高中英语构词法(课堂PPT).ppt

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1、Classify:pathway freedom darkest place unfair lock everyday riverside nurse disagree 合成词合成词(有两个或更多的词合成一个词有两个或更多的词合成一个词):转化词转化词(将一种词性转化成另一种词性将一种词性转化成另一种词性):派生词派生词(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词):everyday pathway riversideunfair darkest disagree freedomlock place nurse 1构词法构词法：合成(Compounding)派生法（D

2、erivation）【前缀/后缀】转化法（Conversion）【词性转换】2合成词合成词 Compoundpain-killer3color-blind4sleep-walksleep-walker51.合成名词合成名词 (1)n+n air conditioner blood pressure income tax credit card (2)adj+n central bank fast food空调空调 血压血压所得税所得税 信用卡信用卡中央银行中央银行 快餐快餐6 solar system remote control (3)v-ing+另一词另一词 washing machine

3、 driving license (4)其他方式其他方式 by-product editor-in-chief太阳系太阳系 遥控遥控洗衣机洗衣机驾驶执照驾驶执照副产品副产品主编主编72.合成形容词合成形容词 (1)过去分词或带过去分词或带ed词尾的词构成。词尾的词构成。absent-minded grey-haired (2)动词的动词的ing 或另一词构成或另一词构成 long-suffering far-reaching心不在焉的心不在焉的头发灰白的头发灰白的长期受苦的长期受苦的深远的深远的(影响影响)83.合成动词及合成副词合成动词及合成副词 overeat baby-sit empty

4、-handed 吃得太多吃得太多看孩子看孩子 一无所获的一无所获的9加前缀：加前缀：happy-happy-_happyhappy 加后缀：加后缀：develop-develop-developdevelop_既加前缀又加后缀：既加前缀又加后缀：employ-employ-_employemploy_unmentunment派生词派生词（derivation）10派生法（派生法（DerivationDerivation）-词缀词缀法法1.1.前缀前缀:Pre-（前）（前）Pre-reading,preview,prepayRe-(重新)Rewrite,reconsider,reusedis-（

5、不）（不）disagree,dislike,disappearin/im-（不）（不）incorrect,impossiblemis（错误或失当）（错误或失当）super-（超级）（超级）mini-（微小）（微小）misunderstand,misleadsupermarket,supermanminiskirt,minibus11foretell,forecastpost(之后)postwar,post-readingfore-(前，预先前，预先)semicircle,semi-finalsemi-(半，部分半，部分)antiwar,anti-Japanese waranti-(阻止，抗阻止

6、，抗)underground,under-developunder-（在（在下，下，在在中）中）122.常见的后缀常见的后缀1).名词后缀名词后缀：-er -or -tion -ment -ity -ist -hood -ion请将以下单词和上列相应的后缀相连，组成新词：请将以下单词和上列相应的后缀相连，组成新词：work,educate,develop,visit,satisfy,teach,sail,ability,piano,art,child,act,brother,solute,conclude,move,possible13-er-or-tion-ment-ity-ist-hood

7、-ionteacher,workervisitor,sailor education,satisfactiondevelopment,movementability,possibility pianist,artist childhood,brotherhood action,solution,conclusion如如：14-ous-ful-able,-ible-ant,-ent-arydangerous,humoroushelpful,carefulcomfortable,responsible important,excellent military,voluntary2）.形容词后缀：形

8、容词后缀：3）.副词性的词缀：副词性的词缀：-ly-wardsquickly,softly,yearlybackwards,forwards15转化法转化法（Conversion）tasten.味道v.尝起来It has a good taste.It tastes very good.record n.记录记录v.记录记录Liu Xiang Broke the 100mHurdles World Record.He lies to record something while reading a book.16correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdepe

9、nddependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilitywrongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunderstandundergraduategraduategraduationn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Building17correctn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义

10、Words Building18correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilityexpressioneducationwrongmistakenmistakeunderstandundergroundundergraduategraduategraduationunderwaysubwaysubtitlealwayssidewaysn教育教育 表达表达O独立的独立的rootadj残疾的残疾的n不可能的不可能的OnSSn误解误解root大学生大学

