讲与练19 说明文阅读策略攻略(原卷版)---2022年高考英语大二轮复习讲与练(版).docx

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1、2022年高考英语大二轮复习讲与练(通用版)19说明文阅读策略攻略【高频考点回顾】一、说明文特点英语说明文，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式、用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明 事理，给人以知识的英语文体。它常探讨的问题包括机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项 目的规划或问题的解决方案，或者介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的 新生事物等等。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学解说的，或是对抽象事理(如概念、 原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解。它既不像 故事那样重在情节的叙述和描

2、写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富 于想象和虚构夸张。说明文就是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。除了用文字说明以外, 说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。说明文的顺序：时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、二、说明方法说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识的文章，英语说明文可分为对“客 观具体事物，的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类。分享了英语说明文的说明方法，欢迎欣赏！ 1.定义法(de行nition)定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点

3、。 此法的句型： . is a/the . of. which/that . relate to/involve/refer to .【例】(l)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类 用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected durin

4、g the next 12 months*2.举例法(illustration)举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法，是最常见，往往也是最有效的阐释模式。举例时应挑选 具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的、例子，并注意按照一定的顺序编排。dining area, exercise area, and work stations spread over 110 square meters. With only the American-ledInternational Space Station for competition, Tiangong might have the best food av

5、ailable in space. There are more than 120 kinds of different food on board, all prepared to the astronauts9 tastes and health requirements. Among them are classic Sichuan dishes kung pao chicken and yuxiang shredded pork. Both dishes are surprisingly well-suited for space consumption （V肖耗）:when wrap

6、ped （包裹）up in a pancake, they are easy to eat without making a mess; they contain a rich variety of ingredients （原料）;there are no scraps like bones or skin to dispose （除掉）of; and they contain lots of calories. Plus, theyre delicious.During their stay, the astronauts are scheduled to complete two spa

7、cewalks. The crew will use robotic arms to move around the ship and carry out repair tasks, as well as various experiments and tests on the Tiangongs equipment（设备）.But high on the crews to-do-list is to open the packages of supplies delivered by the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft less than three weeks

8、ago. The 6.8 tons of supplies include two specialized （专门的）spacesuits for spacewalks, oxygen tanks, food, water, propellant （推进燃料）,and other supplies. At the end of the mission, the crew will ride the Shenzhou-12?s descent （降落）vehicle back to Earth, and land at the Dongfeng landing site in the Badai

9、n Jaran Desert in the western part of Inner Mongolian.12. Which of the following did Shenzhou-12 capsule get power from?A. The space station.B. Long March-2F rocket.C. Shenzhou-12 capsule itself.D. The space stations core module.13. Whats the main idea of paragraph 2?A. The housing conditions in the

10、 space station.B. The food in the space station is delicious.C. Astronauts, living conditions in the space station.D. The Tianhe core module was sent into orbit.14. Which of the following is possibly true?A. The food on Tiangong cant meet the astronauts, health requirements.B. It is easy to eat with

11、out a mess to wrap the dishes up in a pancake.C. There is no place for astronauts to do exercise.D. The food astronauts cat contains few calories.15. What is the top thing to do on the crews to-do-list according to paragraph 3?A. To carry out repair tasks.B. To do various experiments.C. To use robot

12、ic arms to move around the ship.D. To open the packages of supplies delivered by the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft.5Fourteen years ago, wildlife documentary （2己录片）the Planet Earth took us on an amazing journey from deep caves to the rainforests and then to the bottom of the ocean. Now a new documentar

13、y Our Planet will show different animals and the influence of humans on the natural world.US entertainment company Netflix made the eight-episode （集）journey meet its audience （观众）on April 5. The crew （工作人员）of the documentary covers 50 countries and areas to choose the best filming places, and takes

14、more than four years to produce it. It is the hard work of more than 600 crew members.With the latest 4K video technology, the documentary allows audiences to have a sharp new look at nature. “People are given a chance to better get themselves into the lives of the animals. said Fothergill, one of t

