JackieSavitz_2013X[杰姬.萨维茨][拯救海洋_养活世界].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件You may be wondering why a marine biologist from Oceanawould come here today to talk to you about world hunger.你们可能会疑惑 为什么一位来自奥西安纳的海洋生物学家 今天会来到这里 和你们讲述世界饥荒的问题。00:13Im here today because saving the oceans is more than anecological desire.我今天来到这里是因为 拯救海洋不只是一个生态愿景。00:19Its more than a thin

2、g were doing because we want to createjobs for fishermen or preserve fishermens jobs.这不只是单一的一件事情,因为我们想要为渔民创造就业机会 或是说保护他们的职业。00:24Its more than an economic pursuit.这也不只是一个经济追求,00:30Saving the oceans can feed the world.海洋还可以为全世界提供食物来源。00:33Let me show you how.让我展示给你们看这是如何实现的。00:36As you know,there are

3、 already more than a billion hungrypeople on this planet.如你所知,这个星球上 已有超过 10 亿饱受饥荒的人类。00:38Were expecting that problem to get worse as worldpopulation grows to nine billion or 10 billion by midcentury,and we can expect to have greater pressure on our foodresources.我们预计到21 世纪中期 当人口达到90 亿 至 100亿时 饥荒会变得

4、更加严重,到那时,我们也会给食物来源施加更大的压力。我们也会给食物来源施加更大的压力。00:42And this is a big concern,especially considering where weare now.根据我们现在的状况,这是一个很大的忧虑。00:54Now we know that our arable land per capita is already onthe decline in both developed and developing countries.我们知道现在不管在发达国家还是发展中国家 人均耕地面积 都已经开始减少。00:57biologist

5、:n.生物学家 ecological:adj.生态的,生态学的 preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎/n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品 arable:adj.适于耕种的;可开垦的/n.耕地 capita:n.头数(尤指牲口)We know that were headed for climate change,which isgoing to change rainfall patterns,making some areas drier,as you can see in orange,and others wetter,in blue,causingdroughts in o

6、ur breadbaskets,in places like the Midwestand Central Europe,and floods in others.我们还知道我们正经历着气候变化,气候变化会改变降雨模式,导致部分地区更加干旱,如地图中的橘色部分,而其他一些地区则更加潮湿,如地图中的蓝色部分,这将会在我们的产粮地区造成干旱,比如,在欧洲中西部和中部,而别的地方则会遭受洪水。01:04Its going to make it harder for the land to help us solve thehunger problem.因此,耕地将越来越难以解决 我们的饥饿问题。01

7、:20And thats why the oceans need to be their most abundant,so that the oceans can provide us as much food as possible.这也是为什么海洋必须拥有最丰富的资源,从而能为我们提供 尽可能多的食物。01:24And thats something the oceans have been doing for us fora long time.一直以来,海洋也的确扮演着 我们最丰富的食物来源。01:31As far back as we can go,weve seen an incr

8、ease in theamount of food weve been able to harvest from our oceans.回顾历史,我们发现 曾经我们可以从海洋中收获的食物总量 呈现过增长趋势。01:35It just seemed like it was continuing to increase,until about1980,when we started to see a decline.直到 1980 年,这样的增长趋势停滞了,从此我们经历了下降的过程。01:41Youve heard of peak oil.你们都听说过“石油峰值论”。01:48Maybe this

9、 is peak fish.海洋食物资源的下降也许意味着”鱼类峰值“已经过去。01:50rainfall:n.降雨;降雨量 drier:n.干燥机;干燥剂;吹风机/dry的比较级 as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的 wetter:n.助剂湿润剂;(印刷前纸张的)湿润工/adj.湿的;多雨的(wet的比较级)droughts:n.气候干旱(drought的复数);旱灾灾情I hope not.Im going to come back to that.我希望事实不是这样的。我会再详细说明这一点。01:52But you can see about an 18-percent

10、 decline in the amountof fish weve gotten in our world catch And this is a bigproblem.Its continuing.你们可以从图中看到 从1980年至今 这样的趋势还在持续,造成了严重的问题。01:53This red line is continuing to go down.这条红线在持续下降。02:03But we know how to turn it around,and thats what Im goingto talk about today.好在我们知道怎样才能逆转它,这也就是我今天想要说的

