初中英语句子成分分析含练习含答案.docx

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1、一 .主语1二 .谓语2三表语3四 .宾语4五 .补语7六 .定语8七 .同位语9八 .状语10句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成, 即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语, 状语，表语、同位语等。一主语：主语（subject）是一个句子的主题（theme）,是句子所述说的主体、对象。它的位置一般 在一句之首。可用作主语的有一个单词、短语、从句乃至句子。1 .名词作主语7A tree has fallen across the road.（一棵树倒下横在路上。）Little streams feed big r

2、ivers.（ 小河流入大江。）2 .代词用作主语。He told a joke but it fell flat.（他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑）Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.假期里大家都过得很愉快。3 ,数词用作主语。如：Three is enough.三个就够 了。Four from seven leaves three. 7 减 4 余 3。4 .名词化的形容词用作主语。The old and the young are taken good care of in that village.5 .副词用作主语（极少见）。Now is

3、the time.现在是时候了。6 .名词化的介词作主语。The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.我们必须承受人生之沉浮。7 .不定式用作主语。To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。It is impossible to defeat a person who never gives up.要打败一个永不放弃的人是不可能 的。8 .动名词用作主语。Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害。Watching a film is pleasure, whil

4、e making one is hard work.看电影是乐事，制作影片则是苦 事.9 .名词化的过去分词用作主语。(l)The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放彳发的消息不确。(2)We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我们不是在调查他是否 可信赖的问题。八.状语1 .状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如：The girl is improving remarkably.这个女孩大有

5、进步。2 .可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。He speaks the language badly but read it well.这种语言，他讲得不好，但阅读能力很强。Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。3 .状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、 方式、伴随等；时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中Shall we do the shopp

6、ing today or tomorrow?In China now leads the world.(2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。There are plenty of fish in the sea.She kissed her mother on the platform(月 台).原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。Because he was ill, Tom lost his job.I eat potatoes because I like them.(4) .结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。She woke(酉星)s

7、uddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.(5) .目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑去避雨。In order to get into a good school, T must study even harder.(6) .条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。Well be lucky to get there before d

8、ark.If he were to come, what should we say to him?(7) .让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。For all his money, he didnt seem happy.他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。He helped me although he didnt know me.(8) .程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。The lecture is very interesting.To what extent would you trust them?你对他们信任程度如何？伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句

9、首。My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.He stood there, pipe(烟斗)in mouth.The unemployed got much help from the government.10 .介词短语用作主语。To Beijing is not very far.到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.从延安到南泥湾骑马要三个 小时。11 .从句用作主语。That he finished writing the comp

10、osition in such a short time surprised us all.Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.What caused the accident has been found out.Whatever you did is right.What we need is time.为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语（从句）搁置于句末It is certain that

11、 he will win the match.It is strange that he should do that.It is important that we all should attend the meeting.It is still a mystery what caused the accident.It is said that he has gone to shanghai.It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.It is suggested that the w

12、ork should be done with great care.It seems that he has seen the film.It happened that the two cheats were there.12 .句子用作主语。如：How do you do T is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。二谓语谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicate verb)是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态, 其位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。 1.由简单的动词构成。(1) . What happened?发生

13、了什么事？(2) . He worked hard all day today.他今天苦干了 一天。(3) . The plane took off at ten oclock.飞机是十点起飞的。2 .由动词短语构成的谓语。(1) . I am reading.我在看书。(2) . You can do it if you try hard.你努力就可以做到。(3) . Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday.汤姆，你太懒惰 了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。3 .英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓

14、语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大 意义的动词have, get, take, give等。如：(1) . I had a swim yesterday.我昨天游了一次水(had a swim 代替了 swam)(2) . Take a look at that!你看看那个!(take a look 代替 了 look)(3) . He gave a sigh.他叹了 口气。(gave a sigh 代替了 sighed)(4) . I got a good shake-up.我受至U 了很大的震动。（a good shake-up 代替了 was shaken up thoroug

