OliverSacks_2009[奥利弗.萨克斯][幻觉背后的心智].pdf

《OliverSacks_2009[奥利弗.萨克斯][幻觉背后的心智].pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《OliverSacks_2009[奥利弗.萨克斯][幻觉背后的心智].pdf（8页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、www.XiYuS锡育软件We see with the eyes.我们用眼睛看世界00:12But we see with the brain as well.但我们也用大脑看00:15And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.用大脑来看，也就是我们常说的想象00:18And we are familiar with the landscapes of our ownimagination,our inscapes.Weve lived with them all our lives.我们很熟悉自己想象的模式 也就是内心世界，

2、它伴随我们一生00:22But there are also hallucinations as well.然而想象之外还有幻觉00:31And hallucinations are completely different.幻觉跟想象截然不同00:35They dont seem to be of our creation.它似乎不是我们所创造的00:38They dont seem to be under our control.好像也不受我们的控制00:40They seem to come from the outside,and seem to mimicperception.它似乎

3、源自外界 又伪装成我们自己的感知00:42So I am going to be talking about hallucinations.所以我将就幻觉做一些解释00:47And a particular sort of visual hallucination which I seeamong my patients.也会提到我在病人身上观察到的 一种特殊的视觉幻觉00:51A few months ago I got a phone call from a nursing homewhere I work.几个月前我接到从我工作的养老院 打来的一个电话01:00They told me

4、that one of the residents,an old lady in her90s,was seeing things.他们告诉我住客中有一位90多的老太太“看到了一些东西”01:06familiar with:熟悉 landscapes:n.风景;风景地貌(landscape的复数)/v.从事庭园设计;美化(landscape的三单形式)hallucinations:心理幻觉 mimic:vt.模仿,摹拟/n.效颦者,模仿者;仿制品;小丑/adj.模仿的,模拟的;假装的 hallucination:n.幻觉,幻想;错觉 residents:n.居民;住院医生(resident的复

5、数);房客And they wondered if shed gone bonkers.他们怀疑她是不是疯了01:13Or,because she was an old lady,whether shed had a stroke,or whether she had Alzheimers.或者因为年纪大 得了中风，或是老年痴呆症01:16And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,theold lady.所以他们请我去看看罗萨莉 也就是那个老太太01:21I went in to see her.我去了后01:28It was e

6、vident straight away that she was perfectly sane andlucid and of good intelligence.马上就发现 她不仅完全神志正常 还非常清醒、明智01:30But shed been very startled,and very bewildered becauseshed been seeing things.就是有点吓坏了，还有点奇怪 为什么她会出现幻视01:38And she told me-the nurses hadnt mentioned this-thatshe was blind,that she had be

7、en completely blind,frommacular degeneration,for five years.她还说 护士忘了告诉我 她眼睛是看不见的 她五年前就因为视网膜黄斑退化而完全失明了01:45But now,for the last few days,shed been seeing things.近几天却看到了幻象01:57So I said,What sort of things?我问：“什么样的幻象？”02:00And she said,People in Eastern dress,in drapes,walking upand down stairs.她说：“许多

8、人穿着东方服饰 那种长袍式的，在楼梯上上下下02:03bonkers:adj.疯狂的;精神不正常的 straight away:马上;即刻 sane:adj.健全的;理智的;临床神志正常的 lucid:adj.明晰的;透明的;易懂的;头脑清楚的 startled:v.震惊(startle的过去分词)/adj.受惊吓的 bewildered:adj.困惑的;眩/v.使困惑(bewilder的过去分词)macular:adj.有斑点的;有污点的 degeneration:n.退化;医变性;堕落;恶化 drapes:n.窗帘;褶裥;洞巾(drape的复数)/v.披在上;使呈褶状(drape的三单形式

9、)up and down:上上下下;到处;前前后后;来来往往A man who turns towards me and smiles.一个男的转过来对我笑02:10But he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.但他的嘴巴只有一边长着牙，很大的牙02:13Animals too.还有很多动物02:17I see a white building.Its snowing,a soft snow.有一栋白色的楼，天在下雪，小雪02:19I see this horse,with a harness,dragging the snow away.我还看

