GaryHaugen_2015[侯嘉理][贫穷的真正根源_全世界应该一起解决].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件To be honest,by personality,Im just not much of a crier.说实话,从性格上来讲,我并不是一个容易流泪的人。00:12But I think in my career thats been a good thing.但考虑到我的职业,能有这个性格是件好事。00:19Im a civil rights lawyer,and Ive seen some horrible things inthe world.我是一名民权律师,我见过一些发生在全球各地的可怕的事情。00:23I began my career workin

2、g police abuse cases in the UnitedStates.我的第一份职业是在美国处理警察滥用职权的案子。00:29And then in 1994,I was sent to Rwanda to be the director ofthe U.N.s genocide investigation.后来,1994年,我被派往卢旺达,领导联合国种族灭绝调查组。00:32It turns out that tears just arent much help when youretrying to investigate a genocide.我发现,当你调查种族灭绝的惨案时

3、,泪水派不上多大用场。00:41The things I had to see,and feel and touch were prettyunspeakable.那些我不得不面对的事实,那些令我感触深刻的故事,都难以名状。00:49What I can tell you is this:that the Rwandan genocide wasone of the worlds greatest failures of simple compassion.我可以明确告诉你们的是:卢旺达种族灭绝是 缺乏同情导致的全世界最惨的惨案之一。00:57That word,compassion,actu

4、ally comes from two Latin words:cum passio,which simply mean to suffer with.同情 这个词来源于两个拉丁词汇:cum和passio,其含义是“同甘苦”。01:09not much of:不太好的 crier:n.哭泣者;传唤者;叫卖的小贩 genocide:n.种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀 unspeakable:adj.无法形容的;不能以言语表达的;坏透了的 compassion:n.同情；怜悯 cum:prep.附有;连同/n.精液;精子And the things that I saw and experienc

5、ed in Rwanda as I gotup close to human suffering,it did,in moments,move me totears.目睹卢旺达的惨案,我感受到了那里的人们所承受的苦难,这让我落下泪水。01:18But I just wish that I,and the rest of the world,had beenmoved earlier.我多么希望,我,以及整个世界,可以在一切发生前就投以同情。01:28And not just to tears,but to actually stop the genocide.不单单是落下同情的泪水,更要切实阻

6、止这场惨案。01:33Now by contrast,Ive also been involved with one of theworlds greatest successes of compassion.与之对比,我也经历了 同情带来的最美好的硕果之一。01:38And thats the fight against global poverty.这就是全世界范围内拯救贫困的运动。01:47Its a cause that probably has involved all of us here.这场运动或许跟在座的每个人都相关。01:50I dont know if your firs

7、t introduction might have beenchoruses of We Are the World,我不知道是什么让你们初次了解到世界贫困问题,是 天下一家 这一合唱曲,01:52or maybe the picture of a sponsored child on yourrefrigerator door,or maybe the birthday you donated forfresh water.还是你们家冰箱门上贴着的受到救济的儿童的照片,还是你把过生日的钱拿去捐给了水质净化项目？01:58I dont really remember what my first

8、 introduction to povertywas but I do remember the most jarring.我不记得是什么让我第一次了解到贫困问题,但我记得给我留下最深刻印象的一次经历,02:06and the rest:其他的;等等 fight against:v.对抗;反对;与作斗争 choruses:n.合唱队;齐声;歌舞队/vt.合唱;异口同声地说/vi.合唱;异口同声地说话 sponsored:adj.赞助的;发起的/v.赞助(sponsor的过去分词);发起 donated:adj.捐赠的/v.捐赠(donate的过去分词形式)jarring:adj.不和谐的;刺

9、耳的;辗轧的/n.辗轧声;冲突;震动/v.震惊;冲突;发刺耳声(jar的现在分词)It was when I met Venus-shes a mom from Zambia.那一次我见到了Venus,她是来自赞比亚的一位母亲,02:13Shes got three kids and shes a widow.她是一个遗孀,有三个孩子。02:18When I met her,she had walked about 12 miles in the onlygarments she owned,to come to the capital city and toshare her story.她

10、走了大概12英里才到了我们碰面的地方,她穿着唯一的一套衣服,来到首都,向我讲述她的故事。02:21She sat down with me for hours,just ushered me in to theworld of poverty.她坐着跟我聊了好几个小时,让我深刻体会到了贫穷世界究竟是何等模样。02:31She described what it was like when the coals on the cooking她向我描述着一幅幅贫困的画面:煮食炉火的煤烧尽、凉透,02:40TED演讲者：Gary Haugen|侯嘉理演讲标题：The hidden reason for