11、。02:05TED演讲者：Jackie Savitz|杰姬.萨维茨演讲标题：Save the oceans,feed the world!|拯救海洋，养活世界！内容概要：What.s a marine biologist doing talking about world hunger?Well,says Jackie Savitz,fixing the world.s oceans might just help to feed the planet.s billion hungriest people.In aneye-opening talk,Savitz tells us what.s

12、 really going on in our global fisheries right now it.snot good and offers smart suggestions of how we can help them heal,while making morefood for all.海洋生物学家谈论世界饥荒是为什么呢?杰姬.萨维茨说:“修复海洋治理可以帮助养活世界上十亿最饥饿的人们。”在这开人眼界的演讲中，萨维茨告诉我们全球渔业不乐观的现状，同时告诉我们怎样复兴渔业并为人们提供更多的食物。We know how to turn that curve back upwards

13、.我们知道如何将那条曲线变为向上的趋势。02:09This doesnt have to be peak fish.这幅数据图不会应验”鱼类峰值论“。02:11If we do a few simple things in targeted places,we can bringour fisheries back and use them to feed people.我们只需要对目标地区做一些简单的事,便可以挽回渔业,并使他们为人类提供食物来源。02:14First we want to know where the fish are,so lets look wherethe fish

14、are.首先,我们要知道鱼类生活在哪。让我们看一下。02:21It turns out the fish,conveniently,are located for the mostpart in our coastal areas of the countries,in coastal zones,and these are areas that national jurisdictions have controlover,and they can manage their fisheries in these coastalareas.结果显示,鱼类大多聚集在 各国沿海地区的 海岸区域,而

15、且这些区域 都是涵盖在国家管辖区域内的,他们可以在这些 沿海地区治理渔业。02:25see about:考虑,查询;注意,处理;料理 upwards:adv.向上;在上部;向上游 fisheries:n.渔业;渔场(fishery的复数);捕鱼术;渔业公司 conveniently:adv.便利地;合宜地 for the most part:adv.在极大程度上,多半 coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的jurisdictions:n.司法管辖区;行政辖区(jurisdiction的复数)Coastal countries tend to have jurisdictions that go

16、 out about200 nautical miles,in areas that are called exclusiveeconomic zones,and this is a good thing that they cancontrol their fisheries in these areas,because the high seas,which are the darker areas on this map,沿海国家可以管辖 从海岸线起 200 海里的范围,这些地区叫做专属经济区。这是一件好事,因为沿海国家可以管理这些区域的渔业。而想要管理那些深海区域 却要难得多。02:4

17、0the high seas,its a lot harder to control things,because ithas to be done internationally.请看地图上深色的区域。因为深海区域的管理必须在国际上进行。02:55You get into international agreements,and if any of you aretracking the climate change agreement,you know this canbe a very slow,frustrating,tedious process.你会涉及到国际协议,如果你关注气候变

18、化协议的话,你知道这会是一个非常缓慢、令人沮丧、并且无聊的过程。02:59And so controlling things nationally is a great thing to beable to do.所以能够在国家范围内进行 控制管理是一件好事。03:07How many fish are actually in these coastal areas comparedto the high seas?那么,和深海相比 海岸区域究竟有多少鱼呢？03:11Well,you can see here about seven times as many fish in thecoast

19、al areas than there are in the high seas,so this is aperfect place for us to be focusing,because we can actuallyget a lot done.在这你可以看到 海岸区域的鱼类数量 是深海区域的七倍。海岸区域完美得成为了我们的重点管理对象,因为在这里我们可以完成很多事情。03:15nautical:adj.航海的,海上的;船员的 exclusive:adj.独有的;排外的;专一的/n.独家新闻;独家经营的项目;排外者internationally:adv.国际性地;在国际间 agreem

20、ents:n.法协议;同意;法契约(agreement的复数形式)frustrating:adj.令人沮丧的/v.使沮丧(frustrate的ing形式)nationally:adv.全国性地;以国民立场地;举国一致地We can restore a lot of our fisheries if we focus in thesecoastal areas.如果我们专注这些海岸区域 我们可以挽回大量渔业。03:26But how many of these countries do we have to work in?有多少这样的国家需要我们这样去做呢？03:30Theres someth

21、ing like 80 coastal countries.世界上共有约80个沿海国家。03:33Do we have to fix fisheries management in all of thosecountries?那么我们需要在所有这些沿海国家 实现相同的渔业管理么？03:35So we asked ourselves,how many countries do we need tofocus on,keeping in mind that the European Unionconveniently manages its fisheries through a commonfi

