favor of staying at homeHowever, others prefer to go out for traveling since it can increase their knowledge and broaden their horizons. But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world. 三、文末阐释结论，确保首尾呼应 文章结尾的作用是概

33、括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻，也使文章首尾呼应，结构完整，连贯自然。用于结论段的常用语有：from this point of view(从这个观点来看) /in a word(总而言之)/in conclusion(综上所述)/Thus, it can be concluded that(因此，我们可以得知.)等。例如： In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it. Obviously, we can draw the conclusio

34、n that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 综上所述，语言的连贯性主要体现在句与句、段与段之间。句与句之间要前后呼应，形成句句相连，环环相扣，读起来一气呵成；同样，段与段之间也要过渡自然，不可各自独立使文章失去整体性。语言连贯性是评价一篇文章优劣的标准之一。缺乏连贯性，叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的文章会因“缺乏可读性“而被判为较低的得分档次。只有有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，语篇连贯性强的文章才能得到高分档次。实践强化3基础演练A（2022福建福州三模）阅读下面材料，报据其内容和所给段落开头语

35、续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。I was angry about my father in the first year of college, because he didnt care about my feelings all.One day I had a serious quarrel with him. I was fed up with his direction and correction. How could he interfere with my life and my study plans? How could he understand the importa

36、nce of my university activities? The only thing that he cared about was my academic performance! He didnt understand my world and I didnt understand his, either.I stormed out and sighed all the way to school. Suddenly I realized that I didnt have the assignment that was due: a thought card. This cla

37、ss was taught by Dr. Sidney BSimon. The thought card was the admission ticket to his class. He would return them to us with his comment.My first thought card read, “All that glitters(发光) is not gold.” He commented, “What does this quote mean to you? Is it significant?” Obviously, he was taking it se

38、riously. I surely didnt want to reveal myself to him.The week progressed. Dr. Simons class was quite brilliant. He challenged us to think and come up with our own responses. But I had no handling strategies to deal with it.The second Tuesday came. I wrote on my card, “The most important thing in com

39、munication is to hear what isnt being said.” The next day the card came back: “You seem to need a listener. Is this important to your life?” I couldnt remember a teacher caring personally about me since primary school.With all these memories filling my mind, I raced to class. Just outside tho door,

40、I took a card and wrote, “I have the most terrible Dad of the world!” Then I dashed in. Looking up at me, he reached out for the card, and I took my seat. The moment I sat down, I felt terrible. I didnt mean to let that out. That night I had difficiulty sleeping. What if he contacted my dad?注意：1.续写词

41、数应为150左右：2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。On Wednesday morning I came to class with mixed feelings._I held the card tightly, thinking about his words._源语篇衔接机制分析导引段落句子衔接方式分析1I was angry about my father in the first year of college, because he didnt care about my feelings all.2He didnt understand my world and I di

42、dnt understand his, either.3Suddenly I realized that I didnt have the assignment that was due: a thought card. 4Obviously, he was taking it seriously. I surely didnt want to reveal myself to him.5He challenged us to think and come up with our own responses. But I had no handling strategies to deal w

43、ith it.7Then I dashed in. Looking up at me, he reached out for the card, and I took my seat. The moment I sat down, I felt terrible.【答案】On Wednesday morning I came to class with mixed feelings. At first, Dr. Sidney B. Simon. did not return the card to me. I sat in my usual seat, opening the book wit

44、h worry and fear. I thought that Dr. Sidney B. Simon must have told my father about this. What was waiting for me was another more severe argument. After class, as I was walking to the door of the classroom, it was Dr. Sidney B. Simon who was calling my name. Then he told me that he would be my list

45、ener and exchanged the card with the words “Good medicine is hard, but good advice is hard to hear”.I held the card tightly, thinking about his words. I was wondering whether I should tell my father what had happened these days. I found my father waiting for me at the school gate with the gift I had

46、 always wanted. That day, I walked home with my father. The setting sun shone on us, casting our shadows on the road. Cars of various colors passed by us, but they did not affect our conversation. We talked a lot that day, and it seemed that the journey from home to school had also been shortened.【写作解析】本文是一篇记叙文，以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者与父亲之间发生矛盾后，在课堂上写的卡片中，老师了解到了作者当下所遇到的问题。充当学生的倾听者，谆谆教诲学生。最后学生受启发，且与父亲和解的故事。1.段落续写：由第一段首句内容“星期三早上，我怀着复杂的心