高考英语一轮复习考点02名词考点归纳.docx

《高考英语一轮复习考点02名词考点归纳.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高考英语一轮复习考点02名词考点归纳.docx（24页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、考点02名词高考频度：【命题解读】名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考题我们不难看出，名词部分 主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数），尤其具体语境中名词的数、 名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词的构词法，名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。 在高考试题中，名词常结合其它项目一起考查，考查题型以短文改错、完形填空、语法填空为主。【命题预测】预计2021年的高考名词在语法填空中考查以词类变化为主；在短文改错中主要考查名词的可数与不可数或 者名词的所有格；在完形填空中考查名词的辨析为主。【复习建议】在学习过程中，要掌握常

2、用名词的基本用法，注意一词多义和旧词新义。另外要多归纳总结，做题时要结 合语境。考向一可数名词的复数规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加一sstudents, teachers, doc tors, tables以s, x, ch, sh结尾加一es （如果词尾-ch发 音为/k/ ,要+s,如 stomachs）glasses, dishes, boxes, watches以辅音字母+ y结尾变y为i再加一esfamilies, babies, armies, bodies以元音字母+y结尾加一sboys, toys, pianos, photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v,再加-esthi

3、eves, wives, knives, shelves, lives少数加一sbeliefs, proofs, roofs, chiefs以。结尾通常加一sradios, videos, zoos, tobaccos有的加一esheroes, potatoes, tomatoes注意:以一o结尾的下列名词要加一es,它们是“黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoesosoil表示“ 土壤、土地”，指可以生长植物且富有有机物的沃土，宜于农耕。When the plants are in the ground, I 1

4、1 put some powder on the soil.当植物种到地里时，我将给 地里撒些粉剂。He studied how to improve soil conditions.他研究如何改善土壤环境。earth表示“地、地球、泥土 ”，着重指“大地“，以别于天空。作“泥土 “解时，常用于以别于坚硬的岩 石。Later, in a few weeks? time I 11 put the little plants in the earth.几星期后，我将把小植物 埋在泥土里。5. practice; exercise; training; drillpractice; exercise

5、; training; drill 都表示练习、训练”的意思。training表示”训练、培养、教练、锻炼”的意思。一般指对于身体的锻炼、对动物的训练、对士兵的训 练等。These football players had no strict training until they joined our club.这些足球队员直至力口入 我们俱乐部才受到严格的训练。The athlete is in training.这个运动员锻炼得好。The home training of children is the first class social problem.儿童的家庭教育是社会的头等问

6、题。exercise主要指为提高技巧或业务水平而规定的”练习或体格锻炼”。The book contains a series of graded exercises adapted to the use of beginners. 书中有系歹! 按难易排列的练习适于初学者应用。You need more outdoor exercise.你需要多进行户外运动。practice主要指正规的、有条理的、不断反复的“练习”或把理论道理贯彻在行动中的”实践More practice will make you speak with greater fluency.多练习会使你口语更流利。The in

7、tegration of theory and practice is one of the basic points of Marxism. 理论和实践的统 一是马克思主义的基本论点之一。drill表示操练、训练”的意思。一般指严格的训练或反反复复练习或军事上的练兵。Let s do some pattern drills.咱们做些句型练习吧。The soldiers were at drill in the barrack yard. 士兵们在营场上操练。6.sign; signal; mark; symbolsign表示”符号、记号、招牌”等意思。是最普通的用语，指一个具有公认意义的、简

8、单的、随意制定的 代表物。Letters are signs used to represent sounds.字母是用来代表声音的符号。You 11 see the sign for the rest rooms.你将看到休息室的指示牌。signal表示”暗号、信号”的意思。有时是有意的;有时是无意的。有意的，如强风讯号、求救信号等。There the electrical signal is changed back into sound.在a0L电信号又变成声音。mark表示”痕迹、记号、商标、特征、分数”的意思。指印在物品上的记号，可用在好坏两个方面。作动 词时，表示”标明、作记号”的