11、 poverty the world needs to address now|贫穷的真正根源，全世界应该一起解决内容概要：Collective compassion has meant an overall decrease in global poverty since the1980s,says civil rights lawyer Gary Haugen.Yet for all the world.s aid money,there.s apervasive hidden problem keeping poverty alive.Haugen reveals the dark un

12、derlying cause wemust recognize and act on now.民权律师侯嘉理（Gary Haugen）指出，世人的同情心，让全球贫困人口自上世纪八十年代来不断减少。然而，尽管全球不断提供救济金，但仍然存在着一个不为人知的非常普遍的问题，正是这个问题让贫困依然盛行。侯嘉理揭露了这一贫穷成因，我们必须立刻就此采取行动。She described what it was like when the coals on the cookingfire finally just went completely cold.尽、凉透,02:40When that last dr

13、op of cooking oil finally ran out.最后一滴食用油消耗殆尽,02:46When the last of the food,despite her best efforts,ran out.尽管她极力节衣缩食,依然耗尽了 最后一口食物。02:51She had to watch her youngest son,Peter,suffer frommalnutrition,as his legs just slowly bowed into uselessness.她不得不眼睁睁地看着小儿子 Peter 遭受营养不良的折磨,他的双腿渐渐萎缩,丧失了行走的能力。02:

14、58As his eyes grew cloudy and dim.他的眼睛变得黯淡无光,03:07And then as Peter finally grew cold.直到最后,他的身子变冰冷了。03:11garments:n.服装服装,衣着(garment的复数)ushered:n.引座员,带位员;接待员;门房/vt.引导,招待;迎接;开辟/vi.作招待员;当引座员 coals:vi.上煤;加煤/vt.给加煤;把烧成炭/n.煤;煤块;木炭 suffer from:忍受,遭受;患病;受之苦 malnutrition:n.营养失调，营养不良 bowed:adj.有弓的;弯如弓的 cloudy

15、:adj.多云的;阴天的;愁容满面的 dim:adj.暗淡的,昏暗的;模糊的,看不清的;悲观的,怀疑的/vt.使暗淡,使失去光泽;使变模糊/vi.变模糊,变暗淡/n.笨蛋,傻子For over 50 years,stories like this have been moving us tocompassion.过去的五十多年间,这样的故事激起了我们的同情心,03:18We whose kids have plenty to eat.同情那些吃不饱饭的孩子。03:23And were moved not only to care about global poverty,butto actua

16、lly try to do our part to stop the suffering.我们不只是在心里默默关心全球贫困问题,还尽了自己的一份力,让贫困的人不再受苦受难。03:26Now theres plenty of room for critique that we havent doneenough,and what it is that weve done hasnt been effectiveenough,but the truth is this:有很多方面我们做的还不够,我们做的很多事情效果还不够显着,但事实是:03:34The fight against global p

17、overty is probably the broadest,longest running manifestation of the human phenomenon ofcompassion in the history of our species.抗击世界贫困的运动很可能是 人类出于同情心而发起的有史以来涉及范围最广,持续时间最为长久的运动。03:44And so Id like to share a pretty shattering insight that mightforever change the way you think about that struggle.我会给

18、你们分享一些我的见解,或许会永远改变大家对这场运动的认识。03:56But first,let me begin with what you probably already know.但首先,我来谈一下你们大多已经知道的一些事实。04:04Thirty-five years ago,when I would have been graduatingfrom high school,they told us that 40,000 kids every daydied because of poverty.35年前,我快要从高中毕业的时候,有数据表明每天有四万个儿童死于饥饿。04:07crit

19、ique:n.批评;评论文章/vt.批判;评论 manifestation:n.表现;显示;示威运动 shattering:adj.破碎的;令人震惊的;令人极度疲劳的/v.打碎;削弱;使震惊(shatter的ing形式)/n.破碎;震裂;脱落现象;粉碎理论 begin with:以开始;开始于That number,today,is now down to 17,000.今天,这个数字下降到一万七千。04:17Way too many,of course,but it does mean that every year,theres eight million kids who dont ha

