考向08高考钉子户永远雷打不动的“动词”高考英语语法完全冲刺.docx
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1、考向08 高考钉子户永远雷打不动的“动词”动词部分在高考中的考点主要涉及四个方面,一是动词的分类,例如区分系动词和实义动词、及物动 词和不及物动词等(对于及物和不及物动词我们不做具体讲解,需要同学们在日常学习中记背积累);二是 动词时态的考查,时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过 动词形式本身的变化来实现的。英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般 将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,现在完成时和现在完成进行时;三是语 态,也就是主动语态和被动语态;四是一些特殊用法和固定搭配,包括动词本
2、身和动词词组的意义等。在 本小节我们主要讲解除语态和情态动词外的三个知识点,知识内容多且重要,而且也是高考必考考点,要 求要完全掌握。知识点一:动词的分类类别意义例句实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独 立作谓语。She has some bananas.她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes.他们常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。Twins usually Tok the same.T
3、he teacher became very angry.助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词 一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、 语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复 数和时态的变化。He doesnt speak English.他不说英语。We are playing basketball.我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother?你有兄弟吗?1) It is the first/second time .that结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:It is the first time that I have visited the c
4、ity.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time (that) Pve heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.2) This is +形容词最高级+that结构,that从句要用现在完成时。考点9.过去完成时1)概念:表示过去的过去,其构成是had +过去分词构成-I11-那时以前 那时 现在2)用法(1)表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前,即“过去的过去。时间状语before, by, until, when, after,
5、once, as soon as。 例如:He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会 时,大部分客人已经走了。注意before和ago都可以翻译成“之前。但“时间名词+ before”
6、在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时; “时间名词+ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去式。如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.(2)表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划,常见的有had hoped/wanted/ expected /meant /intended等。I had hoped to send him a Christmas card , but I forgot to do so.我本来想送他一张圣诞节贺卡,但把这事给忘
7、了。(3)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑 了。(4)在 hardly . whenno sooner. than .句式中 hardly, no sooner 所在句子用过去完成时,when 和 than 所在的句子用一般过去时,表示“一就二No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.他刚冲出去房子就塌 了。(5) It was high time tha
8、t句型,从句内谓语动词使用过去完成时It was high time that we had started.注意:用一般过去时代替过去完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then, and, but等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如: When she saw the mouse, she screamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:When I heard the news, I was ver
9、y excited.3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.用一般过去时态代替过去完成时:在before或after引导的时间状语从句中。After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.注意:对比一般过去时与过去完成时(1) 一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实。(2)过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”,一定有一个表示过去的参照点。When
10、Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.当杰克到时丁玛丽已离开接近一个小时了。考点10.将来完成时的用法时态结构:will have done(1)状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。(2)动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时,
11、你已经到达上海 了时态 结构:have/has been doing表示动作从过去发生,持续到现在,并且会持续下去As a senior 2 student, I have been learning English for nine years.注意:对比现在完成时和现在完成进行时(1)现在完成时强调过去某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响,并不强调动作会继续持续下去。(2)现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某些活动的持续性,强调的是动作本身。I have thought it over.我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over.我一直在仔细考虑这件事请牢
12、记:这几个固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的,我们再次总结1 .在“我/!1115/11121 + 6。+序数词+日111+小1从句”的句型中,要注意主从句时态的一致。如果主句为一般现 在时或一般将来时,从句谓语常用现在完成时;如果主句为一般过去时,从句谓语则常用过去完成时。 It / This is the first time I have come here. It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.2 .在“It + be + 一段时间+ since从句”的句型中,如果主句为一般现在时或现在完成时,从句常
13、用一般过去 时;如果主句为一般过去时,从句则常用过去完成时。It is / has been two months since I gave up smoking.It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.3 .在“It+be+一段时间+ before从句”的句型中,如果主句为一般将来时,从句常用一般现在时;如果主句为 一般过去时,从句则常用一般过去时。It wont be long before he succeeds.(=He will succeed soom.)It was ten years before they
14、 met again.(=They met again ten years later.)4 .在“It+be+high time that”句型,如果主句用一般现在,从句用一般过去时;主句动词用一般过去,从句 则尝试用过去完成。It is high time that we started oIt was high time that something had been done about the traffic problem downtown.课堂练习【例题 1 】I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I too busy.A.
