LauraRobinson_2014X[劳拉·罗宾逊][神秘海底世界的奥秘].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Well,Im an ocean chemist.我是一位海洋化学家。00:12I look at the chemistry of the ocean today.我研究现代海洋的化学特性。00:14I look at the chemistry of the ocean in the past.我也研究古代海洋的化学特性。00:16The way I look back in the past is by using the fossilizedremains of deepwater corals.我研究古代海洋的方式,是借助深海珊瑚的化石遗体。00:19You

2、 can see an image of one of these corals behind me.各位可以在我的背后看到这样一张图片。00:24It was collected from close to Antarctica,thousands of metersbelow the sea,so,very different than the kinds of corals youmay have been lucky enough to see if youve had a tropicalholiday.这是在南极洲附近,海平面以下的数千米处采集的。所以这些珊瑚跟其它种类非常不同,比

3、如说你去热带度假的时候有幸见到的一些。00:27So Im hoping that this talk will give you a four-dimensionalview of the ocean.我希望我的演讲能够为大家00:37Two dimensions,such as this beautiful two-dimensionalimage of the sea surface temperature.其中的两个维度,正如这个漂亮的平面图,描述了海平面的温度。00:41This was taken using satellite,so its got tremendous spat

4、ialresolution.这张照片是卫星拍摄的,所以有着极高的空间分辨率。00:47fossilized:adj.石化的;僵化的;老化的/v.石化(fossilize的过去式和过去分词)deepwater:adj.深海的 corals:n.无脊椎珊瑚(coral的复数)different than:不同于 four-dimensional:adj.四维的;四次元的 dimensions:n.规模,大小 two-dimensional:adj.二维的;缺乏深度的 tremendous:adj.极大的，巨大的；惊人的；极好的 spatial:adj.空间的;存在于空间的;受空间条件限制的The

5、overall features are extremely easy to understand.照片的大致内容是相当容易理解的。00:51The equatorial regions are warm because theres moresunlight.赤道地区比较温暖,因为接受的日照很多。00:54The polar regions are cold because theres less sunlight.极地比较寒冷,因为接受的日照较少。00:58And that allows big icecaps to build up on Antarctica and upin the

6、Northern Hemisphere.所以这就让南极洲的土地上生成了巨大的冰盖,同样还有北半球的顶部。01:01If you plunge deep into the sea,or even put your toes in thesea,you know it gets colder as you go down,and thatsmostly because the deep waters that fill the abyss of theocean come from the cold polar regions where the waters aredense.如果你深潜入大海里

7、,或者只是让脚趾头碰到海水,你就会知道越深处越寒冷,这主要是因为,填充海底沟壑的深海海水 是来自寒冷的极地地区,而那里的水密度更大。01:06If we travel back in time 20,000 years ago,the earth lookedvery much different.如果我们让时光倒流两万年,整个地球看上去非常不同。01:19And Ive just given you a cartoon version of one of the majordifferences you would have seen if you went back that long.我

8、刚刚给你们看的是其中一个巨大变化的漫画示意图,那个时代的景象就像这样。01:24The icecaps were much bigger.冰盖要比现在大很多。01:30They covered lots of the continent,and they extended outover the ocean.它们覆盖了大面积的陆地,而且延展到各大洋。01:32polar:adj.极地的；两极的；正好相反的/n.极面；极线/icecaps:n.冰盖;常积不消的冰 Hemisphere:n.半球 abyss:n.深渊;深邃,无底洞,地狱Sea level was 120 meters lower.

9、海平面比现在低了120米。01:35Carbon dioxide levels were very much lower than they aretoday.二氧化碳水平比现在要低很多。01:38So the earth was probably about three to five degrees colderoverall,and much,much colder in the polar regions.地球上的平均气温比现在大概要低3到5摄氏度,而且在极地地区要更加寒冷。01:42What Im trying to understand,and what other colleag

10、ues ofmine are trying to understand,is how we moved from thatcold climate condition to the warm climate condition that weenjoy today.我想要研究清楚的东西,也是我的同事们想要弄明白的东西,就是我们如何从那种极端寒冷的气候 转变成现在我们所享受的这种温暖气候的。01:49We know from ice core research that the transition fromthese cold conditions to warm conditions was

11、nt smooth,as对冰芯的研究告诉我们,从寒冷气候到温暖气候的转变并不是非常平缓的,你们可以通过太阳辐射的缓慢增加中推测出来。01:59TED演讲者：Laura Robinson|劳拉罗宾逊演讲标题：The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor|神秘海底世界的奥秘内容概要：Hundreds of meters below the surface of the ocean,Laura Robinson probes the steepslopes of massive undersea mountains.Shes on the hunt