20、ve to die frompoverty.当然,还是很多,但这确实表明,每年都有八百万名儿童不会因饥饿而离开这个世界。04:21而且,全世界生活在 极度贫困状态的人数 极度贫困的定义是每天用于糊口的钱不超过1.25美金 已经从世界人口的50%下降到只有15%。04:31This is massive progress,and this exceeds everybodysexpectations about what is possible.这是卓越的进步,超出了所有人的预期。04:47And I think you and I,I think,honestly,that we can fe

21、el proudand encouraged to see the way that compassion actually hasthe power to succeed in stopping the suffering of millions.我认为我们所有人,说实话,我们应当为此而感到自豪,能够见证同情迸发出的力量 如何解救了数以百万计的人们。04:54But heres the part that you might not hear very much about.但后面这个数据你们可能没听说过。05:10If you move that poverty mark just up

22、to two dollars a day,itturns out that virtually the same two billion people who werestuck in that harsh poverty when I was in high school,are stillstuck there,35 years later.如果把贫困线稍稍上移,设为一天2美金,你就会发现世界上仍然有20亿人 生活在极度贫困的状态下,我上高中时有这么多人,35年后的今天依然是。05:14So why,why are so many billions still stuck in such

23、harshpoverty?为什么呢？为什么有好几十亿人深陷贫困的深渊？05:30Well,lets think about Venus for a moment.让我们再回到Venus的故事。05:36die from:死于;因而死 exceeds:vt.超过;胜过/vi.超过其他 succeed in:成功;在方面成功;顺利完成 harsh:adj.严厉的；严酷的；刺耳的；粗糙的；刺目的/Now for decades,my wife and I have been moved bycommon compassion to sponsor kids,to fund microloans,to

24、support generous levels of foreign aid.数十年来,我的夫人和我出于同情 帮助孩子,资助小额贷款,慷慨地支持国外援救行动。05:39But until I had actually talked to Venus,I would have had noidea that none of those approaches actually addressed whyshe had to watch her son die.但直到我亲身跟Venus攀谈后,我才知道以前所做的一切都没有切中要害,以致于她不得不眼睁睁地看着她的孩子死去。05:49We were do

25、ing fine,Venus told me,until Brutus started to“本来我们过得挺好,”Venus告诉我,”直到Brutus开始惹麻烦。“06:01We were doing fine,Venus told me,until Brutus started tocause trouble.Brutus开始惹麻烦。“06:01Now,Brutus is Venus neighbor and cause troubleBrutus是Venus的邻居,”惹麻烦“是指06:10is what happened the day after Venus husband died,w

26、henBrutus just came and threw Venus and the kids out of thehouse,stole all their land,and robbed their market stall.Venus丈夫去世后的第二天,Brutus将Venus和她的孩子们赶出了家门,掠去了所有的土地,抢走了值钱的东西。06:13www.XiYuS锡育软件You see,Venus was thrown into destitution by violence.是暴力让Venus陷入贫困。06:26And then it occurred to me,of course

27、,that none of my childsponsorships,none of the microloans,none of thetraditional anti-poverty programs were going to stop Brutus,because they werent meant to.这让我突然间意识到,我的儿童资助、小额贷款、传统的抗击贫困的运动,都无法阻止Brutus,因为所做的一切都没切中要害。06:32This became even more clear to me when I met Griselda.当我遇到Griselda后,我更加清晰地意识到这

28、个问题。06:49approaches:处理 stall:n.货摊;畜栏;托辞/vi.停止,停转;拖延/vt.拖延;使停转;使陷于泥中 destitution:n.穷困;缺乏sponsorships:n.赞助;赞助商;赞助广告(sponsorship的复数形式)Shes a marvelous young girl living in a very poor communityin Guatemala.她是一个美丽的年轻女子,住在危地马拉一个贫困不堪的社区。06:54And one of the things weve learned over the years is thatperhaps

29、 the most powerful thing that Griselda and her familycan do to get Griselda and her family out of poverty is tomake sure that she goes to school.根据我们过去的经验,我们认为让Griselda和她的家庭 走出贫困的最有效的办法,或许就是确保Griselda能够完成学业。07:00The experts call this the Girl Effect.专家称之为“女孩效应”。07:14But when we met Griselda,she wasn

30、t going to school.但当我们遇到Griselda时,她并没有上学。07:19In fact,she was rarely ever leaving her home.事实上,她几乎走不出家门。07:23Days before we met her,while she was walking home fromchurch with her family,in broad daylight,men from hercommunity just snatched her off the street,and violentlyraped her.在我们遇见她的几天前,当她离开教堂,

