美国文学.ppt

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1、American LiteratureAmerican Literature1American LiteratureTeaching Materials:vA Survey of American Literature，美国文学简史美国文学简史（第二版），常耀信，（第二版），常耀信，南开大学出版社。南开大学出版社。2Further Reading:李宜燮，常耀信，李宜燮，常耀信，Selected Readings in American Literature美国文学选读美国文学选读（上册）。（上册）。v李宜燮，常耀信，李宜燮，常耀信，Selected Readings in American

2、Literature美国文学选读美国文学选读（下册）。（下册）。vA Guide to a Survey of American Literature,（第（第二版）学习指南二版）学习指南，赵红英，中国传媒大学出版社。，赵红英，中国传媒大学出版社。v牛津文学术语词典牛津文学术语词典，上海外语教育出版社。，上海外语教育出版社。v漫话英美文学漫话英美文学.常耀信常耀信.天津：南开大学出天津：南开大学出 版社，版社，2004.3Introduction1.What is literature?Writingsthatarevaluedasworksofart,esp.fiction,dramaand

3、poetry.vLanguageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.vLiteratureischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversalityofintellectualandemotionalappeal.2.Forms(genres)of literature?Poetry,novel(fiction),drama,prose,essay,epic,elegy,shortstory,journa

4、lism,sermon,(auto)biography,travelaccounts,novelette,etc.ItcontainsItcontainsfictionfiction&non-fictionnon-fiction.Fiction:(4genres)PoetrynoveldramashortstoryvNon-fiction:Essay(4categories)descriptionnarrationexpositionargumentation4美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义(non-monopoly capitalism)同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化(feu

5、dal aristocratic culture)的束缚。美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性(multi-cultural)。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。5Periodization一、Colonialism殖民时

6、期（about16071765）二、EnlightenmentandtheRevolutionaryWar启蒙时期和独立革命（176518世纪末）三、Romanticism浪漫主义时期（18651918）四、Realism现实主义时期（18651918）五、Modernism现代主义时期（19181945）六、ContemporaryLiterature当代文学（1945）6v殖民地时期v独立革命至南北战争时期v南北战争到第一次世界大战v两次世界大战之间v第二次世界大战后7ColonialismvIndian CulturevPro-immigration culture（CottonMath

7、er、JonathanEdwards）vPoetry creation（迈克尔威格尔斯沃思、安妮布拉兹特里特、爱德华泰勒）8TheRevolutionWarandTheCivilWarvThe forming of national literature托马斯杰弗逊本杰明富兰克林菲利普弗瑞诺vEarly Romanticism欧文库珀布莱恩特vTranscendentalism and Post-Romanticism爱默生梭罗霍桑梅尔维尔朗费罗洛威尔霍姆斯vThe literature of Abolition Movement（斯托夫人）vPoetry（民主诗人惠特曼）美国民族文学形成时期

8、9南北战争到第一次世界大战v现实主义文学现实主义文学豪威尔斯豪威尔斯乡土文学与马克乡土文学与马克吐温吐温心理分析小说家亨利心理分析小说家亨利詹姆斯詹姆斯v黑人文学黑人文学道格拉斯道格拉斯邓巴切斯纳特10两次世界大战之间v现代派文学的兴起现代派文学的兴起诗歌(艾米莉迪金森；庞德；H.D.希尔达杜利特尔；艾洛威尔；威卡威廉斯；桑德堡；沃斯蒂文斯；艾李马斯特斯；玛莫尔)戏剧（奥尼尔）小说（格斯泰因；舍安德森）迷惘的一代（海明威；菲茨杰拉尔德）11两次世界大战之间v现实主义文学的发展现实主义文学的发展小说（德莱塞；辛刘易斯；薇拉凯瑟）“哈莱姆文艺复兴哈莱姆文艺复兴”（休斯；卡伦；理查德赖特）左翼文学与

9、反法西斯文学左翼文学与反法西斯文学（约翰里德；多斯帕索斯；斯坦贝克；海明威；海尔曼）“南方文艺复兴南方文艺复兴”（威廉福克纳）戏剧的戏剧的“黄金时代黄金时代”（奥尼尔）“新批评新批评”（注重对文学作品本身进行精密分析，在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们摆脱了过去仅仅介绍背景知识与发挥个人印象的批评方式。但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义，割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系）12第二次世界大战后v战争文学战争文学（梅勒；詹姆斯琼斯）v“垮掉的一代垮掉的一代”v“黑色幽默黑色幽默”（海勒；冯内古特；阿尔比-荒诞派戏剧）v“非虚构小说非虚构小说”（卡波特的凶杀(1966)与梅勒的刽子手之歌）v

