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1、WORD ROOTSprefixesrootssuffixesLevel 4GRADES 712+03764BEPCherie A.PlantLearning the Building Blocks of Better Spelling and VocabularyAwardWinning!The Critical Thinking Co.E m p o w e r t h e m i n d!Copy Protected eBookCopy Protected PDFThe buyer of an eBook can legally keep a copy of the eBook on t

2、wo different devices.The pages in the eBook are watermarked,digitally monitored,and contain a unique sales identifier,tagged to each buyer,to ensure adherence to the terms of this agreement.Illegal distribution of the copyrighted material in an eBook can result in fines and/or jail time.2015,2011THE

3、 CRITICAL THINKING CO.www.CriticalT Phone:800-458-4849 Fax:541-756-17581991 Sherman Ave.,Suite 200 North Bend OR 97459ISBN 978-1-60144-785-2Reproduction of This Copyrighted Material The intellectual material in this product is the copyrighted property of The Critical Thinking Co.The individual or en

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6、erty rights on all its products(eBooks,books,and software).Learning the Building Blocks of Better Spelling and VocabularyWord Roots Series Beginning Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4Flashcards:Beginning Level 1 Level 2 Level 3Written byCherie A.PlantEdited byPatricia GrayGraphic Design byScott SlyterW

7、ORD ROOTSLevel 4Word Roots products available in print,software,or eBook form.Word Roots Level 4 Table of Contentsii 2015 The Critical Thinking Co.www.CriticalT 800-458-4849Table of ContentsAbout the Author.iiiIntroduction.ivPretest/Posttest.viiLessons and ReviewsLesson 1 acou,dog/dox,meter,ortho.1L

8、esson 2 aesth/esth/esthesi/esthesio,meter.4Lesson 3 agon,culp,prot.7Review:Lessons 1-3.10Lesson 4 agora,fort,ornitho/phob.15Lesson 5 anemo,bar/baro,meter/metr,phil,trop.18Lesson 6 anth/antho,chrys,geo,graph,heli,phag,phyte.21Review:Lessons 4-6.24Lesson 7 arch/arche/crac,glyph,hier/heiro,olig,type.29

9、Lesson 8 aort,arct,thes/thet.32Lesson 9 asper,turb.35Review:Lessons 7-9.38Lesson 10 branchi/branchio,helminth,platy,pod/pus,rrhine.43Lesson 11 cant.46Lesson 12 cephal/cephalo,morph,thorax.49Review:Lessons 10-12.52Lesson 13 cint,cuss.57Lesson 14 cinemat/cinemato/kin,esth/esthe,graph.60Lesson 15 ciner

10、,combus.63Review:Lessons 13-15.66Lesson 16 colla,gen,mano,meter,sphygm/sphygmo/sphyx.71Lesson 17 cryo,cryst,gen,phil,scop,therap.74Lesson 18 dactyl/dactylio/dactylo,glyph,gram,ptero,scop.77Review:Lessons 16-18.80Lesson 19 cardio,echo,gram,lal,locat.85Lesson 20 anthrop,eo,graph,lith/litho,paleo,spher

11、e.88Lesson 21 ergo/urg,metall,meter,nom,phob,pyro.91Review:Lessons 19-21.94Lesson 22 calypt,peps/pept,phor.99 Lesson 23 felic,troph.102Lesson 24 flu/fluc/flux.105Review:Lessons 22-24.108Lesson 25 ambul,foli,somn.113Lesson 26 glac.116Lesson 27 gloss/glosso/glot/glott,lal,poly.119Review:Lessons 25-27.

12、122Lesson 28 gen,greg,tum/tumori.127Lesson 29 caust,gram,hol/holo,stas/stat/statis.130Lesson 30 hypn/hypno,narco,phob,therap.133Review:Lessons 28-30.136Lesson 31 fauna,ichthy/ichthyo,saur.141Lesson 32 lav/lu/luge,pur/purg/purge.144Lesson 33 anim,loqu,magn/magni.147Review:Lessons 31-33.150Lesson 34 e

13、v,medi,terr.155Lesson 35 crypto,melan,mnem/mnes.158Lesson 36 moll/mollusk.161These copyrighted pages are digitally coded with a unique buyer identifier.Distribution is prohibited.Word Roots Level 4 Table of Contentsiii 2015 The Critical Thinking Co.www.CriticalT 800-458-4849About the AuthorA graduat

14、e in Elementary Education with a minor in Latin from the City University of New York,Cherie Plant is an accomplished etymologist(one who studies the origin and derivation of words).While teaching,Plant found that children as young as seven were fascinated with decoding words such as“triskaidekaphobi

15、a”(fear of the number 13)using the knowledge of prefixes,suffixes,and root words.Plant retired from teaching in 1995,but was convinced that other youngsters could benefit from such study.She has since devoted her time to writing language materials for all age groups,based on the study of Latin and G

