JackHorner_2011[杰克.洪那][从鸡造恐龙].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件When I was growing up in Montana,I had two dreams.我在蒙太拿长大 有两个梦想00:15I wanted to be a paleontologist,a dinosaur paleontologist,and I wanted to have a pet dinosaur.一个是成为古生物学家 研究恐龙的古生物学家 一个是拥有一个小恐龙作为宠物00:22And so thats what Ive been striving for all of my life.这是我整个生命中 工作的动力00:29I was very

2、 fortunate early in my career.我很幸运 在我职业生涯的早期00:35I was fortunate in finding things.我在发掘方面 很走运00:39I wasnt very good at reading things.我不擅长于阅读00:43In fact,I dont read much of anything.事实上,我并不读什么文献00:45I am extremely dyslexic,and so reading is the hardest thing Ido.我在阅读方面有障碍 阅读对我来说是最难的事00:48But instea

3、d,I go out and I find things.但是我走出去,发掘东西00:53Then I just pick things up.我就能获得信息00:56I basically practice for finding money on the street.基本上我是靠在街上捡钱来训练的00:58(Laughter)And I wander about the hills,and I have found afew things.（笑声）我对山陵感兴趣 也发现了一些东西01:01And I have been fortunate enough to find things li

4、ke the firsteggs in the Western hemisphere and the first babydinosaurs in nests,the first dinosaur embryos and massiveaccumulations of bones.特别幸运的是 我发现了西半球上第一个恐龙蛋 第一个还在巢中的恐龙宝宝 第一个恐龙胚胎 还有数量巨大的恐龙骨头01:08striving:n.努力;斗争/v.努力(strive的现在分词);奋斗;力争 dyslexic:adj.诵读困难的/n.诵读困难者 hemisphere:n.半球embryos:n.胚胎;晶胚 a

5、ccumulations:n.积聚,累积;堆积物And it happened to be at a time when people were juststarting to begin to realize that dinosaurs werent the big,stupid,green reptiles that people had thought for so manyyears.那时刚好是 人们开始认识到 恐龙并不是笨重的爬虫的时期 人们从前这样想了很多年01:26People were starting to get an idea that dinosaurs weresp

6、ecial.那时大家开始觉得 恐龙其实挺特别的01:39And so,at that time,I was able to make some interestinghypotheses along with my colleagues.所以那时候 我有机会试验很多理论 当然还有我的同僚们01:43We were able to actually say that dinosaurs-based on theevidence we had-that dinosaurs built nests and lived incolonies and cared for their young,brou

7、ght food to theirbabies and traveled in gigantic herds.我们能够证明 恐龙从我们有的证据来看恐龙能建巢 群居生活 能够照料幼小宝宝 捕食回巢给宝宝吃 迁移的时候是大群一起走的01:51So it was pretty interesting stuff.这些都很有趣02:09I have gone on to find more things and discover thatdinosaurs really were very social.我还进一步发现 恐龙其实是非常社会性的动物02:12We have found a lot of

8、evidence that dinosaurs changedfrom when they were juveniles to when they were adults.我们有很多证据 说明恐龙在从少年到成年的期间变化巨大02:19at a time:一次;每次;在某时 reptiles:n.爬行动物(reptile的复数);脊椎爬行类;爬虫类 colonies:n.殖民地(colony的复数)gigantic:adj.巨大的，庞大的 herds:n.畜群;大量(herd的复数);人群/v.聚在一起;结交(herd的三单形式)juveniles:n.少年(juvenile的复数形式);稚气T

9、he appearance of them would have been different-whichit is in all social animals.它们的外表很不一样 这在社会性的动物中可见02:26In social groups of animals,the juveniles always lookdifferent than the adults.在动物的社会群体中 少年们总是和成年动物看起来不一样的02:31The adults can recognize the juveniles;the juveniles canrecognize the adults.这样成年动

10、物就能认出少年动物 少年们也能认出成年动物02:36And so were making a better picture of what a dinosaurlooks like.我们这样就对恐龙是什么样的动物 有了一个宏观的看法02:40And they didnt just all chase Jeeps around.它们并不是仅仅乱追吉普车的02:45(Laughter)But it is that social thing that I guess attractedMichael Crichton.（笑声）我想正是这社会性 引起了迈克尔克赖顿的兴趣02:48TED演讲者：Jack

