Unit 8 第3 课时Grammar（知识精讲+分层练习）（教师版）.pdf

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1、第 1 页 共 11 页 第第第第第课时课时课时课时课时3Grammar重点重点重点重点重点词汇词汇词汇词汇词汇 1.n.夫妇，一对 2.*n.指纹，手印 3.adv 大概，或许 4.*adj.犯罪的，犯法的 5.*adj 女（性）的；雌性的 6.n.老板，上司 7.*vt.犯（罪）8.原来是，结果是 9.与无关 10.n.急忙，匆忙 11.急忙，赶快重点重点重点重点重点词组词组词组词组词组1./与有关 无关2.是第一个用英文写侦探故事的人3.一个破案高手4.急着赶公共汽车5.卡通剧里出现的一个侦探6.受全世界青少年的欢迎7.是一个被认为是犯罪小说女王的女性作家8.沾满了血9.需要会帮助破案的

2、信息10.在某方面取得进步11.做了一些不为法律所允许的事情。重点重点重点重点重点句型句型句型句型句型1.可能不止一个人跟这个凶杀案有关。There was probably more than one person who.2.警察正在检查现场寻找指纹和其他线索 The policefingerprints and other clues that may help solve thecase3.需要读者检查每一个小细节来寻找犯罪案件可能的我索 Require readers to check目标导航第 2 页 共 11 页 【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】一 1.couple 2.*fin

3、gerprint 3.probably 4.*criminal 5.*female6.boss 7.*commit 8.turn out 9.have nothing to do with10.hurry 11.in a hurry 二与有关 无关1./have something/nothing to do with.2.the man who first wrote detective stories in English是第一个用英文写侦探故事的人 3.a master at solving crimes一个破案高手 4.be in a hurry to catch a bus=hurr

4、y to catch a bus=catch a bus in a hurry急着赶公共汽车 5.a detective who appears in a cartoon series卡通剧里出现的一个侦探 6.popular among teenagers all over the world受全世界青少年的欢迎7.是一个被认为是犯罪小说女王的女性作家 a female writer who is considered the queen of crime novels 8.be covered in blood沾满了血 9.need information which will help

5、solve the case需要会帮助破案的信息 10.make progress in在某方面取得进步 11.do something that isnt allowed by the law做了一些不为法律所允许的事情。三可能不止一个人跟这个凶杀案有关。1.There was probably more than one person who had something to do with the murder.2.警察正在检查现场寻找指纹和其他线索 The police are now checking the scene for fingerprints and other clue

6、s that may help solve the case3.需要读者检查每一个小细节来寻找犯罪案件可能的我索 require readers to check every tiny detail for possible clues to the criminal cases 4.The blood on his shirt was from killing hens and ducks他衬衫上的血是杀鸡鸭弄上去的5.可能不止一个人与这次谋杀有关 There was probably more than one person who had something to do with the

7、 murder.4.他衬衫上的血是杀鸡鸭弄上去的 The blood on his shirthens and ducks5.可能不止一个人与这次谋杀有关 There was probably more than one person who.第 3 页 共 11 页【语法】A.什么叫什么叫什么叫什么叫什么叫定语？定语？定语？定语？定语？定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。1.a beautiful girl(beautiful 是前置定语，放在名词前）2.the film directed by Zhang Yimou(directed by Zha

8、ng Yimou 是过去分词短语作后置定语）3.the book on the desk(on the desk 是介词短语作后置定语，放在名词后）4.the boy standing under the tree(standing under the tree 是现在分词短语作后置定语）5.apple trees(apple 是名词作前置定语）6.his book(his 是形容词性物主代词作前置定语）7.three apples(three 是现数词作前置定语）8.I have much homework to do.(to do 是动词不定式作后置定语）下面以分词、介词短语为例：The

9、girl behind the tree is Kate.（醉汉）The man driving too fast is a drunk.提醒：提醒：提醒：提醒：提醒：大多数大多数大多数大多数大多数后置定后置定后置定后置定后置定语可以改语可以改语可以改语可以改语可以改为定为定为定为定为定语从句。语从句。语从句。语从句。语从句。【语法】B.限制性限制性限制性限制性限制性定语从定语从定语从定语从定语从句（句（句（句（句（Defining relative clauses)相关概相关概相关概相关概相关概念念念念念定语从句的有关概念：。（定语从句要用陈在在在在在复复复复复合句合句合句合句合句中中中中中