16、reek roots.Answer Key.285Dictionary.303Review:Lessons 34-36.164Lesson 37 leps,mania,narc/narco,thes.169Lesson 38 dont,dox,ortho,graph,ped,scop.172Lesson 39 gen,mor,ox/oxy/oxysm.175Review:Lessons 37-39.178Lesson 40 arch,pater/patri.183Lesson 41 pend/pens.186Lesson 42 glyph,graph,petr/petro.189Review:

17、Lessons 40-42.192Lesson 43 anthropo,eso,ichthyo,phag/phago,phyllo,sarco,tomy,xero.197Lesson 44 phys.200Lesson 45 chrome,cryo,gen,morph,patho,phag,phyte/phyto,therap.203 Review:Lessons 43-45.206Lesson 46 plac.211Lesson 47 pon/pone/pose.214Lesson 48 brachy,pter/ptero,saur.217Review:Lessons 46-48.220Le

18、sson 49 gen,pyret/pyreto,pyro,therap,tyhp.225Lesson 50 secute/sequ.228Lesson 51 sec/sicc.231Review:Lessons 49-51.234Lesson 52 centre,dont,graph,scop,selen/seleno.239Lesson 53 surg/surrect,trauma/traumat.242Lesson 54 card,graph,meter,phras,scope,tachisto/tachy.245Review:Lessons 52-54.248Lesson 55 ten

19、.253Lesson 56 appendec/appendix,micro,tme/tom/tome/tomy.256Lesson 57 trude/trus.259Review:Lessons 55-57.262Lesson 58 fug,phob,verm/vermi,vor.267Lesson 59 elast,meter,vic/visco.270Lesson 60 derma,graph,ophthalm,phyte,therm,xer/xero.273Lesson 61 graph,phag,phone,xyl/xylo.276Review:Lessons 58-61.279The

20、se copyrighted pages are digitally coded with a unique buyer identifier.Distribution is prohibited.Word Roots Level 4 Introductioniv 2015 The Critical Thinking Co.www.CriticalT 800-458-4849“To be a power one must know how to use language;and how can you place words together unless you know their der

21、ivation and their real meaning?”Henry KraemerWord Roots is designed to help students expand their spelling,vocabulary,and comprehension skills.Word Roots is a uniquely designed and challenging workbook based on the word elements:roots,prefixes,and suffixes.Note that the roots used in this book origi

22、nate from the Greek languagethe foundation of much of our English language.Roots,prefixes,and suffixes are the building blocks upon which all words are formed.A thorough knowledge of these elements will greatly enhance ones vocabulary and improve ones understanding of otherwise unfamiliar words.For

23、example,understanding the meaning of the roots plac,trus,orth,and sequ would enable one to comprehend numerous words made from combinations of these elements,such as the following:placate intrusion orthodox obsequiousimplacable protrusive orthotics subsequentplacebo unobtrusive orthodontics sequenti

24、alcomplacent extrusion orthopedist non sequiturEven more dramatically,the Greek root hydr is the basis for nearly fifty words in our language.The significance of this lies in the fact that with every new root learned,the resulting growth of ones vocabulary can be truly astoundingand Word Roots provi

25、des the tools.EtymologyEtymology is the study of the origin and the historical development of a word.It explains the earliest known use of a word,its transition from one language to another,and how it changed in form and meaning over time.Therefore,when reference is being made to“the etymology of a

26、word,”it means the origin of that particular word.The word etymology itself is derived from the Greek word etymologia.The root etymon means true and the suffix-logia means the study of.Etymon is also used in English to refer to the root of a given word.For example,the Latin word candidus,which means

27、 pure,white,sincere,is the etymon of the English word candid which means honest,frank.The Difference Between the Definition of a Word and the Etymology of a WordThe definition of a word tells us what a word means and how it is currently used.The etymology of a word tells us where a word came from,wh

28、ich was often from another language,and what it once meant.For example,the dictionary definition of the word disaster is any happening that causes great harm or damage;serious or sudden misfortune;a catastrophe.However,the etymology of the word disaster refers back in time when people would blame gr

29、eat calamities on the influence of the stars.Through etymology we discover that in the late 16th century,Shakespeare used the word in the play King Lear.It derived from the Old Italian word disastro,which meant unfavorable to ones stars.IntroductionThese copyrighted pages are digitally coded with a

30、unique buyer identifier.Distribution is prohibited.2015 The Critical Thinking Co.www.CriticalT 800-458-4849 vWord Roots Level 4 IntroductionThis antiquated astrological reference to the word disaster is easier to understand when we study the Latin root astr,meaning star,which is also in our modern w

31、ord astronomy.When the Latin prefix dis-,meaning apart,opposite of,is added to the root,astr,the word(in Old Italian,Latin,and Middle French)conveyed the idea that a catastrophe was traceable to the evil influence of a star(a definition that is now obsolete in modern dictionaries).The definitions of

32、 many words have changed over time,and the older meanings have slowly disappeared.Another example is our English word salary,which is defined in the dictionary as fixed payment to a person at regular intervals for services rendered.The words etymology can be traced back 2,000 years to the Latin word