15、hly（充分，彻底的）谓语是句子的灵魂，谓语的变化可以反映：时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等，这也是高 中语法最重要的内容。三,表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动 词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起 谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动 名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。l.The wedding was that Sunday.婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词）2.So that9s that.就是这样。（代词）3 .We are seven.我们一共7人。（数

16、词）4 .Are you busy?你有空吗?（形容词）5 .Are you there?你在听吗?（电话用语）（副词）6 .1s anybody in?里面有人吗？（副词）7.A111 could do was to wait.我只能等待。（不定式）8.My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。 （不定式）9.Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见/眼见为实（动名词）10. I was so much surprised at it.我对此事感到很惊讶。（过去分词）1 l.rm ve

17、ry pleased with what he has done.我对他所做的很满意。（过去分词）12.She is in good health.她很健康。（介词短语）13 .The show is from seven till ten,演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语）14 .1s that why you were angry?这就是你发怒的原因吗?（从句）15 .This is where I first met her.这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句）16 .The reason why he didnt come to school is that he got ill.没

18、有来上学的原因是他生病了。17 .What I want is what he has got.补充：除了系动词be外，还有些能做系动词的实义动词，也称为半系动词，其后也要 接形容词做表语：come , go , run, turn ,get, become , keep , stay , make （表变化的动词）fell, sound ,smell, look , taste （感观动词）seem,叩pear （似乎,好像）例如：l.Our dream has come true.我的梦想实现了。（Come 后常加 easy , loose, natural 等）2 .He fell si

19、ck.他病 了。3 .Keep fit.保重。Keep 作为系动词还常接 quiet, calm, cool, warm, silent, clean, dry4 .The well ran dry.这 口 井干枯 了。 （short, loose , wild , cold 等）5 .A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要 高些。四.宾语宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作、行为、活动的对象、接受者或受影响者。因此一般 皆置于及物动词之后。如：Our team beat all t

20、he others.我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名 词化的分词、从句等。1 .Do you fancy a drink?你想喝一杯吗?（名词）2 .They wont hurt us.他们不会伤害我们。（代词）3.If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5 加 5 等于 10。（数词）。4 .T shall do my possible.我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词）5 .He left there last week.他上个星期离开了那里。（副词）6 .Does she really want

21、to leave home?她真的要离开家吗?（不定式）7 .We do not allow / permit smoking in the kitchen.我们不允许在厨房里吸烟。（动名词）8 .He never did the unexpected.他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词）9 .Do you understand what I mean?你明白我的意思吗?（从句）10 .He told me that he would go to the college the next year.他告诉我他明年上大学11 .1 dont know if there will be a

22、bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.12 .Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.13 .Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏？14 .Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好 是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？15 .He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉

23、我什么时候我们能再见面扩展+归纳：一、宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语（direct object）与间接宾语（indirect object）o直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人）， 具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词（dative verb）,常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing,

24、take 等。动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：A、动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）。如：Please show me your passport.B、动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意，一般情况介词用to,如：Please show your passport to me.但动词是 make, buy, get, cook, borrow, sing 时,介词用 for.如： Please make me a kite. = Please make a kite for me.C、还有少数动词+sb.+of + sth。如：inform sb.of sth.remind sb.of

25、sth.rid sb.of sth warn sb.of sth.rob sb.of sth cheat sb.of sth. cure sb.of sth.accuse/charge sb.of sth.二、以下是需要强化记忆的：A：习惯上要接不定式作宾语且不能接动名词作宾语的动词有：afford付得起、agree同意、叩ply申请、arrange安排、ask要求、care想要、choose决定、 decide 决定、demand 要求、desire 请求、determine 决心、expect 期待、help 帮助、hope 希 望、intend打算、manage设法、offer主动提出、