10、，修，修，修，修，修饰某饰某饰某饰某饰某一名一名一名一名一名词词词词词或代或代或代或代或代词词词词词的的的的的从句从句从句从句从句叫做叫做叫做叫做叫做定语定语定语定语定语从从从从从句句句句句述句语序）如：关系代词如果在定语从句中做主语，要注意从句中1)Thewho/that lives next to us is a policeman.(man的谓语动单复数要与先行词一致)2)You must dothat I do.everything 在上面在上面在上面在上面在上面两句中两句中两句中两句中两句中的的的的的和和和和和是定语是定语是定语是定语是定语从句所从句所从句所从句所从句所修饰的修饰的修

11、饰的修饰的修饰的词，词，词，词，词，叫先行叫先行叫先行叫先行叫先行词词词词词maneverything。定语从句放在先行词后面。引导定引导定引导定引导定引导定语从语从语从语从语从句的句的句的句的句的关系关系关系关系关系词有词有词有词有词有关系关系关系关系关系代词代词代词代词代词：宾格所有格和关系副词that,which,who(whom,whose)where,when.关系词（关系代词或关系副词）放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。也就是说关系词有三个作用：1.2.引导定语从句。代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。3.连接主句和从句。例：The g

12、irl(is Kate.who is behind the tree)The man()is a drunk.who is driving too fast知识点睛第 4 页 共 11 页【语法】C.有关系代有关系代有关系代有关系代有关系代词引词引词引词引词引导的定语导的定语导的定语导的定语导的定语从句。从句。从句。从句。从句。关系代词例句 That 在从句中作主语或宾语 作宾语时(that)可省略指物 1.A plane is a machinecan fly.()that作主语 2.The noodlesI cooked were delicious.()（that）作宾语指人 1.Who

13、 is the manis reading the book over there?()that作主语 2.The girlwe saw yesterday was Jims sister.()(that)作宾语 Which 在从句中作主语或宾语 作宾语(时可省略)指物 1.The silkis produced in Hangzhou sells well.()which作主语 2.The songsLiu Dehua sang were very popular.()（which）作宾语 Who,whom 在从句中分别作主语和宾语（如果介词放在 从句后面，则 whom可以省略）指人 1.T

14、he manvisited our class yesterday is from Canada.()who作主语 2.The boybroke the window is called Roy.()who作主语 3.The person toyou just talked is Mr Li.()whom作宾语 4.Mrs White is the person toyou should write.()whom作宾语 Whose 在从句中作定语 指物时相当于,of which指人或物的所有格 1.I like the girlhair is long.()whose作定语 2.I live

15、in the house the windowsare closed.of which =I live in the house whose windows are closed.（从表（从表（从表（从表（从表中可以中可以中可以中可以中可以看出：看出：看出：看出：看出：用用用用用更有更有更有更有更有通用性）通用性）通用性）通用性）通用性）that 但是：但是：但是：但是：但是：）在非）在非）在非）在非）在非限制性定限制性定限制性定限制性定限制性定语从语从语从语从语从句中不能句中不能句中不能句中不能句中不能用用用用用1that 2)that在在在在在介词后面介词后面介词后面介词后面介词后面不能不

16、能不能不能不能用用用用用 3those,somebodythat）先）先）先）先）先行词是代行词是代行词是代行词是代行词是代人的人的人的人的人的不定代词不定代词不定代词不定代词不定代词如如如如如时不时不时不时不时不能用能用能用能用能用【语法】D.有关系有关系有关系有关系有关系副词引副词引副词引副词引副词引导的定导的定导的定导的定导的定语从句语从句语从句语从句语从句：(只作只作只作只作只作了解了解了解了解了解)1.country,school,room先行词是表示地点的名词时（），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点 状语，一般用引导定语从句。也可以用介词的结构。值得注意的是前介词的选择是根w

17、herewhichwhich据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。The room where(=in which)he used to live has now been turned into a museum.The desk where(=on which)I put my bag is his.This is the school where(=in which)I joined the Party.2.year,month,day,night先行词是表示时间的名词（），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间第 5 页 共 11 页 状语，一般用引导定语从句。也可以用介词的结构。值得注意的是

18、前介词的选择是根whenwhichwhich据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。The daywas Aug.20,1952when=on which)he was born（The yearwas 1982.when(=in which)he died 比较：）1This is the school.which I visited last year 2)This is the school in which(where)I stayed last year.3.the reason,先行词如果表示原因，则定语从句用来引导。why=for which This is the reason.why

19、I was late for school【语法】E.定语从定语从定语从定语从定语从句分类句分类句分类句分类句分类(只作了只作了只作了只作了只作了解解解解解)定语从句分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（又称描述性定语从句）。1、限制性定语从句与先行词关系密确，对它有限制作用，因此不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意思，限制性定语从句前面一般不用逗号。例 What is the name of the boy?who brought us the letter2、非限制性定语从句只与先行词有一种松散的修饰关系，在口语中用停顿的方法表示，在书面语中用 逗号分开，因此从句中的关系代词不能省略。一般用等来