33、 sal,meaning salt.There doesnt seem to be much of a connection between our English word salary and the Latin word for salt.However,by means of etymology we discover that,in ancient Rome,part of a Roman soldiers pay was with salt,which was widely used as a food preservative back then.Over time,the wo

34、rd sal evolved into the word salarium,which signified compensation paid in any form,usually monetary.We still hear the expression used today,“worth your salt,”which essentially means a person is hard working and earning his salary.Nonetheless,this is only an expression,and it doesnt mean that salt i

35、s the true definition of salary.Why Knowledge of the Origin of a Word Is ImportantAlthough our English language derives from Old English or Anglo-Saxon,the majority of the words used in modern English have evolved from many languages,mainly Latin and Greek.Knowing the language of origin of a word is

36、 an invaluable tool when it comes to the correct spelling of a word(orthography).As an example,knowing that the sound of/f/in a word of Greek origin is spelled with a ph will help you to correctly spell words such as biography,photograph,and telephone.Also,knowing that the root for ten is spelled de

37、ka in Greek,but is spelled dec/deca in Latin,will help with the spelling of words of Greek origin,such as dekan and triskaidekaphobia,and words of Latin origin,such as decimal,decagon,and duodecennial.Why Words Are FunKnowing how words have evolved over time can teach you a great deal about our cult

38、ure.Studying the etymology of familiar words can help you deduce the meanings of unfamiliar words,thus enriching your vocabulary.Lastly,hearing stories about the history of words can be very interesting,exciting,and thought provoking.Definitions of Root,Prefix,and Suffix A root is the element that g

39、ives the basic meaning of the word.In this book,the term root refers to the original Greek word.An English word may have two or more roots in it.Identifying these roots can help you to define a word you dont know.A prefix is an element that is added to the beginning of a root.The prefix adds to or a

40、lters the meaning of the word.Prefix:in-means in,into Prefix:re-means back,again Root:flux means flowing in-+flux=antonym:the arrival of a large number of people or things re-+flux=synonym:a backward flowThese copyrighted pages are digitally coded with a unique buyer identifier.Distribution is prohi

41、bited.Word Roots Level 4 Introductionvi 2015 The Critical Thinking Co.www.CriticalT 800-458-4849 A suffix is an element added to the end of a root.The suffix adds to or alters the meaning of the word.Root:magn means great,large Suffix:-ate means one who Suffix:i-fy means to do,to make Suffix:-tude m

42、eans state,quality,act magn+-ate=magnate:a person of high rank,power,influence,etc.in a specific field magn+i-fy=magnify:to increase in size;enlarge magn+i-tude=magnitude:greatness of size,volume,or extent Words such as affluence and exfoliate have both a prefix and a suffix joined to the root.Word

43、and Word Parts The information below will help you identify the word elements(parts).Some roots do not need a prefix or suffix to form a word.act,tract,script,herb A word can have more than one root.manu+script=manuscript A word can have more than one prefix.in-+e-+lig +-ible=ineligible A word can h

44、ave a prefix and a suffix.re-+puls+-ive=repulsive A word can have more than one suffixfunct+-ion+-less=functionless In some words,connecting vowels and/or consonants are used to join word parts or to complete a word.For the sake of simplicity,connecting vowels and consonants used to join word parts

45、or to complete words will appear in gray.herb+i+cide=herbicidefer+t+ile=fertilemedi+at+or=mediatorde+scribe=describe In some cases,to help smooth the sound of the spoken word,a vowel is added to a root.This vowel(usually an o),is referred to as a connecting vowel,and the modified root is called a co

46、mbining form.For example,the root hydr uses the connecting vowel o to produce the combining form hydro,which then combines with the root electr and the suffix-ic to form the word hydroelectric.In the lessons,an asterisk(*)is used to indicate if a root is a combining form.hydr+o=hydro(combining form)

47、hydro+electr+ic=hydroelectric Some roots are considered to be combining forms,yet do not follow the general rule.The last letter of a root or suffix may be dropped when a suffix is added.mob+-ile+-ity ile drops the e=mobilityThese copyrighted pages are digitally coded with a unique buyer identifier.

48、Distribution is prohibited.2015 The Critical Thinking Co.www.CriticalT 800-458-4849 viiWord Roots Level 4 Pretest/PosttestPretest/PosttestBefore starting Word Roots,test your existing knowledge of word meanings.On the blank spaces provided,write what you think each word means.After you complete the

49、book,take the test again on a separate sheet of paper and compare your answers from before and after to determine the progress youve made.1.magnanimous _ 2.anemotropism _ 3.obsequious _ 4.ichthyofauna _ 5.selenosis _ 6.eucalyptus _ 7.tmesis _ 8.tumultuous _ 9.anechoic _10.ergonomics _11.exculpate _1

50、2.hypertrophy _13.glossolalia _14.oxymoron _15.amorphous _16.vermicelli _17.eolith _18.implacable _19.mnemonic _20.pendulous _These copyrighted pages are digitally coded with a unique buyer identifier.Distribution is prohibited.Word Roots Level 4 Pretest/Posttestviii 2015 The Critical Thinking Co.ww