11、 Horner|杰克.洪那演讲标题：Jack Horner:Building a dinosaur from a chicken|从鸡造恐龙内容概要：Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care indinosaurs,extensive nesting grounds,evidence of dinosaur herds,and the world.s firstdinosaur embryos.He.s now exploring how to build a dinosa

12、ur.知名古生物学家杰克.洪那花了整个职业生涯试图重造恐龙。他发掘了难得的连血管和软组织都保存得很好的化石，但是没有发现DNA。因此，他使用了新的技术，试图在鸡，恐龙的直系子孙身上使用遗传工程，重造祖先的特征，包括牙齿，尾巴，和爪子，来创造“鸡恐龙”。And in his book,he talked about the social animals.在他的书里,他讲到了这个社会性02:57And then Steven Spielberg,of course,depicts thesedinosaurs as being very social creatures.接着斯蒂文斯皮尔伯格,当然

13、了 把恐龙们描绘成非常社会性的动物03:01The theme of this story is building a dinosaur,and so wecome to that part of Jurassic Park.他们故事的主题是重造恐龙 这样我们就有了“侏罗纪公园”的故事03:08Michael Crichton really was one of the first people to talkabout bringing dinosaurs back to life.迈克尔克赖顿其实是第一批人 开始谈论怎么重新让恐龙复生的03:14You all know the story

14、,right.你们都知道这个故事吧03:21different than:不同于 Jeeps:n.吉普车 depicts:vt.描述;描画I mean,I assume everyone here has seen Jurassic Park.我指假设每个人都看过“侏罗纪公园”03:23If you want to make a dinosaur,you go out,you find yourselfa piece of petrified tree sap-otherwise known as amber-that has some blood-sucking insects in it,

15、good ones,andyou get your insect and you drill into it and you suck outsome DNA,如果你想造出个恐龙 你出去找一块石化的天然树脂 也就是所谓的琥珀 找一个有吸血昆虫的 质量好的 这样你有了昆虫,就钻个洞进去 吸出一些DNA03:26because obviously all insects that sucked blood in those dayssucked dinosaur DNA out.当然了,因为那时候所有的吸血昆虫 都吸的是恐龙的DNA03:44And you take your DNA back t

16、o the laboratory and youclone it.你把DNA拿回实验室 克隆一把03:50And I guess you inject it into maybe an ostrich egg,orsomething like that,and then you wait,and,lo and behold,out pops a little baby dinosaur.我猜是通过把DNA注射到一个鸵鸟蛋里 或者别的什么大蛋 你就等吧 运气好的话,小恐龙就破壳而出啦03:56And everybodys happy about that.皆大欢喜04:06(Laughter)A

17、nd theyre happy over and over again.（笑声）皆大欢喜一次又一次之后04:09petrified:adj.惊呆的;目瞪口呆的/v.使石化;变僵硬;发呆(petrify的过去分词)sap:n.植树液;精力,元气;活力;坑道/vt.使衰竭,使伤元气;挖掘以破坏基础/vi.挖坑道 amber:adj.琥珀色的;琥珀制的/n.琥珀;琥珀色/vt.使呈琥珀色 sucked:v.吸,吮;吸收;吞没(suck的过去分词)inject:vt.注入;注射 ostrich:n.鸵鸟;鸵鸟般的人 behold:vt.看;注视;把.视为/vi.看/int.瞧;看呀 pops:abbr

18、.流行曲调(populartunes);大众音乐会(popularconcerts)/adj.演奏轻音乐有关的;流行音乐乐队的/v.取出;发出爆裂声;突然伸出(pop的三单形式)over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地They keep doing it;they just keep making these things.他们不断克隆,不断造恐龙04:14And then,then,then,and then.然后04:17Then the dinosaurs,being social,act out their socialness,andthey get tog

19、ether,and they conspire.这么多恐龙就社交起来啦 社会性十足 它们聚到一起 密谋策反04:21And,of course,thats what makes Steven Spielbergs movie-conspiring dinosaurs chasing people around.当然了,这就成就了斯蒂文斯皮尔伯格的电影造反的恐龙把人追得到处跑04:32So I assume everybody knows that if you actually had a pieceof amber and it had an insect in it,and you dri

20、lled into it,and you got something out of that insect,我假定每个人都知道 如果你真的拿一块琥珀,有昆虫的 钻个洞 得到一些原料04:39and you cloned it,and you did it over and over and overagain,youd have a room full of mosquitoes.克隆一把,重复做这件事 你只能得到一屋子的蚊子04:49(Laughter)（笑声）04:54(Applause)And probably a whole bunch of trees as well.（掌声）可能还