20、引导非限制性定语从句，而不which,who,where 用来引导非限制性定语从句。that 例I like to talk with John,.who is a clever man 例Water,has many uses.which is a clear liquid()液体液体液体液体液体，【语法】F.关于关于关于关于关于 that;which 用用用用用法请法请法请法请法请注意注意注意注意注意(只只只只只作了作了作了作了作了解解解解解)先行词（物）之前有 all,every,any,no,little,much,fewall,everything,等词修饰时，或者其本身为 some

21、thing,nothing,anything,none；the one；much,few,any,little 等不定代词，定语从句用引导，不能用that which(who/whom,thatwhich)。如果先行词是指人的不定代词，则关系代词用不用和 Is there anything that you want to explain?Everyone who heard her sad story was moved to tears.先行词（物）前有形容词最高级、序数词或 only,very,the first,the last,the same“”表示 惟一 观念的形 容词等修饰时，

22、定语从句用引导 不能用that,which.This is the only reason that I can say.This is the first step that can be taken.It is the best one that you may choose.当主句中有时，而定语从句中也要用到或时，为了避免who,whichwhowhichwhowho,第 6 页 共 11 页 whichwhichthat等重叠，定语从句用引导。Who is the man that is standing by the door?Which of the two cows that y

23、ou keep produces more milk?先行词为人和物作并列成分时，定语从句用引导。that John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.不论人或物在定语从句中作表语时，用引导定语从句，而通常省掉。thatthat He is no longer the man that he was.先行词是一个短语或者是一个句子时，关系代词用大多数情况是非限制性定语从句which()He missed the train,which annoyed(.)him very much.使恼火【语法】G.宾语从宾语从宾语从宾

24、语从宾语从句、主语句、主语句、主语句、主语句、主语从句与定从句与定从句与定从句与定从句与定语从语从语从语从语从句区分。句区分。句区分。句区分。句区分。定语从句中常用到等关系代词作主语或宾语；而在宾语从句或者主语、表语等从that/which/who/whom 句中（特殊疑问句作宾语从句或主语从句时），常用到等疑问代词作主语或宾语。what/whom 如：1)We believe.(thatwhat)what she said宾从，不能用来换 We believe.()anything/the words that/which she said定从 2)I dont know.()the gir

25、l whom/that I met yesterday 定从 3)I dont know.(that)whom the girl likes宾从，不能用 4)surprised me.(that)What he said主从，不能用 1.What kind of books do you prefer?I prefer the ones _ me something to think about.A.which giveB.that givesC.who givesD.what give【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】A【解析【解析【解析【解析【解析】句意：你喜欢什么样的书？我更喜欢那些能让我

26、思考的书。考查定语从句。此句是定语从句，the ones 指代上文的“books”，指物，在从句中作主语，用 which 或 that 作关系词，ones 是复数形式，从句中的谓语用原形，故选 A。2.Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _ is leading the research to develop“sea rice”.A.whoB.whichC.whomD.what【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】A【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】句意：袁隆平是一位在领导开发“海水稻”研究的中国水稻科学家。考查定语从句。本句是定语从句，第 7

27、页 共 11 页排除 D；先行词是 a Chinese rice scientist（一名中国水稻科学家），先行词为人，排除 B；且先行词作主语，排除 C选项。故选 A。3.I have read books _ were written by Charles Dickens.So do I.David Copperfield is my favorite.A.howB.whoC.whatD.that【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】D【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】句意：我读过查尔斯狄更斯写的书。我也是。大卫科波菲尔是我的最爱。考查定语从句的引导词。how 关系副词，引导定语从句，在从

28、句中作状语；who 关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为人；what 不能引导定语从句；that 关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，先行词为人或物。本句中先行词为物，且引导词在从句中作主语，应用 that 引导定语从句。故选 D。4.Did you have a good time with your old classmates last night?Yes,of course.We talked a lot about the things and the people _ are still clear in our minds.A.whoB.whichC./D.