26、plan计划、prepare准备、pretend假装、 promise答应、refuse拒绝、want想要、wish希望、fail失败B：习惯上要接动名词作宾语且不能接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认、advise 建议、allow 允许、appreciate 感激、suggest 建议、avoid 避免、consider 考虑、delay推迟、deny否认、stop停止、discuss讨论、dislike不喜欢、enjoy喜爱、escape 逃脱、risk 冒险、excuse 原谅、fancy 设想、finish 完成、forbid 禁止、report 报告、forgive 原谅、gi

27、ve up 放弃、imagine 想像、keep 保持、put off 推迟、mention 提及、mind 介意、miss 没赶上、pardon 原谅、permit 允许、practise 练习、prevent ffl.lt prohibit 禁止 请看以下典型用例：I admit breaking the window.我承认窗子是我打破的。I appreciate being given this opportunity.非常感谢给 T我这个机会。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个问

28、题，以免触犯 他。He suggested taking the children to the zoo.他提议带孩子们去动物园。【说明】advise, allow, forbid, permit等动词之后，虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语，但可接不 定式作宾语补足语。如：The doctor advised me to stay in for a few days.医生嘱我在家休息几天。The nurse allowed him to remain there, though it was not permitted.护士让他留在那儿，而按规 定那是不许可的。而有些动词（如consider, un

29、derstand, discuss）则可接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。如：Have you considered how to get there?你是否考虑过如何到那儿去？ She doesnt understand how to look after him.她不知道应如何照顾他。We discussed what to do and where we should go.我们讨论了 该怎么办及到哪里去。C：既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、两者意思基本相同，有时甚至可以互换的动词主要 有：like 喜欢、love 喜欢、hate 憎恨、prefer 宁可、begin 开始、start 开始、

30、continue 继续、cant bear 不能忍受、bother麻烦、intend打算、attempt试图、cease停止请看以下典型用例：They continued to meet |meeting| daily.他们继续每天都见面。I like keeping to keep everything tidy.我喜欢将每件东西都保持整洁。She never ceased complaining to complain about prices.她没完没了 地抱怨物价。【注意】当like, love, hate, prefer与would, should连用时，其后习惯上只能接不定式，不

31、能接动名词。D、既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语、两者意思不相同的动词主要有：（1） remember（记得），forget（忘记），regret（后悔）后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发 生，后接动名词（有时可用完成式），则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。比较：Remember to turn out the lights before you go to bed.临睡前别忘了 关灯。I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.我记得在报纸上看过关于这次地 震的消息。Dont forget to turn down the g

32、as after an hour or so.别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点 儿。I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永不会忘记第一次看见长城 的情景。I regret to say the job has been filled.十分抱歉，那个工作已经有人做了。I regret saying what I said. I shouldnt have said it.我懊悔讲了我讲的话。我是不应当这样 讲的。（2） try后接不定式表示设法做某事，接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。如：You sho

33、uldnt try to leave the restaurant without paying.你不应该试图不付账就离开饭店。You really must try to overcome your shyness你确实需要努力克服你的腼腆。mean后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事，接动名词表示意味着(要)做某事。如：To mean to do something and to actually do something are two different things. 打算做一件 事和实际上做一件事完全是两回事。If we mean to catch the early bus, tha

34、t means getting up before five.要想赶早班车，我们就 得在5点钟以前起床。(4) stop后接动名词表示停止做某事，接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事(注意：后接 不定式时，不定式不是宾语，而是目的状语)。如：He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room.他停止讲话，房里一点声音也 没有了。The bus stopped to take on more passengers.公共汽车停下让乘客上车。(5) cant help后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事，接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如：She

35、s a funny girl, but yet you cant help liking her.她是一个奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住会 喜欢她。The medicine cant help to get rid of your cold.这药不能帮你治好感冒。(6) go on后接不定式表示做完某事后接着做另一事，接动名词表示继续做正在做的事。如:The minister went on talking for two hours.部长一连谈了 两个小H寸。The minister went on to talk about foreign policy.部长接着就谈外交政策。【专项训练】01.