15、he documentary producers.Apart from showing Earths beauty in new detail, the documentary also shows the planefs poor climate conditions. COur Planet is here to sayJThe planet is dying, and were killing Fothergill said. In one sad scene, hundreds of walruses （海象）,half-blind when out of the water, fal

16、l down a rock to suffer a painful death on the beach below. It shows how man-made global warming has destroyed their natural habitat （栖息、土也）and explains why theyve been forced to find a safe place on the rocks.However, its not all about sadness. The documentary also talks about success stories, incl

17、uding Siberian tigers, blue whales （鲸鱼）and humpback whales. These species are protected thanks to international agreements on environmental protection. It reminds us that we can change the present bad condition of our planet through our joint （共同的）effort.Calling on more people to take action to prot

18、ect our planet is the final goal of the new documentary. What we do in the next 20 years will decide the future of all life on Earth.16. What is the new documentary Our Planet about?A. An amazing journey of rainforests.B. The beauty and customs of 50 countries and areas.C. Different animals and the

19、influence of humans on the natural world.D. The hard work of more than 600 crew members.17. What can we infer from the passage?A. It took a lot of time and efforts to make the documentary.B. People like to take a close look at animals.C. The documentary is very popular in many countries and areas.D.

20、 We human cant change the present condition of our planet. 18. Whats the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To explain what our goal in the future.B. To call on more people to protect our planet.C. To tell us the documentary is worth watching.D. To tell us how the climate conditions influence animals.

21、19. Where is the text probably from?A. A novel.B. A travel journal. C. A story book. D. A newspaper.6China is offering a small communication satellite platform （平台）to countries seeking an affordable solution for their own space-based internet networks.The DFH-3E satellite platform was designed by th

22、e China Academy of Space Technology. It is the countrys first small satellite platform designed for operations, according to Xiong Xiaojang, head of the platforms design team at the Beijing academy.A satellite platform is to model a satellite, or satellite system, for its role and function. It is ma

23、de up of the special equipment needed by any satellite specifically designed for the satellite in question. Xiong said satellites on powered DFH-3E platform will be able to carry up to 30 transponders （应答答M） and operate in the orbit for at least 15 years. With a weight of up to 1.8 metric tons, the

24、satellite is tasked with setting up a space-based internet service and is designed to be lifted into orbit by a Long March 2C or 2D carrier rocket, he added.“We noticed that an increasing number of developing countries now seek to own communication satellites, but often dont have the money or the ma

25、rket demand and also cant get suitable signal frequency resources for communication satellites. So they dont need large, powerful satellites that are overly large or too expensive. The DFH-3E platform is affordable and can meet their needs, “said Hu Zhongmin, chairman of China Great Wall Industry, t

26、he international trade arm of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp.20. What is the DFH-3E satellite platform designed for?A. Offering solutions to some countries, space-based internet networks.B. Better communicating with other countries and areas.C. Sharing space information with other count

27、ries.D. Furthering explore space by our own country.21. How is paragraph 3 developed?A. By comparing.B.By listing numbers.C. By giving examples.D.By giving definition.22. How does Hu Zhongmin think of the satellite platform ?A. Workable.B.Challenging.C. Unnecessary.D.Time-taking.23. What is the best

28、 tile for the text?A. A Small Space-based Transportation PlatformB. Chairman of China Great Wall IndustryC. China Academy of Space TechnologyD. The DFH-3E Satellite Platform7Studies show that reading for pleasure makes a big difference to childrens educational performance. Evidence suggests that chi

29、ldren who read for enjoyment every day not only perform better in reading tests than those who dont, but also develop a broader vocabulary, increased general knowledge and a better understanding of other cultures.In fact, reading for pleasure is more likely to determine whether a child does well at

30、school than their social or economic background.Parents are the most important educators in a childs life-even more important than their teachers-and ifs never too early to start reading together. Even before theyre bon, babies learn to recognize their parents voices. Reading to your baby from birth

31、, even for just a few minutes a day, gives them the comfort of hearing your voice and increases their communication with language.Learning to read is about listening and understanding as well as working out whafs printed on the page. Through hearing stories, children are in a wide range of words. Th