12、 for thousand-year-old corals that shecan test in a nuclear reactor to discover how the ocean changes over time.By studying thehistory of the earth,Robinson hopes to find clues of what might happen in the future.在海平面以下数百米的地方，劳拉罗宾逊在仔细研究着绵延的海底山脉的悬崖峭壁。她在寻找着具有千年历史的珊瑚，将它们放在核反应堆中测试，以探究海洋是如何随着时间推移而演变的。通过学习

13、地球的历史，罗宾逊希望能够找到一些线索，以预测未来可能发生的事。these cold conditions to warm conditions wasnt smooth,asyou might predict from the slow increase in solar radiation.缓慢增加中推测出来。01:59And we know this from ice cores,because if you drill downinto ice,you find annual bands of ice,and you can see this inthe iceberg.我们可以得出这

14、种结论,是因为如果你在冰盖上钻孔,你可以发现按年份分层的冰,就像这幅冰山的图片里。02:10You can see those blue-white layers.你可以看到那些蓝白相间的条纹。02:16Gases are trapped in the ice cores,so we can measure CO2-thats why we know CO2 was lower in the past-and thechemistry of the ice also tells us about temperature in thepolar regions.气体被封闭在这些冰芯里,所以我们可

15、以据此测定二氧化碳。所以我们得知以前的二氧化碳水平比现在要低。冰的化学组成同样可以告诉我们02:18dioxide:n.二氧化物 know from:区别于 cores:n.晶体核心;芯部;要点;果心(core的复数形式)/v.挖去(水果的)果心(core的第三人称单数)bands:n.乐队;法官如果你从两万年前穿越到现代,你会发现气温出现了增长。02:29It didnt increase smoothly.它不是平缓地增长的。02:34Sometimes it increased very rapidly,then there was aplateau,then it increased

16、rapidly.有时候气温上升得非常迅速,然后就稳定一段时间,之后再次迅速上升。02:36It was different in the two polar regions,and CO2 alsoincreased in jumps.气温在两极地区有些差异,而且二氧化碳水平也以这种跳跃方式增长。02:40So were pretty sure the ocean has a lot to do with this.于是我们可以确定,海洋与这些变化有着密切联系。02:46The ocean stores huge amounts of carbon,about 60 timesmore tha

17、n is in the atmosphere.海洋里储存着大量的碳元素,比大气中的储量多了大约60倍。02:49It also acts to transport heat across the equator,and theocean is full of nutrients and it controls primary productivity.海洋还有的作用,就是跨赤道地区输送热量,而且海洋里富含养分,还提供了极高的初级产能。02:54So if we want to find out whats going on down in the deepsea,we really need

18、to get down there,see whats there andstart to explore.如果我们想要研究深海世界里发生了什么,我们真的需要潜入其中,看看那里有什么,并且开始努力探索。03:02This is some spectacular footage coming from a seamountabout a kilometer deep in international waters in theequatorial Atlantic,far from land.这是采自海底山峰的一些精彩镜头,这个山峰位于赤道地区的公海,而且远离大陆,大概在大西洋底1,000米深处

19、。03:09smoothly:adv.平稳地，平滑地；流畅地，流利地 plateau:n.高原/n.地名肯尼亚,美国普拉托/n.(活动或进程中的)稳定阶段,停滞时期/adj.高原印第安人的 equator:n.赤道 nutrients:营养盐/食品营养素 footage:n.英尺长度;连续镜头;以尺计算长度 seamount:n.海底山 international waters:国际海域Youre amongst the first people to see this bit of theseafloor,along with my research team.你们是最先欣赏到这个地区的海底

20、的一群人,跟我的研究团队差不多。03:17Youre probably seeing new species.你们可能看到的是一些新物种。03:23We dont know.然而我们并不了解。03:25Youd have to collect the samples and do some very intensetaxonomy.你得采集很多样本,然后做非常繁琐的生物学分类。03:26You can see beautiful bubblegum corals.你可以看到这些美丽的泡泡糖珊瑚。03:29There are brittle stars growing on these cora

21、ls.柔软的海星长在这些珊瑚上。03:31Those are things that look like tentacles coming out of corals.它们看起来就像珊瑚上延伸出的触手一样。03:34There are corals made of different forms of calciumcarbonate growing off the basalt of this massive underseamountain,and the dark sort of stuff,those are fossilizedcorals,and were going to tal