36、I mustnt annoy my boss because I cant afford my job.A. losing B. to lose C. to have lost D. having lost02. We an,anged to meet at the cinema at 7.30, but he failed.A. to turn up B. to turn down C. turning up D. turning down03.1 wouldnt have offered the plants if Id known there were so many.A. to wat

37、er B. watering C. watered D. to have watered04. Imagine the answer to such an easy question!A. not to know B. not knowing C. to not know D. not knew05. They shouldnt allow here; the street is too narrow.A. to park B. parked C. being parked D. parking06. She imagined into the office and everyone what

38、 she thought of them.A. walking, telling B. to walk, to tell C. to walk, telling D. walking, to tell07. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested at the next town.A. to stop B. stopped C. stopping D. having stopped08. It annoys me when people forget thank you.A. saying B. having saying C. to sa

39、y D. to have said09.1 forgot a pen. Can you lend me one?A. bringing B. to bring C. having brought D. to have brought10. If youre writing to your mother, dont forget something about her coming to stay.A. to put in B. putting in C. to gave put in D. having put in11. We regret passengers that the 14.50

40、 train for Cardiff will leave about 37 minutes late.A. to inform B. informing C. informed D. having informed12. She stopped about her illness and went on us about all her other problems.A. talking, telling B. to talk, to tell C. talking, to tell D. to talk, telling13. He began by us where the island

41、 was and went on us about its climate.A. showing, telling B. to show, to tell C. showing, to tell D. to show, telling14. Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh, yes. How often I have regretted his advice!A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking15. Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow here.A. peop

42、le smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking【参考答案】0105 BAABD 0610 ACCBA 1115 ACCDD五.补语补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分 叫做主语补语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement).在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成 分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态或者说补充说明宾语是什么、怎么样或做什么等，称为宾 语补足语，简称宾补。(1) .形容词用作主语补语

43、是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.我又累又困，就去睡了。有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如：The man, cruel beyond belief, didn9t listen to their pleadings.那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取 他们的恳求。(2) .可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等1 .They named the child Jimmy.他们将孩子命名为吉米。(名词用作宾补)2 .My mother looks so young that you would

44、think her my sister.我的母亲看着彳艮年轻，你会 以为她是我的姐姐(名词短语作宾补)3 . He boiled the egg hard.她将鸡蛋煮老了。(形容词用作宾语补语)1.1 found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。(形容词短语用作宾补)5 . We found the old lady in good health.(介词短语作宾补)6 .The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。(不定式 用作宾语补语)7.1 heard Jean singin

45、g this morning.(现在分词作宾补)8. He had his wallet stolen yesterday.(过去分词作宾补)注：A、当感官动词和使役动词，接宾补时，不定式的符号t。必须省略。如：see hear notice watch hear feel observe(感官动词)make have let(使役动词)在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。B、主动语态中的宾补，在被动语态中则成了主语补语了。如：(1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.(2) He was seen playing basketball yes

46、terday.六.定语定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。主要有形容词，此外还有 名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、 短语或句子都可以作定语。1 .形容词用作定语是普遍的。(1) . She is a natural musician.她是一位天生的音乐家。(2) . He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。(后置定语) 2.名词用作定语。如(1) . A baby girl 女婴(2) . well water 井水(3) . Sports car双座轻型汽车(4)

47、 . A foofs paradise 梦幻的天堂3 .代词作定语。(1) . Your hair ne6dseutting.你该理发了。(物主代词用作定语)(2) . Everybodys business is nobodys business.人人负责就是无人负责。(不定代词所有格 作定语)4 .数词作定语(1) . Theres only one way to do it.做此事只有一法。(2) . Do it now, you may not get a second chance.现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。基数词用作后置定语：page 24, Room 201, the year 19495 .副词充当定语时常后置，如：the room above楼上的房间the world today 今日世界the way out 出路 a day off 休息日6,不定式用作定语，后置。(1) . Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。(2) . That9s the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。7 .动名词用作定语.A walking stick 拐杖sleeping pills 安眠药eating implemen