21、不济一些树木04:56Now if you want dinosaur DNA,I say go to the dinosaur.你想要恐龙的DNA 就要在恐龙身上找05:04So thats what weve done.这正是我们的策略05:09get together:聚会;聚集;收集;积累 conspire:vi.共谋;协力/vt.法密谋策划 conspiring:vi.共谋;协力/vt.法密谋策划drilled:adj.钻过孔的/v.钻孔(drill的过去分词形式)cloned:无性繁殖 over and over:反复;再三 mosquitoes:n.蚊子(mosquito的复数)

22、Back in 1993 when the movie came out,we actually had agrant from the National Science Foundation to attempt toextract DNA from a dinosaur,and we chose the dinosaur onthe left,a Tyrannosaurus rex,which was a very nicespecimen.回溯到1993年,当这个电影开始放映时 我们其实已经拿了国家科学基金,在试图从恐龙化石中提取DNA 我们选了图上左边的恐龙 是个暴龙化石,保存得很好的

23、标本05:11And one of my former doctoral students,Dr.MarySchweitzer,actually had the background to do this sort ofthing.我当时的一个博士生 现在是玛丽施韦策博士了 有做类似研究的 基础05:25www.XiYuS锡育软件And so she looked into the bone of this T.rex,one of thethigh bones,and she actually found some very interestingstructures in there.所以

24、她在这个暴龙的骨头里 一条大腿骨里 找到了一些非常有趣的组织05:33They found these red circular-looking objects,and theylooked,for all the world,like red blood cells.他们发现了红色的,圆形的东西 特别像 红细胞05:43And theyre in what appear to be the blood channels that go它们正好在 血管里 在骨头中间05:51And theyre in what appear to be the blood channels that goth

25、rough the bone.And so she thought,well,what the heck.所以她就想,不如一试05:57So she sampled some material out of it.她提取了一些组织出来06:00Now it wasnt DNA;she didnt find DNA.这些不是DNA,她没找到DNA06:03extract:vt.提取;取出;摘录;榨取/n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹 Tyrannosaurus:n.暴龙 doctoral:adj.博士的;博士学位的;有博士学位的/n.博士论文 thigh:n.大腿,股 for all the worl

26、d:无论如何 sampled:adj.取样的,抽样的/v.抽取的试样(sample的过去分词)But she did find heme,which is the biological foundation ofhemoglobin.但是她发现了原血红素 正是血红素 的基础06:06And that was really cool.这是个大发现06:13That was interesting.非常有趣06:15That was-here we have 65-million-year-old heme.这可是六千五百万年前的原血红素06:17Well we tried and tried a

27、nd we couldnt really get anythingelse out of it.我们试了很久 没得到任何结果06:22So a few years went by,and then we started the Hell CreekProject.几年过去了 我们开始了地狱溪计划06:26And the Hell Creek Project was this massive undertaking toget as many dinosaurs as we could possibly find,andhopefully find some dinosaurs that had

28、 more material inthem.这个地狱溪计划是一场大发掘 目的是挖出尽量多的恐龙化石 希望发现一些恐龙化石 是有更多的遗传物质的06:30And out in eastern Montana theres a lot of space,a lot ofbadlands,and not very many people,and so you can go outthere and find a lot of stuff.在蒙太拿东部 那里有很多空地,很多不毛之地 没有什么居民 你可就出去找到很多东西06:41And we did find a lot of stuff.我们也的确发

29、现了很多东西06:50We found a lot of Tyrannosaurs,but we found one specialTyrannosaur,and we called it B-rex.我们发现了很多暴龙化石 其中一种很特殊 叫做B型暴龙06:52heme:n.亚铁血红素 hemoglobin:n.生化血红蛋白(等于haemoglobin);血红素 Creek:n.小溪;小湾 undertaking:n.事业;企业;保证;殡仪业/v.同意;担任;许诺(undertake的ing形式)badlands:n.荒地;崎岖不毛的地区 Tyrannosaur:n.霸王龙(等于tyrann

30、osaurus)And B-rex was found under a thousand cubic yards of rock.B型暴龙是在 一片上千立方的岩石群下发现的06:58It wasnt a very complete T.rex,and it wasnt a very big T.rex,but it was a very special B-rex.这并不完全是暴龙 也不是特别大的暴龙 但是这是一种十分特殊的B型暴龙07:02And I and my colleagues cut into it,and we were able todetermine,by looking a