22、k a little more about those as wetravel back in time.这些珊瑚由不同形式的碳酸钙组成,在这个巨大的海底山峰的玄武岩上茁壮生长,那些颜色很黑的东西,就是变成化石的珊瑚,让我们回到过去,更仔细聊聊这些珊瑚的故事。03:37To do that,we need to charter a research boat.要做时光旅行,我们得租一条考察船,03:51seafloor:n.海底 intense:adj.强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的 taxonomy:n.分类学;分类法 bubblegum:adj.七至十三岁年龄儿童的/n.泡泡糖;摇滚舞曲

23、brittle:adj.易碎的，脆弱的；易生气的 tentacles:n.动触手;动触须(tentacle的复数)calcium:n.化学钙 carbonate:vt.使充满二氧化碳;使变成碳酸盐/n.碳酸盐 basalt:n.岩玄武岩;黑陶器 undersea:adj.水下的;海面下的This is the James Cook,an ocean-class research vesselmoored up in Tenerife.这是詹姆斯库克号,一艘大洋级的调查船,停泊在特纳里夫港口。03:53Looks beautiful,right?看上去很棒,对吧？03:57Great,if yo

24、ure not a great mariner.如果你不是个很好的海员,你会觉得不错的。03:59Sometimes it looks a little more like this.但是有时她看起来更像这样。04:01This is us trying to make sure that we dont lose precioussamples.我们正在努力保证珍贵的样品不丢失。04:04Everyones scurrying around,and I get terribly seasick,so itsnot always a lot of fun,but overall it is.每

25、个人都手忙脚乱,然后我也严重晕船,所以说这不全是有趣的经历,但是总体还是不错的。04:07www.XiYuS锡育软件So weve got to become a really good mapper to do this.我们必须要成为很好的测绘师才能做这个工作。04:13You dont see that kind of spectacular coral abundanceeverywhere.你不可能在处处都找到如此丰富的珊瑚储量。04:15It is global and it is deep,but we need to really find the rightplaces.我们

26、得走遍世界、潜入深海寻找,但是我们必须得找到正确的地方。04:19We just saw a global map,and overlaid was our cruisepassage from last year.我们刚刚看到一个世界地图,上面重叠着我们去年的航线。04:25This was a seven-week cruise,and this is us,having made ourown maps of about 75,000 square kilometers of the seafloorin seven weeks,but thats only a tiny fractio

27、n of the seafloor.那是一个为期七周的航程,这就是我们自己做的地图,在七周时间里,我们描绘了大约75,000平方公里的海底地图,但那也只是整个海底的微小部分。04:29moored:adj.停泊的;系泊的/v.停泊(moor的过去分词)mariner:n.水手;船员 scurrying:n.急跑;短距离赛跑(或赛马)/vi.急赶;急跑/vt.急赶 seasick:adj.晕船的/晕船 mapper:n.映射;制图人;字体映射程序 overlaid:v.覆盖(overlay的过去分词)Were traveling from west to east,over part of th

28、e ocean thatwould look featureless on a big-scale map,but actuallysome of these mountains are as big as Everest.我们自西向东航行,穿过的一些海域,在世界地图上没有任何特征可言,但是这里的一些山峰其实可以跟珠穆朗玛峰相提并论。04:40So with the maps that we make on board,we get about 100-meter resolution,enough to pick out areas to deploy ourequipment,but no

29、t enough to see very much.我们在船上制作的地图,大概有100米左右的分辨率,这已经足够让我们选定地址放置测绘仪器,但是想要看得更清楚就不是很够。04:48To do that,we need to fly remotely-operated vehicles aboutfive meters off the seafloor.为了使图像更清晰,我们要操纵遥控的深潜器,到距离海底5米左右的深处。04:57And if we do that,we can get maps that are one-meterresolution down thousands of met

30、ers.如果我们这么做,我们可以得到海平面以下数千米处 分辨率小至1米的高清图像。05:02Here is a remotely-operated vehicle,a research-gradevehicle.这就是一台遥控深潜器,科研级别的深潜器。05:07You can see an array of big lights on the top.你可以在它顶部看到一排大灯。05:12There are high-definition cameras,manipulator arms,andlots of little boxes and things to put your sample

31、s.上面还有高清摄影机、操纵臂,还有各种小盒子、小零件来收集海底样本。05:14Here we are on our first dive of this particular cruise,plunging down into the ocean.这是我们航程的第一次深潜,机器潜到大洋深处。05:21featureless:adj.无特色的 Everest:n.珠穆朗玛峰(世界最高峰)pick out:挑选出 array:n.数组，阵列；排列，列阵；大批，一系列；衣服/vt.排列，部署；打扮 high-definition:adj.非常鲜明的 manipulator:n.机操纵器,调制器;操