29、that【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】D【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】句意：昨晚你和你的老同学玩得开心吗？当然了。我们谈论了很多记忆犹新的人事。考查定语从句。作为定语从句的关系词，who 先行词是人，在从句中做主语；which 先行词是物，在从句中做主语或宾语；that 先行词是人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语。此题的先行词 the things and the people 是并列结构，即有人又有物，因而定语从句只能用 that 引导。故选 D。分层练习一、单项选择 1.“Underground”is the only word in the English language _ b

30、egins and ends with the letters“und”.A.whatB.thatC.whoD.whom 2.Everyone has his aim in life.However,you cant get fat on one mouthful.Start with the easiest thing _ you can control.A.whoB.thatC.which 3.People _ overweight need more water than thin people.第 8 页 共 11 页 A.who isB.which areC.that isD.who

31、 are 4.The shop _ sells flowers is at the end of the street.A.whoB.whereC.which 5.Which is your new neighbor,Liu Hua?The man _ T-shirt is red.A.thatB.whoC.whichD.whose 1.【答【答【答【答【答案】案】案】案】案】B句意：“Underground”“und”是英语中以字母开头和结尾的唯一一个单词。先行词被修饰only 且关系词在定语从句中作主语，因此关系代词用。故答案为。thatB 2.B【答答答答答案】案】案】案】案】句意：每个

32、人都有生活目标。然而，一口吃不了胖子。从你能控制的最容易的事情做起。先行词出前有最高级修饰，故用引导。ingthat 3.【答【答【答【答【答案】案】案】案】案】D句意：身体偏胖的人比身体瘦的人更需要水。who 在定语从句中指代人；which 在定语从句 中指代物；在定语从句中既可指代人，也可以指代物。根据先行词且关系词在定语从句中作主thatpeople 语可知，关系代词可以用，也可以用，但是复数，从句的谓语动词应用复数形式。故选。thatwhopeopleD 4.【答【答【答【答【答案】案】案】案】案】C句意：那家卖花的商店在街道的尽头。who 的先行词为人，且关系词在从句中作主语或者宾

33、语；的先行词为地点，且关系词在从句中作地点状语；先行词为物，且关系词在从句中作主语wherewhich 或者宾语。本句中先行词为，且关系词在定语从句作主语，用来指代，故选。shopwhichC 5.【答【答【答【答【答案】案】案】案】案】D句意：哪一个是你的新邻居，刘华？那个穿着红色恤衫的人是。Twhose 的先行词 为人或者物，且在从句中作定语。故答案为。D 二、用关系代词，或填空thatwhichwho 1.This is the film _ Bruce Lee starred in.2.Do you know the scientist _ invented the machine?3

34、.The village _ we used to live in is very far from here.4.The woman _ is watering flowers is my aunt.5.Where is the book _ I borrowed from the library yesterday?6.The watch _ I lost yesterday is made in Japan.7.The village _ I was born in was called Gum Tree.8.I visited the person _ invented the imp

35、ortant machine.9.This is the most interesting film _ I have ever seen.10.Armstrong was the first person _ walked on the moon.【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】1.that/which 2.who/that3.that/which 4.who/that5.that/which第 9 页 共 11 页 6.that7.which8.who9.that10.that三、将括号中的词连成适当的定语从句 1.Do you know the man _?(came,see,who,t

36、o,yesterday,me)2.He is a good doctor _.(illness,who,cured,her)3.The girl _ is my cousin.(who,to,I,spoke)4.The pen _ is very nice.(gave,you,me,that)5.This is the place _.(again,I,which,want,visit,to)【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】1.who came to see me yesterday2.who cured her illness 3.who I spoke to4.that you gave

37、me5.which I want to visit again一、完一、完一、完一、完一、完型填空型填空型填空型填空型填空 Sherlock Holmes（夏洛克福尔摩斯）is a fictional1created by Arthur Conan Doyle.Holmes is good at observation and logical reasoning（观察和推理），and this helps him solve many2.Holmes first appeared in 1887 in the book called A Study in Scarlet，and became

38、popular3a series of short stories.Conan Doyle altogether wrote four novels and 56 short4on Holmes.Most of the stories are told by Dr.Watson,a friend5shares the flat at 221B Baker Street，London with Holmes，and often helps Holmes when he is searching for clues.6Holmes may not be the first fictional de

39、tective，he is probably the most famous one in history.Holmes is7that many people believe he is not a fictional detective but a real person.He is widely8 a British cultural icon.Sherlock Holmes stories have had a great9on detective story writing and popular culture,and his stories have been made into

40、 many10,films and plays for more than a hundred years.1.A.writerB.detectiveC.doctorD.character 2.A.questionsB.problemsC.mysteryD.cases 3.A.amongB.thoughC.throughD.with 4.A.playsB.filmsC.storiesD.poems 5.A.whichB.whoC.whomD.he 6.A.AsB.WhileC.BecauseD.Although第 10 页 共 11 页 7.A.such popular manB.such p