31、跟家人走在回家的路上时,光天化日之下,她所在社区的几个男人把她从街道上拉走,强暴了她。07:28See,Griselda had every opportunity to go to school,it justwasnt safe for her to get there.所以,Griselda并不缺少上学的机会,只是上学的路上太不安全了。07:41And Griseldas not the only one.Griselda并不是唯一面临这个问题的孩子。07:49Around the world,poor women and girls between the agesof 15 and

32、44,they are-when victims of the everydayviolence of domestic abuse and sexual violence-全世界,在15到44岁之间的 贫困的妇女和女孩中,因日常家庭暴力和性暴力侵犯 而丧生或残疾的人数07:52snatched:v.抢夺;突然抓取;很快接受(snatch的过去分词)violently:adv.猛烈地,激烈地;极端地those two forms of violence account for more death anddisability than malaria,than car accidents,th

33、an warcombined.要超过因疟疾、交通事故、战争 而死亡或残疾的妇女数量之和。08:07The truth is,the poor of our world are trapped in wholesystems of violence.真相是,全世界的穷人都深陷暴力的牢笼。08:23In South Asia,for instance,I could drive past this rice mill andsee this man hoisting these 100-pound sacks of rice uponhis thin back.比如说,在南亚,我开车驶过一片稻田,

34、看到这个男人用他瘦弱的后背 驼着100磅重的米袋。08:28But I would have no idea,until later,that he was actually aslave,held by violence in that rice mill since I was in highschool.但当时我根本就没想到,他原来是一个奴隶,在我上着高中时,他就被迫碾米作坊劳作。08:37Decades of anti-poverty programs right in his communitywere never able to rescue him or any of the h

35、undred otherslaves from the beatings and the rapes and the torture ofviolence inside the rice mill.数十年来,他所在社区的抗击贫困的运动 都没能解救他,也没能解救作坊中其他 遭受殴打、强暴、酷刑的 百余名奴隶。08:46In fact,half a century of anti-poverty programs have leftmore poor people in slavery than in any other time in humanhistory.事实上,相对于人类历史上其他任何时

36、刻,近半世纪以来的抗击贫困的运动,让人类历史上沦为奴隶的人数达到了顶峰。09:01Experts tell us that theres about 35 million people in slaverytoday.专家告诉我们,世界上目前大概有三千五百万奴隶。09:13account for:对负有责任;对做出解释;说明的原因;导致;(比例)占 disability:n.残疾;无能;无资格;不利条件 malaria:n.内科疟疾;瘴气 hoisting:n.提升;起重/v.升高;举起(hoist的ing形式)sacks:麻布袋Thats about the population of th

37、e entire nation of Canada,where were sitting today.这大概相当于加拿大整个国家人口的数量,这就是目前的状况。09:19This is why,over time,I have come to call this epidemic ofviolence the Locust Effect.这就是为什么,我将这遍布的暴力称之为“蝗虫效应”。09:26Because in the lives of the poor,it just descends like a plagueand it destroys everything.因为,穷人们就像遭受了

38、一场瘟疫般,家庭支离破碎,生活惨不忍睹。09:31In fact,now when you survey very,very poor communities,residents will tell you that their greatest fear is violence.事实上,如今当你跟那些极度贫困的社区居民交流时,他们会告诉你他们最大的恐惧,就是暴力。09:37But notice the violence that they fear is not the violence ofgenocide or the wars,its everyday violence.注意,他们恐惧

39、的暴力 不是种族灭绝或战争,而是日常暴力。09:46So for me,as a lawyer,of course,my first reaction was tothink,well,of course weve got to change all the laws.因此,对我而言,作为一个律师,我的第一个反应理所当然是,我们必须要修正法律。09:54Weve got to make all this violence against the poor illegal.我们必须以法律作为武器严惩暴力行为。09:59But then I found out,it already is.但我随即

40、发现,相关法律条文已经有了。10:03The problem is not that the poor dont get laws,its that theydont get law enforcement.问题不在于没有保护穷人的法律条文,而在于法律得不到实施。10:06Locust:n.植保蝗虫,昆蚱蜢 descends:下降 survey:n.调查;测量;审视;纵览/vt.调查;勘测;俯瞰/vi.测量土地 residents:n.居民;住院医生(resident的复数);房客 enforcement:n.执行,实施;强制In the developing world,basic law