31、t lines of arrested growth,some linesin it,that B-rex had died at the age of 16.我和同事们把化石切开 我们能够确定 从看骨头里的生长线,这个B型暴龙是十六岁时死的07:11We dont really know how long dinosaurs lived,because wehavent found the oldest one yet.我们并不知道恐龙一般活多久 因为我们还没找到最老的07:21But this one died at the age of 16.但是这只恐龙在十六岁时死去07:26We g

32、ave samples to Mary Schweitzer,and she was actuallyable to determine that B-rex was a female based onmedullary tissue found on the inside of the bone.我们把样本给玛丽施韦策 她能确定 这个B型暴龙是雌性 因为骨头里 的髓状组织的样子07:29Medullary tissue is the calcium build-up,the calciumstorage basically,when an animal is pregnant,when a

33、bird ispregnant.髓状组织全是积累的钙 也就是钙库 动物怀孕时会产生 鸟类怀孕时也会产生07:39So here was the character that linked birds and dinosaurs.这是一个把鸟类 和恐龙连起来的特征07:48But Mary went further.玛丽继续探索07:52cubic:adj.立方体的,立方的 cut into:v.打断;侵犯 calcium:n.化学钙 build-up:n.组成;逐渐增加或积累;堆起/adj.内建的She took the bone,and she dumped it into acid.她把骨

34、头放入酸中07:54Now we all know that bones are fossilized,and so if youdump it into acid,there shouldnt be anything left.我们知道骨头已经变成化石了 所以把化石放在酸里 应该会全溶解07:57But there was something left.但是这次有些东西不溶08:04There were blood vessels left.它们就是血管08:06There were flexible,clear blood vessels.这些是柔韧的,透明的血管08:09And so h

35、ere was the first soft tissue from a dinosaur.也是第一次在恐龙化石里发现软组织08:13It was extraordinary.这非常了不起08:16But she also found osteocytes,which are the cells that laiddown the bones.她还发现了骨细胞 也就是组成骨头的细胞08:18And try and try,we could not find DNA,but she did findevidence of proteins.通过不断试验,我们还是没有发现DNA 但是她发现了蛋白质

36、08:24But we thought maybe-well,we thought maybe that thematerial was breaking down after it was coming out of the我们认为 仅仅是认为 在组织被发掘出来后,它们就很快降解了08:31material was breaking down after it was coming out of theground.We thought maybe it was deteriorating very fast.我们认为这些组织降解的很快08:39And so we built a labor

37、atory in the back of an 18-wheelertrailer,and actually took the laboratory to the field where wecould get better samples.所以我们就在一个十八轮的大方车里 造了个实验室 把实验室带到野外 我们发掘样本的地方08:41dumped:adj.废弃的;被甩了的/v.倾倒(dump的过去分词);猛地扔下 fossilized:adj.石化的;僵化的;老化的/v.石化(fossilize的过去式和过去分词)vessels:n.血管(vessel的复数);船舶;容器 proteins:n

38、.生化蛋白质(protein复数)deteriorating:v.退化,恶化(deteriorate的ing形式)And we did.We got better material.我们这样做了,也得到了更好的样本08:51The cells looked better.细胞看起来更好08:54The vessels looked better.血管看起来更好08:56Found the protein collagen.胶原蛋白更好08:58I mean,it was wonderful stuff.这都很完美09:00But its not dinosaur DNA.但是还是找不到恐龙的D

39、NA09:03So we have discovered that dinosaur DNA,and all DNA,justbreaks down too fast.我们已经知道 恐龙的DNA,或者说所有的DNA 实在是降解的太快了09:07Were just not going to be able to do what they did inJurassic Park.我们就是不能够 像电影“侏罗纪公园”里一样得到DNA09:13Were not going to be able to make a dinosaur based on adinosaur.我们不能用恐龙 来重造恐龙09:

40、18But birds are dinosaurs.但是还在鸟类就是恐龙09:24Birds are living dinosaurs.鸟类是活恐龙09:29We actually classify them as dinosaurs.我们其实把鸟类 归为和恐龙一类09:32We now call them non-avian dinosaurs and avian dinosaurs.我们现在管恐龙叫非鸟类恐龙 管鸟类叫鸟类恐龙09:36So the non-avian dinosaurs are the big clunky ones that wentextinct.所以这些非鸟类恐龙