22、sheries policy?我们需要自问,我们究竟需要专注于多少沿海国家的渔业管理？要知道,欧盟使用了 同一个通用的政策 便利地管理了 整个欧盟的渔业。03:38So if we got good fisheries management in the EuropeanUnion and,say,nine other countries,how much of ourfisheries would we be covering?假设我们在欧洲和别的 9 个国家 都拥有好的渔业管理,我们将覆盖多少范围的渔业？03:48Turns out,European Union plus nine cou

23、ntries covers abouttwo thirds of the worlds fish catch.结果是,欧盟加上其它 9 个国家 占据了世界约2/3的捕鱼量。03:55If we took it up to 24 countries plus the European Union,wewould up to 90 percent,almost all of the worlds fish catch.如果我们把 24 个国家和欧盟一起算上,我们将会覆盖 90%的捕鱼量,这几乎是全世界的捕鱼量。04:02So we think we can work in a limited nu

24、mber of places tomake the fisheries come back.我们认为我们可以在有限的地方 使养鱼业复兴起来。04:10But what do we have to do in these places?但是在那些地方我们需要去做什么呢？04:14Well,based on our work in the United States and elsewhere,we know that there are three key things we have to do tobring fisheries back,and they are:基于我们在美国和其它地区的

25、研究,我们得出了 复兴渔业的 三个核心要点。04:17We need to set quotas or limits on how much we take;weneed to reduce bycatch,which is the accidental catching andkilling of fish that were not targeting,and its very wasteful;首先,我们需要设定 捕鱼的配额和限制;其次,我们需要减少对非目标鱼类的 捕获与杀害,这是非常浪费的;最后,我们需要保护那些 可以让鱼类健康成长、成功繁衍、04:25killing of fish

26、that were not targeting,and its very wasteful;and three,we need to protect habitats,the nursery areas,the spawning areas长、成功繁衍、04:25quotas:n.配额(quota的复数);经管定额,经限额/v.分配(quota的第三人称单数)habitats:n.生态栖息地;(动植物的)经产地(habitat的复数形式)nursery:n.苗圃；托儿所；温床 spawning:v.播种,产卵;大量生成(spawn的现在分词)/n.产卵;增殖that these fish ne

27、ed to grow and reproduce successfully sothat they can rebuild their populations.并壮大群体的栖息地、育苗区、以及产卵区。04:41If we do those three things,we know the fisheries will comeback.如果我们做这三件事,渔业一定会复兴。04:45How do we know?我们是如何知道这些的呢？04:49We know because weve seen it happening in a lot ofdifferent places.因为我们已经在 很

28、多地方目睹了捕鱼业的复兴。04:50This is a slide that shows the herring population in Norwaythat was crashing since the 1950s.这一页幻灯片展示了 从 19 世纪 50 年代开始,挪威的鲱鱼数量急剧减少。04:54www.XiYuS锡育软件It was coming down,and when Norway set limits,or quotas,on its fishery,what happens?那段时间都呈下降趋势,但是当挪威设定限制和配额后,发生了什么？05:00The fishery c

29、omes back.渔业复兴了！05:05This is another example,also happens to be from Norway,ofthe Norwegian Arctic cod.这里又有一个 挪威北极鳕鱼的例子。05:07Same deal.The fishery is crashing.同样的情况,渔业在衰败,05:12They set limits on discards.之后他们在非目标鱼类上设定限制。05:14Discards are these fish they werent targeting and they getthrown overboard

30、wastefully.非目标鱼类的捕获 通常是一种浪费。05:16herring:n.鲱(又称青鱼)fishery:n.渔业;渔场;水产业 cod:n.鱼鳕鱼;愚弄;哄骗/vi.欺骗;愚弄/vt.愚弄;欺骗 discards:n.抛弃物,废物(discard的复数形式)/v.丢弃(discard的第三人称单数形式)overboard:adv.自船上落下;向船外/adj.极其热心的;全身心投入的 wastefully:adv.浪费地;挥霍地When they set the discard limit,the fishery came back.当他们设定了限制以后,渔业回来了。05:21And

31、 its not just in Norway.这不仅仅发生在挪威。05:24Weve seen this happening in countries all around the world,time and time again.我们一目睹这类案例 在世界各地一次又一次地发生。05:26When these countries step in and they put in sustainablefisheries management policies,the fisheries,which are alwayscrashing,it seems,are starting to com