32、作者plunging:adj.跳进的;突进往下的/n.倒转/v.(使)投入,(使)插入;急降;从事(plunge的ing形式)We go pretty fast to make sure the remotely operatedvehicles are not affected by any other ships.我们让它尽快下潜,使它不会受其它过往船只的影响。05:26And we go down,and these are the kinds of things you see.我们不断下潜,这就是你们可以看到的东西。05:31These are deep sea sponges,me

33、ter scale.这些是大小达到数米的深海海绵。05:34This is a swimming holothurian-its a small sea slug,basically.这是个游动的海参其实是一个小的海底蛞蝓。05:38This is slowed down.这些是慢镜头。05:43Most of the footage Im showing you is speeded up,becauseall of this takes a lot of time.我展示的大部分视频资料都是加速播放的,因为这些过程都耗时很长。05:44This is a beautiful holothu

34、rian as well.这也是一个漂亮的海参。05:49And this animal youre going to see coming up was a bigsurprise.接下来你们看到的这个动物是一个很大的惊喜。05:52Ive never seen anything like this and it took us all a bitsurprised.我从来没见过任何类似的东西,这让我们所有人都震惊了。05:55This was after about 15 hours of work and we were all a bittrigger-happy,and sudden

35、ly this giant sea monster startedrolling past.我们已经连续工作了15个小时,都累得很不耐烦了,突然这个巨大的海怪缓缓从我们旁边游过。05:59Its called a pyrosome or colonial tunicate,if you like.它叫做“火体虫”,或者说是一种寄生性尾索动物。06:05remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地 sponges:n.无脊椎海绵(sponge的复数形式);海绵皂;海绵动物/v.用海绵擦拭,吸收掉,抹掉(sponge的第三人称单数形式)slug:n.鼻涕虫;动作缓慢的人;金属小

36、块/vi.偷懒;动作迟缓/vt.重击 speeded:vbl.加速 trigger-happy:adj.好战的;乱开枪的 monster:n.怪物；巨人，巨兽；残忍的人/adj.巨大的，庞大的 colonial:n.殖民地居民/adj.殖民地的,殖民的This wasnt what we were looking for.这可不是我们要找的东西。06:08We were looking for corals,deep sea corals.我们在搜寻珊瑚,深海里的珊瑚。06:10Youre going to see a picture of one in a moment.你们过一会儿就会看到

37、一张珊瑚的照片。06:14Its small,about five centimeters high.它很小,只有5厘米高。06:16Its made of calcium carbonate,so you can see its tentaclesthere,moving in the ocean currents.它是由碳酸钙构成的,你们可以看到它的触手,在洋流之中摆动。06:19An organism like this probably lives for about a hundredyears.像这样的有机体一般可以存活100年。06:25And as it grows,it ta

38、kes in chemicals from the ocean.在它生长过程中,它从海洋中吸收化学成分。06:28And the chemicals,or the amount of chemicals,depends onthe temperature;it depends on the pH,it depends on thenutrients.这些化学成分,或是说化学成分的量,取决于海水温度,还有pH值,以及水中的养分。06:31And if we can understand how these chemicals get into theskeleton,we can then go

39、 back,collect fossil specimens,andreconstruct what the ocean used to look like in the past.如果我们可以理解这些化学成分如何进入生物骨架,我们就可以采集样本、回溯历史,重现古代海洋的图景。06:38And here you can see us collecting that coral with a vacuumsystem,and we put it into a sampling container.现在你们可以看到我们在用抽真空系统收集那个珊瑚样本,然后把样本放在容器里。06:47in a mom

40、ent:立刻 centimeters:n.计量厘米(centimeter的复数)skeleton:n.骨架,骨骼;纲要;骨瘦如柴的人/adj.骨骼的;骨瘦如柴的;概略的 specimens:n.试验试样,图情样本(specimen的复数)reconstruct:vt.重建;改造;修复;重现 vacuum:n.真空;空间;真空吸尘器/adj.真空的;利用真空的;产生真空的/vt.用真空吸尘器清扫 sampling:n.取样;抽样/v.取样;抽样(sample的ing形式)We can do this very carefully,I should add.我应该补充一下,我们可以做得非常仔细。0