32、is helps them build their own vocabulary, which is important as they start to read. Its important for them to understand how stories work too. Even if your childdoesnt understand every word, they, 11 hear new sounds, words and phrases which they can then try out, copying what they have heard.As chil

33、dren start to learn to read at school, you can play an important role in helping to keep them interested in books. Find out what interests them, help them to find books that will be fun, and spend time reading the books they bring home from school together.24. What will reading do to children?A. Mak

34、e them stronger.B. Waste their time and energy.C. Ensure their health.D. Improve their performance at school.25. Why is listening to stories important for children?A. It attracts their interest.B. It improves their understanding.C. It enlarges their vocabulary.D. It helps tests what they learned.26.

35、 How can parents help children who start learning to read?A. Find their interest.B. Work out with them.C. Buy more books for them.D. Keep their interest in reading.27. What is the text?B. A short storyA. A travel guide.C. A research article.D. A book introduction.Are you looking for some club suitab

36、le for you in the senior high school ? Here are some introductions of popular clubs.Speech ClubDo you enjoy talking? Do you think you can be a future lawyer? Try out fbr the schoofs speech team. Not only will you meet people and make new friends, youll also get to practice public speaking, a valuabl

37、e, important tool that you will use at every stage of your life. By researching, talking about, and debating hot-button political, social, cultural, and environment topics, you will also become more aware and up-to-date on current events.Band ClubAre you in a band in junior high? If so, you probably

38、 remember always hanging around with your musical buddies （同伴）.Tf you havent joined one of these three high school clubs yet, you should! The beauty of these three classes is that they,re not merely fine arts electives （选修的），theyre also clubs! Most high school bands give performances, and even go on

39、 trips to Disneyland. Not sure? Did I mention that studies show that students with music education tend to receive higher grades ? You read it right.Red Cross ClubIf you are interested in the medical field or planning to take a combined M.D. program, perhaps you should consider joining your schools

40、American Red Cross Club. As part of the high school club working with the local Red Cross chapter, you can become a lifeguard, learn how to perform CPR, or become a trained instructor who teaches others.Language ClubsAre you a native Spanish, French, or German speaker? Or maybe you just really like

41、the foreign language class! Either way, you should consider joining your schooPs language clubs and lean a new language during your past time. Spanish, French and German clubs put on several charity and cultural events through-out the academic （学术）year. You could be helping others in need, and makin

42、g new friends all at the same time!28. Which club suits you best if you dream of becoming a lawyer?A. Speech Club.B. Band Club.C. Red Cross Club.D. Language Clubs.29. What is special about Band Club?A. It improves students9 grades.B. It helps students to make friends.C. It enables students to be lif

43、eguards.D. It makes students speaking ability better.30. What do Red Cross Club and Language Clubs have in common ?A. They both can give you a trip to Disneyland.B. They make you a man of many gifts and languages.C. They enable you to give a hand to people in need.D. They can help you to be a person

44、 with first aid knowledge.请看上述范文第二段：“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例，如，赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。3 .分类法(classification)分类法就是把说明的对象，按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如：上述范文介绍人 生的三种目标，并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。4 .比较法(comparison)比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分 事物，通过对比达到

45、对该事物的深刻认识。如：上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较，并阐明了彼此的联系。(l)Lifetime goals should be written out.(2)Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.(3)These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.5 .数字法(statistics)数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点，准确合理的数据使文章

46、精确可信。【例】(l)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture, and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.(2)And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in

47、divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外，还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等，只 有综合运用多种说明方法，才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。三、说明文考查题型1 .细节理解题说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。(1)在列举处命题。如用First(ly)、 Second(ly) Third(ly)Finally not only.but also then in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试 题要

48、求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、 for example for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。在转 折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until not so much.as 等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。在比较处命题。无端的比较,相反的比较、偷换 对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。在复 杂句中命题。包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系 和语法关系。细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅 读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。2 .词句猜测题说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常 进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以The underlined partin Paragraph.refers to.或