11、生rootn地下的地下的地下通道地下通道地铁地铁副标题副标题总是总是misunderstand19 缩写和简写缩写和简写:缩写和简写缩写和简写(也被称为截断法或缩也被称为截断法或缩短法短法)主要采取主要采取:“:“截头截头”,”,“去尾去尾”或者或者“既截头又去尾既截头又去尾”的方法生的方法生成新词成新词.telephone-phone airplaneplanelaboratory-lab mathematics-math advertisementad examination-exam 20另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成.CD(comp

12、act disk)CCTV(China Central Television)NBA(National Basketball Association)UFO(unidentified flying object)UN(United Nations)ID(identification)USA(United States of America)211.He was one of the best _ in yesterdays football match.(play)2.Look!How _ Kate is laughing!(happy)3.It snowed _ last night and

13、 now the streets are covered with snow.(heavy)4.Edison was a great _.During his life he had many _.(invent)players happily heavily inventor inventions 构词法精练构词法精练 Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks.22按括号内的要求改写下列单词按括号内的要求改写下列单词:rain(形容词形容词)_ agree(反义反义)_ nation(形容词形容词)_ farm(人

14、人)_ recent(副词副词)_ friend(形容词形容词)_ hope(形容词形容词)_ back(形容词形容词)_ visit(名词名词)_ home(形容词形容词)_ eight(序数词序数词)_ true(名词名词)_ America(形容词形容词)_ China(形容词形容词)_rainynationalrecentlyhopefulvisitoreighthAmericandisagreefarmerfriendlybackwardshomelesstruthChinese235.More and more _ have come to visit China over the

15、se years.（foreign）6.We want _ reasons for your failure to help.(satisfy)7.Please give me some reference work.It will _ my task.(simple)8.The boy had the _ of being half starved.(appear)9.The police have _ a plot against the President.(cover)10.The doctor said that Marys mother needed an _.(operate)f

16、oreigners satisfactory simplify appearance uncovered operation 2411.She hoped that her son would become a _.(music)12.Few _ words made us excited.(speak)13.The days on the moon get hotter than _ water.(boil)14.Thank you for your _.(kind)15.Many college students work while they are studying because t

17、hey want to make some money for their college _.(expensive)16.Most international _ letters are written in English,too.(busy)musician spoken boiling kindness expenses business 2517.The boy noticed an _ mistake on his paper,but he decided not to say anything about it.(correct)18.When in Rome,do as the

18、 _ do.(Rome)19.The teacher was pleased with her _.(honest)20.The mother didnt know why her daughter was crying _.(noise)uncorrected Romans honesty noisily 2627Fill in the blanks with proper words With the(1)_(develop)of industry,air pollution is With the(1)_(develop)of industry,air pollution is gett

19、ing more(2)_ more serious.In Beijing,many people getting more(2)_ more serious.In Beijing,many people suffer different kinds of illnesses because(3)_ air pollution.suffer different kinds of illnesses because(3)_ air pollution.Air pollution is caused(4)_ the following reasons:about half Air pollution

20、 is caused(4)_ the following reasons:about half of the problem is caused by vehicles.There are more and more cars,of the problem is caused by vehicles.There are more and more cars,buses on the roads,and they give(5)_ poisonous gases.25%of buses on the roads,and they give(5)_ poisonous gases.25%of ai

21、r pollution is caused by factories.Another(6)_(fact)is the air pollution is caused by factories.Another(6)_(fact)is the smokers.Smoking not only does(7)_ to their health(8)_ smokers.Smoking not only does(7)_ to their health(8)_ also to others.Besides these,about 10%of air(9)_ is caused also to other

22、s.Besides these,about 10%of air(9)_ is caused by other reasons.by other reasons.We should take some measures to fight(10)_ pollution.We should take some measures to fight(10)_ pollution.New fuel can be used to replace gas.We can plant more trees.If New fuel can be used to replace gas.We can plant mo

23、re trees.If everybody realizes the importance of environment and does everybody realizes the importance of environment and does something to stop the problem will be solved.something to stop the problem will be solved.developmentandofbyoutfactorharmbutpollutionagainst28附：类比构词（Word-Formation by Analo