9、意思。He got full marks in his maths test.他在数学测试中得了满分。Each stone was marked with a number.每个石头上都标明号码。symbol表示“象征”的意思，特别强调故意用来包含某一特定意义的东西，或故意构成的传达某一特定意 义的事物。a good luck symbol好运气的象征The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a symbol of courage and power. 狮子被 看作百兽之王，是因为它是勇气与权利的象征。1. （2018 天津卷

10、单项填空）Thethat there is life on other planets in the universehas always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. adviceB. orderC. possibilityD. invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们 去探索外部空间。A. advice建议;B. order命令;C.possibility可能性;D. invitation邀请。故选C。2. The school advis

11、ers help you talk through your problems but they don, t give you any direc t.A. solutionB. targetC. measureD. function【答案】A【解析】句意：学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题，但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。本题考查名 词辨析。solution解决问题的办法；target目标，靶子；measure措施；function功能，作用。根据句意 可知选A。3. （2017 年新课标 I 卷完形填空）Before the school year 47 （ended） , I gave

12、 the kids a special48. , T-shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your 49 on them. I had advised the kids thatwhile verbs （动词）may seem dull , most of the 50 （fun） things they do.49. A.lessonB. giftC. reportD. message50. A. FriendsB. AwardsC. MastersD. Tasks48 .【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析，课，教训，礼物，C. report报告，信息，根据后文可知

13、作者送给Freddy一件 衬衫，即一个特殊的礼物，故选B。49 .【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A. Friends朋友，奖，C. Masters主人，任务。衬衫上写着“动词是你的朋友”， 故选Ao4.（2017 年北京卷完形填空）In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities, shehas received a lot of 51 . For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the 52 of young people to chang

14、e the world*.51. A. praisesB. invitationsC. repliesD. appointments52. A. needsB. interestsC. dreams D. efforts51 .【答案】A【解析】考查名词。A. praises赞美B.invitations邀请C.replies回复D.appointments约会。她收 到了很多的赞美。因为下文有这方面的举例，给她颁奖，故答案为A。52 .【答案】D【解析】考查名词。A. needs 需要 B. interests 兴趣C.dreams梦想D.efforts努力。此处是 指这个奖项是为了认可年轻

15、人改变这个世界所作出的努力，根据句意可知选Do5 The accident caused some to my car, but it s nothing serious.A. harmB. injuryC. ruinD. damage【答案】D【解析】考查名词。damage指使用价值遭到损坏，这种损坏是部分性的，不是完全，根据语境 it is nothing serious ”所以选D。harm指肉体上或精神上的伤害。injury指人在事故中受伤。ruin多用于借喻之中， 经常指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。题组一(真题在线)1. 2020 新课标 III 卷语法填空】Filled wit

16、h 64(curious), the artist packed his bags and left.2. 2020 新课标 I 卷语法填空】The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (interesting) toscientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山)，more so 65 the familiar near side.3. 2020 新课标 H 卷语法填空】Chinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end of the

17、winter season and the beginning of spring.4. His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his as one of Americas greatest writers.A. trustB. contactC. reputation D. theory5. (2019 全国卷 HI) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us kn

18、ow of an interesting (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.6. (2019 江苏)Nowadays the for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A. priorityB. potentialC. proportionD. pension7. (2019 天津)We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) on our lives in

19、many ways.A. statementB.impactC. impressionD.judgment8. (2018高考全国卷I) A mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deathsfrom all (cause).9. (2018 高考浙江卷)Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.10. (2018 高考全国 III 卷)1 m a (science) who studies a

20、nimals such as apes and monkeys.题组二1. We would much appreciate (guide) from an expert in this field.2. They often give(perform) in pubs at weekends.3. Tom was doing his homework and the boys who were playing outside his house added(anxious)to him .4. We all have an (expect) that he can pass the driv

21、ing test next week.5. We had no(hesitate) in helping the sufferers when the terrible earthquake hit the country.6. The (arrive) of the plane has been delayed due to the fog.7. In many ways my (disable) has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent.8. Compared to the advanta