32、e back.当这些国家介入并开始 采用可持续的渔业管理政策,看起来面临崩溃的渔业 便都开始恢复元气。05:31So theres a lot of promise here.因此,渔业的复兴是充满了希望的。05:40What does this mean for the world fish catch?这对世界捕鱼业有什么意义呢？05:42This means that if we take that fishery catch thats on thedecline and we could turn it upwards,we could increase it upto 100 mi

33、llion metric tons per year.这意味着,如果我们 使不景气的渔业再次复兴起来,我们可以 将渔产量增加到每年一亿吨。05:44So we didnt have peak fish yet.所以,我们还没有经历“鱼类峰值”。05:53We still have an opportunity to not only bring the fish backbut to actually get more fish that can feed more people thanwe currently are now.我们仍有机会 去复兴渔业,甚至获得更多的鱼类为比现在更多的人口

34、提供食物来源。05:55How many more?Right about now,we can feed about 450million people a fish meal a day based on the current worldfish catch,which,of course,you know is going down,so thatnumber will go down over time if we dont fix it,but if we putfishery management practices like the ones Ive described inp

35、lace in 10 to 25 countries,we could bring that number upand feed as many as 700 million people a year a healthy fishmeal.那么鱼类究竟可以增加多少呢？现在,我们可以用鱼类 为约4.5 亿人提供食物。这个数据是基于 现在呈下降趋势的鱼产量而得出的。如果我们不去进行对渔业的管理 这个数字还会继续下降。但是,如果我们 将刚才所描述的渔业管理 在 10 至 25个国家中施行,我们可以将鱼的产量增加 并可以每年用健康的鱼肉 喂饱足足 7 亿人。06:02step in:介入;插手干预;

36、作短时间的非正式访问 sustainable:adj.可以忍受的；足可支撑的；养得起的；可持续的 for theworld:(否定句内)无论如何;(肯定句内)每一方面都We should obviously do this just because its a good thing todeal with the hunger problem,but its also cost-effective.很显然,仅仅是为了很好得解决饥荒这一件事情,我们也应该去管理和治理渔业,并且这是经济高效的。06:30It turns out fish is the most cost-effective pro

37、tein on theplanet.研究结果显示,鱼类是世界上 性价比最高的蛋白质食物。06:36If you look at how much fish protein you get per dollarinvested compared to all of the other animal proteins,obviously,fish is a good business decision.如果你去比较花费一美元 能从肉类食品中得到的蛋白质的量,你会发现,鱼类比其他任何肉类食品都含有更多的蛋白质。很明显,鱼类是很好的商业选择。06:41It also doesnt need a lot

38、 of land,something thats in shortsupply,compared to other protein sources.鱼类养殖比起其它动物养殖 不需要大片的 处于稀缺状态的土地。06:50And it doesnt need a lot of fresh water.而且养鱼还不需要很多淡水。06:57It uses a lot less fresh water than,for example,cattle,whereyou have to irrigate a field so that you can grow the food tograze the ca

39、ttle.举个例子,养育的淡水需求量比起养牛 需要灌溉草地 所需要的水量少得多。06:59It also has a very low carbon footprint.同样养鱼只产生很低的碳排放。07:08It has a little bit of a carbon footprint because we do have toget out and catch the fish.唯一的一些碳排放 是我们出海捕鱼所造成的。07:10It takes a little bit of fuel,but as you know,agriculture canhave a carbon footp

40、rint,and fish has a much smaller one,soits less polluting.不过,出海捕鱼只需要很少的燃料,相比起农业的碳排放量,捕鱼产生的碳排放要少得多,所以捕鱼造成的污染更少。07:14cost-effective:adj.划算的;成本效益好的(等于cost-efficient)proteins:n.生化蛋白质(protein复数)irrigate:vt.灌溉;冲洗;使清新/vi.灌溉;冲洗 graze:vt.放牧;擦伤/vi.吃草;擦伤/n.放牧;轻擦 footprint:n.足迹;脚印 polluting:v.污染;玷污(pollute的ing形