41、enforcement systems areso broken that recently the U.N.issued a report that foundthat most poor people live outside the protection of thelaw.在发展中国家,践行法律的机构系统腐朽不堪,联合国最近的报告显示,”绝大多数穷人得不到法律保障。“10:14Now honestly,you and I have just about no idea of what thatwould mean because we have no first-hand experi

42、ence of it.说实话,你我都想象不到,没有法律保障意味着什么,因为我们都没有切身体会过。10:28Functioning law enforcement for us is just a totalassumption.在我们心目中,法律的践行完全是理所当然的,10:35In fact,nothing expresses that assumption more clearly thanthree simple numbers:9-1-1,which,of course,is the numberfor the emergency police operator here in Can

43、ada and in theUnited States,事实上,给我们吃定心丸的就是那三个数字:不用说,这就是加拿大和美国 通用的紧急报警号码,10:38where the average response time to a police 911 emergencycall is about 10 minutes.拨打911的警方平均响应时间 大概是10分钟。10:52So we take this just completely for granted.我们认为这完全是理所当然的。10:57But what if there was no law enforcement to protec

44、t you?但是,如果没有法律保护你,会发生什么？11:00A woman in Oregon recently experienced what this would belike.俄勒冈州的一名女子最近就有过这样的切身经历。11:06She was home alone in her dark house on a Saturday night,when a man started to tear his way into her home.在一个周六的夜晚,她独自呆在灯光昏暗的家中,此时一名男子试图撬门而入。11:11issued:v.发布,发行(issue的过去分词形式)/adj.发行

45、的/n.发布日期 first-hand:adj.第一手的;直接的/adv.直接地Functioning:n.运行,运作;计功能;机能;起酌(function的动名词)/v.运行,起作用(function的现在分词形式)expresses:表达(express的动词单数第三人称形式)/交快车/快递(express的名词复数)This was her worst nightmare,because this man had actuallyput her in the hospital from an assault just two weeks before.这是她一段噩梦般的经历,因为就在两周

46、前,这个男子袭击了她,让她受伤住进了医院。11:18So terrified,she picks up that phone and does what any of uswould do:She calls 911-but only to learn that because ofbudget cuts in her county,law enforcement wasnt availableon the weekends.惊慌失措中,她拿起电话,像所有人都会做的那样:她拨打了911 但却发现她所在的郡县为节约资金,周末并不提供警力援助。11:27Listen.请听。11:41Dispatc

47、her:I dont have anybody to send out there.话务员:这边没有人可以过去。11:42Woman:OK Dispatcher:Um,obviously if he comes inside theresidence and assaults you,can you ask him to go away?女子:好吧。话务员:嗯,如果他要闯入你家侵犯你,你能跟他说,让他走吗？11:45Or do you know if he is intoxicated or anything?或者,你知道他是不是喝醉了之类的吗？11:51Woman:Ive already a

48、sked him.Ive already told him I wascalling you.女子:我已经跟他说不要进来了。我已经告诉他我拨911了。11:54Hes broken in before,busted down my door,assaulted me.以前他就闯入过我家,侵犯了我。11:57Dispatcher:Uh-huh.话务员:呃,嗯。12:00Woman:Um,yeah,so.女子:呃,这样,那么.12:01Dispatcher:n.调度员;计调度程序;计分配器 send out:发送;派遣;放出 residence:n.住宅,住处;居住 assaults:n.攻击(a

49、ssault的复数)/vt.攻击;袭击(assault的第三人称单数)intoxicated:adj.喝醉的;极度兴奋的/v.沉醉;中毒(intoxicate的过去分词)busted:adj.被降级的;破产了的;失败了的/v.爆裂;破产;开除;崩溃(bust的过去分词形式)assaulted:v.强奸(assault的过去分词);攻击;袭击Dispatcher:Is there any way you could safely leave theresidence?话务员:你有没有办法安全地逃出家门？12:02Woman:No,I cant,because hes blocking prett

50、y much myonly way out.女子:没有,没办法,因为他堵在我唯一的出口。12:05Dispatcher:Well,the only thing I can do is give you someadvice,and call the sheriffs office tomorrow.话务员:好吧,我唯一能做的就是给你一些建议,明天我会报告给警官。12:08Obviously,if he comes in and unfortunately has a weapon or当然,如果他闯进来,还拿着武器,或试图给你造成身体伤害,那就是另一回事了。12:14Obviously,if