41、opularC.so popularD.so a popular man 8.A.known forB.known asC.famous forD.knew as 9.A.successB.progressC.influenceD.value 10.A.advertisementsB.moviesC.drama seriesD.news【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】1-5 BDACB6-10 DCBCC【文章【文章【文章【文章【文章大意】大意】大意】大意】大意】柯南道尔总共写了四部小说和五十六篇有关福尔摩斯的短篇故事。本文主要介绍了福尔摩斯在侦探小说中很有名，他的故事在一百年来被改编成许多电

42、视连续剧、电影和戏剧。【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】1.句意：夏洛克福尔摩斯是阿瑟柯南道尔笔下虚构的侦探。本题考查名词辨析及语境理解。A.writer作者；B.detective 侦探；C.doctor医生；D.character 人物。根据下文 “Holmes may not be the first fictionaldetective”中的“detective”一词可知是一名侦探，故选B。2.句意：福尔摩斯善于观察和逻辑推理,这帮助他解决很多案子。本题考查名词辨析及语境理解。A.questions问题；B.problems 问题；C.mystery 秘密；D.cases案件。s

43、olve cases 为固定短短，意为“破案”。故选 D。3.句意：福尔摩斯首次出现在 1887 年的血字的研究，随后在一系列短篇小说中变得流行。本题考查介词及语境理解。A.among在之中；B.though 连词，尽管；C.through 通过；D.with 和，这里指的是在一系列短篇小说中脱颖而出，故选 A。4.句意：柯南道尔总共写了四部小说和五十六篇有关福尔摩斯的短篇故事。本题考查名词辨析及语境理解。A.plays戏剧；B.films 电影；C.stories 小说；D.poems 诗歌。根据后文 Most of the stories are told by Dr.Watson可知是短

44、篇小说，故选 C。5.句意：大部分的故事都是沃森博士诉说的，他是和福尔摩斯共住在伦敦贝克街 221 b 号的公寓的一个朋友，经常在福尔摩斯寻找线索的时候帮助他。本题考查定语从句的引导词及语境理解。A.which哪一个；B.who谁；C.whom谁；D.he 他。这是一个定语从句，先行词 a friend 指人，who 引导一个定语从句，在从句的作语。故选 B。6.句意：虽然福尔摩斯可能不是第一个虚构的侦探,他可能是历史上最著名的一个。本题考查连词及语境理解。A.As 当时候；B.While 当时候；C.Because 因为；D.Although 虽然。结合句意，可知这是一个让步状语从句，所以用

45、从属连词 although，故选 D。7.句意：福尔摩斯是如此受欢迎，以至于许多人认为他不是一个虚构的侦探，而是一个真实的人。本题考查固定句式和语境理解。so 的用法是 so+adj./adv.+that 从句；such 的是 such+a/an+adj.+n.+that 从句。这是个结果状语从句，故选 C。8.句意：他是众所周知的英国文化偶像。本题考查动词短语辨析及语境理解。A.known for 因为而出名；B.known as 作为而知道；C.famous for 因出名；D.knew as 短语错误。结合语境可知福尔摩斯第 11 页 共 11 页是作为英国文化偶像而出名，故选 B。9.

46、句意：夏洛克福尔摩斯侦探故事对侦探故事写作和大众文化有着重大影响。本题考查名词辨析及语境理解。A.success 成功；B.progress 进步；C.influence 影响；D.value 价值。have a great influence on意为“对有重大影响”，故选C。10.句意：一百多年来，他的故事已经被改编成许多电视连续剧、电影和戏剧。本题考查名词辨析及语境理解。A.advertisements 广告；B.movies 电影；C.drama series电视剧；D.news新闻。与 films、plays 并列的是 drama series，故选 C。二首字母填空 Tina wa

47、s watching news when her father came back home from w_1_.Father asked her if there had b_2_ something important today.Tina said that another murder had been solved by their top detective.Detective Lu.The c_3_ took place between 8:00 p.m.and 10.:p.m that night before.A young couple wanted to get down

48、stairs but found a man lying in the doorway of the lift.They have got quite s_4_.They called the police at once.At the scene,Detective Lu found a g_5_ and a knife.H e wasnt sure whether the victim was m_6_by the gun or the knife.He took them back to check for f_ _7_.The top detective asked the coupl

49、e if they had s een something.But they said they hadnt seen or h_8_anything because they were having a party then.Detective Lu asked the same question to the cook.However,the cook said he had never seen the victim before.After two-days checking Detective Lu found that the cook had told a lie.F_9_,the cook was under a _10_for murder.【答案【答案【答案【答案【答案】workbeencrimescaredgun murderedfingerprintsheardfinallyarrest