41、就是那些已经灭绝了的大家伙09:40Avian dinosaurs are our modern birds.鸟类恐龙就是我们现代的鸟类09:44So we dont have to make a dinosaur because we alreadyhave them.我们不需要造什么恐龙 我们已经有啦09:47collagen:n.生化胶原,胶原质 avian:adj.鸟的;鸟类的/n.鸟 clunky:adj.沉重的;影响不好的(Laughter)I know,youre as bad as the sixth-graders.（笑声）你们简直就像一帮六年级学生09:54(Laughte

42、r)The sixth-graders look at it and they say,No.（笑声）六年级学生看看我说:“这行不通。”10:02(Laughter)You can call it a dinosaur,but look at thevelociraptor:the velociraptor is cool.（笑声）“你尽管叫这个为鸟类恐龙 但是看看真的迅猛龙,那才叫恐龙。”10:07(Laughter)The chicken is not.（笑声）“鸡可不那么酷。”10:14(Laughter)So this is our problem,as you can imagine

43、.（笑声）这正是我们的问题 你可以想象10:18The chicken is a dinosaur.鸡就是恐龙10:25I mean it really is.我是说,它真的是10:27You cant argue with it because were the classifiers andweve classified it that way.你辩不过我 因为我们是专管分类的人,我们就爱这么分10:29(Laughter)（笑声）10:34(Applause)But the sixth-graders demand it.（掌声）但是六年级学生还是不认输10:36Fix the chic

44、ken.“你得改造鸡。”10:43(Laughter)So thats what Im here to tell you about:how weare going to fix a chicken.（笑声）这就是我想告诉你们的 我们是怎么改造鸡的10:45So we have a number of ways that we actually can fix thechicken.我们有几种方法 可以把鸡改造成恐龙10:52Because evolution works,we actually have some evolutionarytools.因为有进化 我们可以用进化的方法11:00

45、Well call them biological modification tools.我们管它叫生物改良法11:05velociraptor:n.迅猛龙 evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的 modification:n.修改,修正;改变We have selection.我们可以选择11:08And we know selection works.我们也知道选择是可行的11:10We started out with a wolf-like creature and we ended upwith a Maltese.我们从一只狼一样的动物开始 最后得到一个马耳他人1

46、1:12I mean,thats-thats definitely genetic modification.我是说,这真的 真的是基因改良工程11:18Or any of the other funny-looking little dogs.或者任何其它有趣的好看的小狗11:25We also have transgenesis.我们还有转基因技术11:30Transgenesis is really cool too.转基因也是很有用的工具11:32Thats where you take a gene out of one animal and stick it in你把一个动物的基因

47、拿出来,放在另一个动物里11:34Thats where you take a gene out of one animal and stick it inanother one.11:34Thats how people make GloFish.这就是怎么做荧光鱼的11:37You take a glow gene out of a coral or a jellyfish and youstick it in a zebrafish,and,puff,they glow.你拿一个荧光的基因 从珊瑚或者水母中来 放在斑马鱼体内 它们就能发荧光11:40And thats pretty co

48、ol.很奇妙吧11:51And they obviously make a lot of money off of them.人们用这个赚大钱11:53And now theyre making Glow-rabbits and Glow-all-sorts-of-things.现在他们在做荧光兔 荧光很多东西11:56I guess we could make a glow chicken.我就想我们可以做个荧光鸡12:00(Laughter)But I dont think thatll satisfy the sixth-graderseither.（笑声）但是我不认为这能够说服六年级学

49、生12:03jellyfish:n.水母;无脊椎海蜇;软弱无能的人 puff:vt.喷出,张开;使膨胀;夸张;使骄傲自满/vi.膨胀;张开;鼓吹;夸张/n.粉扑;泡芙;蓬松;一阵喷烟;肿块;吹嘘,宣传广告But theres another thing.还有一个武器12:08Theres what we call atavism activation.叫做返祖激活12:10And atavism activation is basically-an atavism is anancestral characteristic.返祖激活 其实就是 返祖现象就是重现祖先的特征12:13You hea

50、rd that occasionally children are born with tails,andits because its an ancestral characteristic.你听过 有些孩子出生时有小尾巴 这就是返祖现象12:21And so there are a number of atavisms that can happen.有些返祖现象 常常发生12:30Snakes are occasionally born with legs.蛇有时有腿12:35And heres an example.这就是个例子12:38This is a chicken with t