41、式)Its already a big part of our diet,but it can be a bigger partof our diet,which is a good thing,because we know that itshealthy for us.鱼肉已是我们的日常饮食的很大一部分,但它可以占据更大的比重,这也是一件好事,因为鱼肉有益身体健康。07:21It can reduce our risks of cancer,heart disease and obesity.摄入鱼肉可以减少癌症、心脏病,以及肥胖的风险。07:29In fact,our CEO Andy

42、Sharpless,who is the originator of thisconcept,actually,he likes to say fish is the perfect protein.事实上,我们的CEO安迪夏普勒斯 也就是这个想法的创始人,他喜欢说,鱼肉是理想的蛋白质来源。07:33Andy also talks about the fact that our ocean conservationmovement really grew out of the land conservationmovement,and in land conservation,we have

43、this problemwhere biodiversity is at war with food production.安迪还说,海洋保护运动的力度 已经超过了土地保护运动,在土地保护运动中 生物多样性与食品生产有非常大的矛盾。07:41You have to cut down the biodiverse forest if you want toget the field to grow the corn to feed people with,and sotheres a constant push-pull there.如果你想要得到田地 来种玉米去喂饱人类,你必须得砍伐有着生物多

44、样性的森林,而且这是一直都会存在的一个矛盾。07:56Theres a constant tough decision that has to be madebetween two very important things:maintaining biodiversityand feeding people.我们总要面临在两件非常重要的事情之间 做出一个困难的抉择:保持生物多样性,还是喂饱人类。08:05obesity:n.肥大,肥胖 originator:n.发起人;起源;起因 conservation:n.保存，保持；保护 biodiversity:n.生物多样性 atwar:在交战状态

45、中 cut down:v.削减;砍倒;杀死;删节;胜过 biodiverse:生物多类状态的/生物多样的 push-pull:n.推挽式的连接/adj.推挽式的 maintaining:n.维护;保养/v.维持;保养(maintain的ing形式)But in the oceans,we dont have that war.但是,在海洋中我们不会有这样的矛盾。08:13In the oceans,biodiversity is not at war with abundance.在海洋中,生物多样性 与食物资源的富饶程度不相矛盾。08:15In fact,theyre aligned.事实上

46、,他们是一致的。08:19When we do things that produce biodiversity,we actually getmore abundance,and thats important so that we can feedpeople.当我们做有益生物多样性的事情的时候,我们会得到更加丰饶的资源,那是非常重要的,因为富足的鱼类资源能为人类提供食物。08:21Now,theres a catch.这里有一个小小的陷阱。08:30Didnt anyone get that?(Laughter)Illegal fishing.有人理解我的意思吗？（笑声）我想说的是:非法

47、捕鱼。08:33Illegal fishing undermines the type of sustainable fisheriesmanagement Im talking about.非法捕鱼会破坏 我刚才所描述的可持续的渔业管理。08:38It can be when you catch fish using gears that have beenprohibited,when you fish in places where youre notsupposed to fish,you catch fish that are the wrong size or thewrong s

48、pecies.非法捕鱼可以是:使用被禁止的工具捕鱼;在禁捕区捕鱼;或者是,捕获错误的尺寸或种类的鱼。08:41Illegal fishing cheats the consumer and it also cheats honestfishermen,and it needs to stop.非法捕鱼迷惑了消费者,也欺骗了诚实的渔民,这需要被阻止。08:51The way illegal fish get into our market is through seafoodfraud.非法捕获的鱼是通过海产品欺诈进入市场的。08:56aligned:adj.对齐的;均衡的/v.结盟(align

49、的过去式);使成一直线 undermines:暗中破坏 gears:n.机齿轮,机传动装置(gear的复数形式)/v.以齿轮连起,安排(gear的三单形式)prohibited:v.禁止(prohibit的过去分词形式)/adj.被禁止的seafood:n.海鲜;海味;海产食品 fraud:n.欺骗;骗子;诡计You might have heard about this.你也许听说过海产品欺诈。08:59Its when fish are labeled as something theyre not.它是指,鱼类在销售时被贴上了错误的名称标签。09:01Think about the la

50、st time you had fish.请你想想上次吃鱼的时候,09:04What were you eating?你到底在吃什么鱼呢？09:05Are you sure thats what it was?你确定你吃的鱼是你所想的那个种类吗？09:06Because we tested 1,300 different fish samples and about athird of them were not what they were labeled to be.因为我们抽取过 1300 种不同的鱼类样品来做过测试,在这些鱼类样本中,大约有三分之一是名不副实的。09:08Snapper