22、ges of the Internet, those of the television alone will not be enough to ensure its (survive), and many people think the latter will be replaced.9. Youd better take into account your own (strong) and weaknesses before choosing a major.10. The little boy was curious about everything around him, and h

23、is parents always satisfied his (curious).11. I like discovering the(different) between different cultures.12. The headmaster didn t seem to be aware that there should have been so much (disagree) about the decision.13. Sorry, I can，t read the (express) on her face.14. Reaching this agreement so qui

24、ckly was a great (achieve).15. The villagers here all respect him for his (devote)to the health care.16. They were not in the least worried about the (possible) that sweets could rot the teeth.17. The girl kept working hard and gained (admit) to the world-famous university.18. Anyhow they didn t tru

25、st me, so they didn t deserve a(an) (explain).19. I explained that each person has different ideas of what (free) is.20. The village where he was born has changed beyond(介词/超出) (recognize).21. There has been no (respond) to his remarks from the government.23. Different persons have different ( belie

26、ve).24. My parents are in a huge (argue), and I am really upset about it.25. We have our furniture moved to the new house when the (decorate) of the house is finished.26. Not only food and clothing but also medical(treat) has been provided for the people who need it in the flooded areas.27. I regard

27、(creative) both as a gift and as a skill.28. He lost the (elect) by one vote.29. Nowadays, concerts held in sports stadium are common, and it seems that every few (year) there is a new boy band trying to bring back the magic of the Beatles.30. Visitors were struck by the natural scenery here, which

28、was beautiful beyond. (describe)题组三名词专项综合训练Chinese animated film Ne Zha has proved to be a big _1(win) in this summers boxoffice. Undoubtedly a dark horse, this film is likely to lift up the Chinese film industry, which has experienced a slowdown in the past several_2 (month). Loosely based on the M

29、ingDynasty novel Fengshen Yanyi, the film is about a mythological figure, Ne Zha,who fightsagainst unfair destiny. Born with all kinds of unique 3( power), Ne Zha finds himself asan4(outside) hated and feared by local villagers. And the young boy must choose goodand evil (牙R恶)in order to break away

30、from the fate and become one of 5( hero). Themovie has been greeted with favorable6( review) since it hit theaters, scoring 8. 7out of 10 on Chinas leading film rating platform Douban. Ne Zha is a top-quality Chinese home-grown 7(animate) of recent years, thanks to its mature screenwriting, amazingv

31、isual effect as well as a unique style of8 (entertain),，/ said a movie critic. It isalso said that the9( succeed) of Ne Zha. shows animated films inspired by Chinesemythology are a new trend. According to the10(distribute) of Ne Zha, the film will haveEnglish subtitles for overseas markets.题组一（真题在线）

32、1 . 64. curiosity此考查名词。处介词with的宾语应该由名词充当，故用名词形式curiosity。2 .【答案】64. interest 65. than【解析】 64. interest 此处考查(be) of interest,该短语相当于(be) interesting, of particularinterest 相当于 particularly interesting, 形容词 particular 应修饰名词 interest。65. than此处考查连词的使用。根据上下文可知，本句是对the far side of the moon以及the familiar n

33、ear side进行比较，故应用连词than； more so than意为“比更加”，so替代前文deep craters”。3 . 61. celebration考查名词。根据空白处之前的a和后面的非谓语动词marking,可知此 处应填名词 celebrationo4 .【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作 家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. contact联系；C. reputation声誉；D. theory理论。根据句意，尤 其是greatest writers可知此处用reputation 声誉”符合语境，故

34、选C项。5 .【答案】competition【解析】考查词性转换。句意：当他们下班后，他们邀请我们参加当地的活动，他们告诉我们一个有趣的 比赛可以观看，以及背后的故事。由空格前的interesting形容词，修饰名词。故填competition.6 .【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority优先； 优先权；B. potential潜在的,可能的;C. proportion比例,占比;D. pension退休金,抚恤金。 故选Ao7 .【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生