10、犹太人文学犹太人文学（贝洛；辛格；马拉默德；罗斯）v黑人文学黑人文学（拉尔夫艾列森；鲍德温；关德琳布鲁克斯；洛伦亨斯伯利；勒鲁伊琼斯）v南方作家南方作家（福克纳；波特；威尔蒂；斯泰伦；奥康诺；麦柯勒斯；威廉斯）v纽约作家纽约作家（利特里林；玛麦卡锡；约翰契弗；厄普代克）v个性化的诗歌个性化的诗歌（“垮掉派”、“黑山派”、“纽约派”、“具体派”、“自白派”和“新超现实主义派”）v理论与批评理论与批评13按照体裁分类v一、自传v二、诗歌v三、戏剧v四、小说14按流派分类重农派（Agrarians)（20年代）迷惘的一代(TheLostGeneration)(20年代）黑山派诗歌(BlackMoun

11、tainPoems)（50年代）垮掉的一代(TheBeatGeneration)（50年代）黑色幽默(BlackHumor)（60年代）15Table of ContentsTable of ContentsIntroduction Brief Outline of American LiteratureChapter I Colonial PeriodChapter II Revolutionary PeriodBenjamin FranklinPhilip FreneauChapter III American RomanticismWashington IrvingJames Fenim

12、ore CooperWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan PoeNathaniel Hawthorne16Brief Outline of American literatureBrief Outline of American literature1.Colonialperiod(1607-1775)AnneBradstreetEdwardTaylor2.Revolutionaryperiod(1775-1783)BenjaminFranklinPhilipFreneau3.DemocraticPeriod(1783-1802)4.Romanticism(1820

13、-1861)WashingtonIrvingEdgarAllanPoeNathanielHowthorneWilliamWhitman*Transcendentalism*(NewEnglandRenaissance)RalphWaldoEmersonFillipThoreau5.Realism(1861-1914)Mark TwainHenry JamesNaturalism:Stephen CraneTheodore Dreiser6.The 1920sT.S.EliotWilliam FaulknerErnest Hemingway(Lost Generation)Imagism:Ezr

14、a Pound17Brief Outline of American literatureBrief Outline of American literature7.The1930sSteinbeckHarlemRenaissance(BlackAmericanliterature)HughesWrightEllison8.AmericanDramaEugeneONeillArthurMillerTennesseeWilliams9.The Post-war SceneSaul BellowSalingerPoetry:Confessional PoetryBlack Mountain Poe

15、tsSan Francisco RenaissanceThe Beat GenerationThe New York Poets18Colonial Period(1607-1775)Chapter One19ContentsvHistoricalbackgroundvThedefinitionofliterarytermsvTheLiteraryScene20HistoricalbackgroundvThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericaatJamestown,Virginiain1607.vIn1630thepuritansesta

16、blishedtheMassachusettsBayColony.vIndependentWar(1776-1783);thefoundationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublictheUnitedStatesofAmerica.21The early settlersvChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492.vCaptainJohnSmithreachedJamestown,Virginiain1607.vPuritanscametheNewEnglandarea,byMay

17、flowerin1620.vThefirstsettlementwasestablishedinPlymouthin1620.vMassachusettsBayColonywasestablishedin1630.22Puritanism in America Why did Puritans come to America?-toescapereligiouspersecution-toreformtheChurchofEngland-tohaveanentirelynewchurch*Godschosenpeople*ToseekanewGardenofEden*Tobuild“Cityo

18、fGodonearth”23TheDefinitionofLiteraryTermsvColonialAmericavAmericanPuritanismvAmericanDreamvGreatAwakening24ColonialAmericavColumbusfoundthenewworldinavoyageof1492.vTheearly1600switnessedthebeginningofagreattideofemigrationfromEuropetoNorthAmerica.vInNovember9,1620,theMayflowershiplandsatCapeCod,Mas

19、sachusetts,with101colonists:theestablishmentofthefirstAmericancolonyandthebeginningofthestrenuoussettlementinthenewworld.vTheNativeAmericanspossessedatragichistoryofsubjugationandbloodshedbythosestrangersfromabroad.25AmericanPuritanismvPuritanismwasareligiousreformmovementthatarosewithintheChurchofE