15、 was B. had been C. would be D. would have been【答案】A前一句谓语用had hoped,表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算,可以译为“本想”,而后一句 说“我太 忙”,这是陈述过去的一个事实,所以要用一般过去时。例题 2 Planning so far ahead no sense - so many things will, have changed by next year.A. madeB. is makingC. makesD. has made【答案】C句意:提前这么早计划没有意义,第二年这么多事情将会发生变化。此项用一般现在时表明 这一
16、客观事实。选项A一般过去时,选项B现在进行时,选项D现在完成时都与接下来的一句语境不符。【例题 3 】一I hear youin a pub. Whafs it like?一 Well, it*s very hard work and Pm always tired, but I dont mind.A. are workingB. will workC. were workingD. will be working【答案】 A 句意:我听说你在一个酒吧干活。工作怎样? 哦,工作很艰难,我总是累的,但 我不介意。此句用进行时表明一段时间在进行的动作。如果选用将来时或将来进行时的话,那么就不会出
17、 现下一个对话情景。选C过去进行时,与下句太不符合。【例题 4】Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology so rapidly.A. is changingB. has changedC. will have changedD. will change【答案】Ao此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事,因为科技发 展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况,而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一 种状态,不是在过去,也不是在将来,因此只能用现
18、在进行时表达。例题 5 My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I half of it.A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed【答案】Do本句考时态和语境。全句意思是;我的心没在他说的话上,所以恐怕他说的话我有一半没听到。整个事情是过去的事,且是做过的事,所以选一般过去时D。例题 6 It is the most instructive lecture that I since I came to this school.A. attended B. had attend
19、ed C. am attending D. have attended【答案】Do句意:自从我来了这所学校以后,这是我听过的最有教育意义的一场讲座。这里考查了定语 从句和时态两个知识点。因为前面的谓语动词是is,并且谈论的是从过去开始持续到现在的一段时间里发生 的动作,所以用现在完成时。彳列题 7 By the time Jack returned home from England, his son from college.A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been graduating D. had graduated【答案】Do去完成时表示过去某
20、时间或某动作之前已经发生的事情或存在的状态,即:过去的过去。持 续性动词的过去式常与since+时间点、for+时间段、when/before+过去时的从句、by/before+过去时间等状语 连用。【例题 8 】一 I hear youin a pub. What*s it like?一 Well, ifs very hard work and Pm always tired, but I don*t mind.A. are workingB. will workC. were workingD. will be working【答案】Ao句意:我听说你在一个酒吧干活。工作怎样? 哦,工作很
21、艰难,我总是累的,但我 不介意。此句用进行时表明一段时间在进行的动作。如果选用将来时或将来进行时的话,那么就不会出现 下一个对话情景。选C过去进行时,与下句太不符合。【例题 9】Tominto the house when no one.A. slipped; was noticingB. had slipped; noticedC. slipped; had noticedD. was slipping; noticed【答案】Ao本句考时态和语境。slip和notice为同时发生的动作,因此B、C为错误选项,slipped指过 去有结果的动作(他溜进去了),when no one was
22、noticing指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况。【彳列题 10 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair all day. Could you speak to her now?A. phonesB. has phonedC. has been phoning D. phoned【答案】C由all day可以看出一直在打电话,此时仍然在打,创设了过去发生地动作持续到现在仍在进行, 故选C项。知识点三:常见近义动词详解k lay (放),lie (躺)与lie (说谎):这三个易混动词构成见下表:中文原形过 去式过去分词现在分词说明放laylai
23、dlaidlaying及物动词躺lielaylainlying不及物动词说谎lieliedliedlying不及物动词2、rise 和 raiserise是不及物动词,其过去式是rose,过去分词是risen,而raise是及物动词,是规则动词。3、hear 与 listen tohear侧重点是听到,听见什么,而listen to是侧重于听的倾向,但hear用于无意中的听见,而listen to却用 于集中注意力的听。4、see, watch 和 looksee用作看电影,居1J目;watch则用作看电视比赛,而watch还有在旁观看之意。如:Are you going to play or
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