35、了强烈的影 响。statement “陈述说明；impact ”强烈的影响,冲击力”；impression 印象，感想”； judgement ”判断力判断”。故选B。8 .【答案】causes【解析】考查可数名词复数的变化。句意：每天跑步只需5到10分钟，就能降低患心脏病的风险和因各种 原因导致的的早期死亡。cause是一个可数名词，表示“原因”，由空格前的all可知，此处应该用复数形 式，故填causes.9 .【答案】 dishes【解析】考查词性转换。根据修饰词Chinese可知用可数名词的复数dishes,表示中国菜。10 .【答案】scientist【解析】考查词性转换。句意:我是

36、研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家。设空处作表语，说明主语的身份;根据提示词 science 可知填 scientist.题组二1 .【答案】guidance【解析】考查名词。句意：我们非常感谢该领域专家的指导。根据句意可知，空处需用名词作appreciate 的宾语；guide的名词形式是guidance。故填guidance.2 .【答案】performances【解析】考查名词复数。句意：他们经常在周末去酒吧表演。performance,名词，表演。give是及物动词， 后面加名词或者代词。根据They often可知，用复数，故填performances.3 .【答案】anxiety【解析】考

37、查名词。句意：汤姆正在做家庭作业，在他家外面玩的孩子们给他增添了焦虑。anxiety焦虑; 令人焦虑的事，anxiety作“令人着急、焦虑的事”解，是可数名词，引申可表示为某事焦虑，常译成“渴 望，热望，焦虑”，是不可数名词。故填anxiety.4 .【答案】expectation【解析】考查名词。句意：我们都期待着他下周能通过驾照考试。本空要使用名词做宾语，名词 expectation “期盼”是可数名词，根据an可知，使用单数形式，故填expectation.5 .【答案】hesitation【解析】考查名词和固定搭配。句意：当可怕的地震袭击这个国家时，我们毫不犹豫地帮助灾民。have n

38、o hesitation in doing sth.毫不犹豫地做某事,固定搭配。故填hesitation.6 .【答案】arrival【解析】考查名词。此处用名词作主语，arrival名词，到达。故填arrival.7 .【答案】disability【解析】考查名词。句意：在许多方面，我的残疾帮助我在心理上变得更强大，变得更独立。形容词性物 主代词后跟名词形式，disable的名词形式是disability,根据has可知，此处使用其单数形式，故填 disability.8【解析】考查名词。句意：与互联网的优势相比，光靠电视的优势不足以保证其生存，很多人认为后者 将被取代。its是形容词性物主

39、代词,修饰名词，survive是动词，其名词是survival,意为：幸存,生存。 故填 survival.9 .【答案】strengths【解析】考查名词复数。句意：在选择专业之前，你最好考虑一下你自己的优点和缺点。your是形容词性 物主代词，后面要接名词；strength力量，优势，可数名词，根据后面的and weaknesses可知，此处应用 相应的名词复数形式。故填strengths.10 .【答案】curiosity【解析】句意：这个小男孩对他周围的一切事物都很好奇，他的父母总是满足他的好奇心。his为形容词性 物主代词，后面需接名词，curiosity好奇心，不可数名词。故填cu

40、riosity.11 .【答案】difference【解析】考查名词。句意：我喜欢发现不同文化之间的差异。根据the可知，此处用名词做宾语，difference 差异，故填difference.12 .【答案】disagreement【解析】考查不可数名词。much修饰不可数名词，disagree不同意，反对，动词原形。disagreement不同 意，反对，不可数名词。故填disagreement.13 .【答案】 expression【解析】考查名词。结合句意”对不起，我无法理解她脸上的表情。分析句子结构可知，空处需用名词作 宾语；express的名词是expression “表情”，此处