20、nglandinthelate16thcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesoftheseventeenthcenturytothenorthernEnglishcoloniesintheNewWorldamigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectualandsocialorderofNewEngland.26 PuritanismvPuritanismisahighlystrictreligiousdoct

21、rine.ThePuritansweredeterminedtofindaplaceonthenewcontinentwheretheycouldworshipGodinthewaytheythoughttrueChristiansshould.vPuritanismalsohasitspracticalaspect.ThePuritanshadtoworkhardinordertomakealivingandbereadyforanymisfortunesandtragicfailuresthatmightlieinwaitforthem.27 Puritanism:American Pur

22、itanslPuritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants（新教徒）withintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformation（英国宗教改革）hadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.lTheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence.lInthe17thcen

23、turymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.28 Puritanism:American PuritansvPuritanswanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.vPuritanswishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.vPuritanslookuponthemselvesasachose

24、npeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGodswillandisnottobeaccepted.vPuritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.vReligiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.29Puritanism:American PuritansvPuritansfollowtheideasofJohnCalvin.Purita

25、nismwasinfluencedheavilybyCalvinism.vCalvinismreferstoacomprehensivetheologicalsystem,chieflydistinguishedbyitsviewofGodandHisrelationshiptoman.ThenameofthesystemisderivedbyJohnCalvinssurname.Thereare5majorpointsofCalvinism.Theyareberememberedbytheacronym:TULIP.30TULIPvTotalhereditary/depravity(orig

26、inalsin,mansnaturalinabilitytoexercisefreewill,sincethroughAdamsFall,hehassufferedhereditarycorruption.)vUnconditionalelection.(predestination,whichmanifestsitselfthroughGodswisdomtoelectthosetobesaved,despitetheirinabilitytoperformsavingwork.)vLimitedatonement.(particularredemption,manshereditaryco

27、rruptionbeingpartiallyatonedbyChrist,andthisatonementbeingprovidedtheelectthroughtheHolySpirit,givingthemthepowertoattempttoobeyGodswillasrevealedthroughBible)vIrresistiblegrace.(effectualcalling,anticipatorygracemadeavailableonlytotheelect.)vPerseveranceoftheSaints(oncesaved,alwayssaved)31Featureso

28、fPuritanism1)Predestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.2)Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3)Totaldepravity:HumanitysuttercorruptionsincetheFall.4)Limitedatonement:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.32InfluenceofPuritanismInfluenc

29、e-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.33InfluenceofPuritanism1）Agroupofgoodqualitieshardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(serio

30、usandthoughtful)influencedAmericanliterature.2)Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.AllliteratureisbasedonamythgardenofEden.Americanliterature,inasense,wasaliteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismofthePuritanrequest.Namely,Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,themythofGardenofEden.(optimism/AmericanDream)3)Symb

31、olism:ThePuritansmetaphoricalmodeofperceptionbroughtAmericanliterarysymbolismintobeing,aliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.4)Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.ThePuritans

32、tyleofwritingwascharacterizedbysimplicity.(Theuseofmetaphorswasonlytoexplainthewritersopinionsratherthantodecorate.)34Puritanism:Puritan values/CreedslhardworklthriftlpietylsobrietylPuritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.Theyareoptimistic.35AmericanDreamThe

33、AmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericanthatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemp

34、hasisonmaterialwealthasameasureofsuccessand/orhappiness.36GreatAwakeningGreatAwakeningisaseriesofreligiousrevivalthatsweptovertheAmericancoloniesaboutthemiddleofthe18thcentury.Itresultedindoctrinalchangeandinfluencedsocialandpoliticalthought.InNewEnglanditwasstartedin1734bytherousingpreachingofJonat

35、hanEdwards.37Types of writing:histories,travel accounts,diaries,biographies,letters,autobiographies,sermons,and poems.Major writers:vJohn Smiththe first American writervAnne Bradstreetthe first important poet in the American colonies.Her work The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America(1650)is consid

36、ered as the first book of original poetry written in colonial America.vEdward Taylorfinest poet of the colonial period.38AuthorsandTheirWorksvPuritanism:WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,EdwardTaylor,JonathanEdwards.vAntiPuritanism:RogerWilliams,JohnWoolman,ThomasPaine,PhilipFreneau39Major Writers Capt