24、gy）类比构词是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式。构词特点是，以某个同类词为模式，在语义上进行联想类比，替换其中某个词素，构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。例如：work-aholic（工作迷）系仿alcoholic（嗜酒者）而造seajack（海上劫持）和skyjack（空中劫持）则是类比hijack（拦路抢劫）hijacker（强盗）而成，故都属类比词。从原形词与类比词的联系来看，英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类：29一一.数字、色彩类比数字、色彩类比 数字类比，数字类比，例如，美国总统夫人在英语中称First Lady（第一夫人），通过该词美国人又联想类比出 Fist Family（第一家庭）

25、。First Mother（第一母亲）等词。就连总统的爱犬也身价倍增，获得了First Dog（第一狗）的殊荣，可谓一人得道，鸡犬升天。色彩类比色彩类比，例如，Black Power（黑人权力）最初是美 国黑人在争取自身权力斗争中提出的政治口号，后为美国其他少数种族所借用。为了反歧视争平等。印第安人提出了Red Power，美籍墨西哥人也提出了 BrownPower。另外，老年人为维护自身权益则提出Gray Power.美国英语中还因美元为绿色钞票而类比出green power一词，借指“金钱的力量”。green power虽与上述种 种Power风马牛不相及，但同属色彩类比，甚是有趣，亦含幽

26、默。再看一例，较早出现的blue-collar（蓝领阶层的）和white-collar（白领阶层的）分别指“体力工作者的”和“脑力工作者的”，稍后产生的pink-collar（粉领阶层的）和gray-collar（灰领阶层的），则分别指“典型女性职业工作者的”和“维修保养行业工作 者的”。近年来，又有两个新的英语类比词问世，即gold-collar（金领阶层的）和bright-collar（亮领阶层的），分别表示“高级专业人士的”和“电脑及通讯专业人士的”。30二二.反义、对义类比反义、对义类比 这方面英语类比词数目不少，俯拾可得。例如，nightmare（梦魇daymare（昼魇），brai

27、n-drain（人 材流失）brain-gain（人材流入），flashback（倒叙）flash-forward（超前叙述），high-tech（高技 术的）low-tech（低技术的），等等。在这方面，有些类比词来得有趣，仿造奇特。例如man Friday源于小说鲁滨逊飘流记，指主人公于星期五救出的一个土人，后成其忠仆，故名。该词进入英语词汇后泛指“忠实的仆人”或“得力的助手”。后来 出现的girl Friday一词系仿此而造，专指“忠实的女仆”或“得力的女助手”。又如，boycott（联合抵制）一词的来历可追溯到19世纪末。当年在爱尔兰的梅奥郡有个地主名叫 Charles Cunnigh

28、amBoycott，他压榨佃农，灾年拒不减租，结果激起公愤。全郡居民联合行动，拒绝与他往来，迫使他逃离本地。此事成了报刊上的 头号新闻，Boycott姓氏不胫而走，成为“联合抵制”的代用语，并为法语、德语、西班牙语等欧洲语言所借用。最为有趣的是，人们将本为姓氏的boycott中的“boy”视为与girl相对应的boy（男子）一词，故意加以 错误类比，仿造出girlcott一词，用作“妇女界联合抵制”之意。31三三.近似情形类比近似情形类比 在英语类比词中，这部分词为数最多。例如，Olympiad（奥运会）Asiad（亚运会），baby-sit（临时 代人照看孩子）house-sit（临时代人照

29、看房子），escalator（自动扶手电梯）travolator（设在机场等处的自动人行道），chain-smoke（一支接一支地抽烟）chain-drink（一杯接一杯地喝酒或饮料），human rights（人权）animal rights（动物权），hunger strike（绝食罢工或抗议）sleep strike（绝眠罢工或抗议），boat people（乘船出逃的难民）land people（陆路出逃的难民），等等。再如，hamburger（汉堡包）这个词的类比也很有趣，它用作食物名本源于地名，但人们有意进行错误类比，将该词中的“ham”理解为“火腿”，并据此仿造出一系列新词，用以指称类似汉堡包，夹有各种馅子的食品，如 fishburger，cheeseburger，nutburger，beefburger，soyburger等。在现代英语中，类比构词一直很活跃。由于它合乎人们思维习惯，操作简便，故在百姓口语、报刊文章里 均有运用，加之构词范围广，因而新词语不断涌现，层出不穷。32