41、表示特指她脸上的表情需用单数。故填expression. 14.【答案】achievement【解析】考查名词。句意：如此迅速地达成这项协议是一项了不起的成就。great 了不起的，形容词，后需 接名词；achieve的名词是achievement,成就，可数名词，由空前不定冠词a可知，空处名词用单数形式。 故填 achievement.15 .【答案】devotion【解析】考查名词的单复数。句意：这里的村民都尊敬他对医疗保健的献身精神。devotion译为奉献，忠 诚，是不可数名词；his后应接名词形式，故填devotion.16 .【答案】possibility【解析】考查名词。句意：他

42、们一点也不担心糖果有可能会腐蚀牙齿。由空前的the可知，设空处应用提 示词的名词形式，作were worried about的宾语。possibility ”可能性，可能发生的事物”，故填 possibility.17 .【答案】admission【解析】句意：这个女孩继续努力学习，考上了那所世界著名的大学。由后文the world-famous university 可知，此处应是“上大学”，admission to允许进入，固定短语。结合句意，故填admission.18 .【答案】explanation【解析】考查名词的单复数。句意：不管怎样他们都不信任我，所以他们不值得解释。a(an)

43、后加名词单 数形式，故填explanation.19 .【答案】freedom【解析】句意：我解释说，每个人对自由有不同的理解。free形容词，自由的，其名词形式是freedom (自 由)。结合句意可知，本空应该是名词形式。故填freedom.20 .【答案】recognition【解析】考查不可数名词。beyond是介词，后接名词作宾语，recognize认出，是动词，其名词形式是 recognition, beyond recognition 无法辨认， 故填 recognition.21 .【答案】response【解析】句意：政府没有对他的言论作出回应。have no respons

44、e to. .对没有回应，固定短语，故填 response.22 .【答案】 requirements【解析】考查名词。句意：这个节目的变化可以根据你的要求安排。requirement ”要求，需要”，可数名 词；由空前的your可知，设空处应用提示词的名词形式。此处应用其复数形式表示一类事物。故填 requirements.23 .【答案】beliefs【解析】考查可数名词的复数形式。different后跟名词，believe的名词是belief,意为“信仰，信念”， 由different可知,belief应该用复数，即beliefs。故填beliefs.24 .【答案】 argument【

45、解析】考查名词单数。形容词修饰名词，根据前面的不定冠词a可知，此处用名词单数，argument争论。 故填 argument.25 .【答案】decoration【解析】考查名词。句意：房子装修完毕后，我们把家具搬到新房子里去了。定冠词the后要使用其名词 形式，decoration装饰，装修，不可数名词。结合句意，故填decoration.26 .【答案】 treatment【解析】考查名词。句意：不仅为受灾地区的人们提供了食物和衣服，而且还为他们提供了医疗服务。结 合句意和空格前的形容词medical可知，此处应是treat的名词形式treatment,故填treatment.27 .【答

46、案】creativity【解析】句意：我认为创造力既是一种天赋,也是一种技能。regard sth. as.把某事物看作，regard 但下列以一o结尾的名词既可以加一es,也可以加一s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零,mosquitos (mosquitoes) 蚊子，volcanos (volcanoes)火山。以一f或一fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加一ves,树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮；架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙。在这些词中，由单数变复数时，须先将f或fe变为v再加-es变成复数，即：树叶leaf - leaves,半数 half-halves, 自己 self

47、selves; 妻子 wife-wives, TJ knife - knives, 长条面包 loafloves; 架 shelf -shelves, 狼 wolf -wolves, 小偷 thief一thieves;生命 life-lives。相信证据在悬崖的顶房。在这些词中，由单数变复数时，直接在词尾加-s构成，即：相信(belief -beliefs)；悬崖(cliff - cliffs)证据(proof - proofs)上顶房(即房顶、屋顶 roof -roofs)以上两种情况均可的：码头侏儒围围巾，手绢复数变二心。在这些词中，由单数变复数时，以上两种情况 均可，即：码头(wharf)侏儒(dwarf)围围巾(scarf),手绢(handkerchief)复数变二心(即以上两 种情况均可。名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctorwomen doctors(2)不规则变化常见单复数同形的名词Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer 鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果 等。其中fish, fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾,即fishes, fruitSo 自身有特殊变化的名词child