41、6:53Some of these organisms live even longer.这类有机体有些可以活得更长。06:55This is a black coral called Leiopathes,an image taken by mycolleague,Brendan Roark,about 500 meters below Hawaii.这是一种名叫“黑树”的黑角珊瑚,在夏威夷海域500米深处找到,06:57Four thousand years is a long time.四千年可是很长的时间啊。07:04If you take a branch from one of t

42、hese corals and polish it up,this is about 100 microns across.如果你从这种珊瑚中摘取一段枝条,然后把它打磨,这张图横向大约有100微米宽。07:06And Brendan took some analyses across this coral-you cansee the marks-and hes been able to show that these areactual annual bands,so even at 500 meters deep in theocean,corals can record seasonal

43、 changes,which is prettyspectacular.布兰登对这个珊瑚做了横切分析,你们可以看到横向的标记,他由此证明了这其实是珊瑚的年轮,所以说即使在海平面以下500米深处,珊瑚可以记录季节的更替,这其实是挺惊人的。07:12But 4,000 years is not enough to get us back to our lastglacial maximum.然而四千年不足以让我们回到最后一个冰川极盛期。07:26So what do we do?那么我们怎么办呢？07:30We go in for these fossil specimens.我们潜入海中寻找化石

44、样本。07:31organisms:n.生物生物体(organism的复数);生物有机体 polish:n.磨光，擦亮；擦亮剂；优雅，精良/vi.擦亮，变光滑/vt.磨光，使发亮；使完美;改进/v.磨光；修改；润色/adj.波兰的 microns:n.微米(micron的复数)analyses:n.分析;解析;分解;梗概(analysis的复数形式)seasonal:adj.季节的;周期性的;依照季节的 glacial:adj.冰的;冰冷的;冰河时代的 go in for:参加,从事;追求;赞成This is what makes me really unpopular with my res

45、earchteam.其实这就是为什么我在研究团队里特别不受人欢迎。07:34So going along,theres giant sharks everywhere,there arepyrosomes,there are swimming holothurians,theres giantsponges,but I make everyone go down to these dead fossilareas and spend ages kind of shoveling around on theseafloor.所以潜到海底,到处都是巨大的鲨鱼,还有火体虫、游动的海蛞蝓,以及巨大的海

46、绵,但是我要求每个人都潜到这死气沉沉的化石区,然后花很长的时间在海底铲来铲去。07:37And we pick up all these corals,bring them back,we sortthem out.我们拾取所有的珊瑚样本,把它们带回来,然后做分类。07:49But each one of these is a different age,and if we can find outhow old they are and then we can measure those chemicalsignals,this helps us to find out whats been

47、 going on in theocean in the past.但是每一个样本都来自不同的时代,如果我们可以知道它们有多古老,然后我们去测定其中的化学信号,这就可以帮助我们 研究出古代海洋中发生了怎样的事。07:53So on the left-hand image here,Ive taken a slice through acoral,polished it very carefully and taken an optical image.请看左侧的照片,我对珊瑚做了一份纵切片,很仔细地打磨,之后拍摄了光学影像。08:04On the right-hand side,weve ta

48、ken that same piece of coral,put it in a nuclear reactor,induced fission,and every timetheres some decay,you can see that marked out in the coral,so we can see the uranium distribution.在右侧的照片中,我们提取了同一片珊瑚,将它放进核反应堆,诱发核裂变反应,每一次都会产生一些衰减,你可以在珊瑚中看到一些标记,我们可以据此判断铀元素的分布情况。08:11unpopular:adj.不流行的,不受欢迎的 shovel

49、ing:n.铁铲;一铲的量;铲车/vt.铲除;用铲挖;把胡乱塞入/vi.铲 left-hand:adj.左手的;左侧的 polished:adj.擦亮的;优美的;圆滑的/v.擦亮(polish的过去式和过去分词)optical:adj.光学的；眼睛的，视觉的 right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的 reactor:n.化工反应器;核反应堆;起反应的人 induced:adj.感应的;诱发型/v.引诱;说服(induce的过去分词)fission:n.裂变;分裂;分体;分裂生殖法 uranium:n.化学铀Why are we doing this?我们为什么要这么做呢？08:2

50、2Uranium is a very poorly regarded element,but I love it.铀是一种很不被重视的元素,但是我非常喜欢它。Uranium is a very poorly regarded element,but I love it.08:23The decay helps us find out about the rates and dates ofwhats going on in the ocean.这种衰减帮助我们研究出海洋中何时发生了何事,某种成分有多大的量。08:27And if you remember from the beginning,