37、ain John Smith（约翰（约翰史密斯）史密斯）u the first American writeru A Description of New England新英格兰叙事(1616)u General History of Virginia弗吉尼亚通史（1642）vPocahontas40WilliamBradford(1590-1657)vOneofthegreatestofcolonialAmerican,whollyconsecratedtoamissioninwhichheregardedhimselfasaninstrumentofGod.vAttheageof18,he

38、accompaniedthegrouptoHollandtoescapepersecution.v13yearslaterhewasoneofthosewho,onDecember11,tookontheMayflowerandenteredPlymouthBay.vFrom1622untilhisdeath,Bradfordwasreelectedthirtytimedasgovernor.vMasterpiece:Of Plymouth Plantation41 Of Plymouth PlantationvAstoryoftheseearlyAmericanandtheirlonggeo

39、graphicalandspiritualpilgrimage.vThroughthestory,wesharethestruggle,thefears,andthevictoriesovertheelements.vBradfordseesthesignseverywhereandalwayskeepssightofsignsofGodsjudgmentandprovidence.vBradfordwritesinthePuritanPlainstyle,seldomusinganymetaphorordecorativelanguage.42Three major poets in col

40、onial period:Three major poets in colonial period:1.AnneBradstreet2.MichaelWigglesworth3.EdwardTaylor 43 Anne Bradstreet(安妮安妮布拉布拉德斯特里特德斯特里特)(1612-1672)uthefirstAmericanwomanpoetu uaPuritanpoet,oncecalled“TenthMuse”umostfamouspoems“Contemplations”沉思录44 Anne Bradstreet(1612-1672)Anne Bradstreet(1612-1

41、672)the first noted poetess in colonial periodthe first noted poetess in colonial period1.Anne Bradstreets Works“Some verses on the Burning of Our House”“The Spirit and the Flesh”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America2.Anne Bradstreets Life*She was born and educated in England.*At the age of 18,

42、she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband.*She had 8 children.*She became known as the“Tenth Muse”who appeared in America.the first collection the first collection published by published by English colonists English colonists living in Americaliving in America45The Tenth Muse Lately Sp

43、rung Up in AmericavPublishedinEnglandin1650asherfirstbook.vBradstreetsfinestpoemsarethoseclosesttoherpersonalexperienceasaPuritanwifeandmotherlivingintheedgeofthewildness.vShefoundsimilaritiesbetweenthedomesticdetailsofdailylifeandthespiritualdetailsofherreligiouslife.vInconclusion,AnneBradstreetwas

44、notaninnovativepoet,butherdirectnessandhersincerityaremoving.462.Michael Wigglesworth(1631-1705)2.Michael Wigglesworth(1631-1705)the most popular poet in American Colonial Periodthe most popular poet in American Colonial PeriodWork:“TheDayofDoom”(1662)3.Edward Taylor(1642?-1729)3.Edward Taylor(1642?

45、-1729)the finest poet in colonial period/the finest poet in colonial period/The greatest poet in American Colonial PeriodThe greatest poet in American Colonial PeriodWork:Preparatory Meditation47Features of Colonial PoetsFeatures of Colonial Poets1.TheywereservantsofGod.2.Theyfaithfullyimitatedandtr

46、ansplantedEnglishliterarytraditions.In English stylePuritan poets48Main Features of Colonial LiteraturevAmericanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.vIncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpans

47、ionorboth.vInform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.vThePuritanismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.49Chapter TwoRevolutionary Period (1775-1783)The Literature of Reason and Revolution(

48、1700-1800)“The Age of Reason”“American Enlightenment”50Literature of Reason and Revolution(1700-1800)I.Background-TheEnlightenmentMovement-TheWarofIndependence(1775-1783)II.Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin FranklinA.JonathanEdwards“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”B.BenjaminFranklinsThe Autobiography of B

49、enjamin Franklin(pp.21-28)III.Features of Literature51Literature of Reason and Revolution(1700-1800)I.Background The Enlightenment MovementA.IntroductionB.Three Enlightenment thinkers1.JohnLocke(1642-1704)2.ThomasHobbes(1588-1679)3.JeanJacquesRousseau(1712-1778)C.The two basic patterns of thoughtdom

50、inatingthe18thcenturyAmericanthinking1.Deism2.CalvinistbeliefsandtenetsD.Influence on literature52The Enlightenment MovementA.IntroductionvOriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcenturyvResources:Newtonstheory;deism（自然神教派，见课本，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）;Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)vBasic principles:stressingeducation