10、到一匹戴着挽具的马不断把雪拖走02:22Then,one night,the scene changes.然后有一天晚上，幻象变了02:27I see cats and dogs walking towards me.变成好多猫和狗朝我这边走02:31They come to a certain point and then stop.走着走着就停了02:33Then it changes again.然后又变了02:36I see a lot of children.They are walking up and down stairs.这回我看到很多小朋友在楼梯上爬上爬下02:38TED演

11、讲者：Oliver Sacks|奥利弗.萨克斯演讲标题：Oliver Sacks:What hallucination reveals about our minds|幻觉背后的心智内容概要：Since Awakenings first stormed the bestseller lists(and the silver screen),Oliver Sackshas become an unlikely household name,single-handedly inventing the genre of neurologicalanthropology.奥利弗.萨克斯是一位神经学家和

12、作家。他将带我们认识邦纳症候群，也就是视力受损的人产生鲜明幻觉。他用温馨的细节描述了病人的经历，并以这样的叙述让我们了解这种鲜少被报道的现象背后的生理原理。They wear bright colors,rose and blue,like Eastern dress.他们穿着颜色鲜艳的衣服，有玫瑰色，有蓝色 就像东方服饰。”02:41Sometimes,she said,before the people come on she mayhallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,which seemto go up to the ceilin

13、g.她说，有时候在她看到人之前 她还能看到地板上粉色和蓝色的方块 跑到天花板上02:47I said,Is this like a dream?我问：“像不像做梦？”02:57snowing:v.下雪(snow的ing形式)dragging:vt.牵引(drag的现在分词)/adj.拖延的;拖曳用的 cats and dogs:价值低的股票;杂物;(下雨)猛烈地;大量地 hallucinate:vt.使产生幻觉/vi.出现幻觉 squares:n.广场;数正方形(square的复数形式);方钢;直角尺/v.使成直角;使符合的要求(square的第三人称单数形式)go up to:前往;上到上A

14、nd she said,No,its not like a dream.Its like a movie.她说：“不，不像梦。像个电影。”03:01She said,Its got color.Its got motion.“它是有颜色的，还有动作03:04But its completely silent,like a silent movie.不过一点声音都没有，像默片。”03:07And she said that its a rather boring movie.她还说那电影相当无聊03:11She said,All these people with Eastern dress,w

15、alking upand down,very repetitive,very limited.她说：“所有人都穿着东方衣服 爬上爬下，不停地，一点别的花样都没有。”03:13(Laughter)And she has a sense of humor.(笑声)她很幽默03:21She knew it was a hallucination.而且知道那是个幻觉03:25But she was frightened.Shed lived 95 years and shed neverhad a hallucination before.但她有点害怕，因为她活了95年 从来没有出现过幻觉03:27S

16、he said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anythingshe was thinking or feeling or doing.她说那些幻觉跟她的意识和行为 一点都不相干03:32That they seemed to come on by themselves,or disappearby themselves.总是这么无缘无故地出现，又无缘无故地消失03:39She had no control over them.完全不受她控制03:43She said she didnt recognize any of the peopl

17、e or places inthe hallucinations.而幻觉中出现的 人和地点 她一个都不认识03:45And none of the people or the animals,well,they all seemedoblivious of her.里面的人和动物 也好像看不见她03:51repetitive:adj.重复的 unrelated:adj.无关的,不相干的 oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的And she didnt know what was going on.她不知道这是这么了03:57She wondered if she was

18、 going mad,or losing her mind.她想，她是疯了 还是在失去理智03:59www.XiYuS锡育软件Well,I examined her carefully.于是我为这个活泼的老太太04:03She was a bright old lady.做了详尽的检查04:05Perfectly sane.She had no medical problems.结果发现她的神智完全正常，没有精神问题04:07She wasnt on any medications which could producehallucinations.她所吃的药也都没有致幻的副作用04:11Bu

19、t she was blind.不过，她是盲的04:15And I then said to her,I think I know what you have.所以我说：“我想我知道你的问题是什么了。04:17I said,There is a special form of visual hallucination whichmay go with deteriorating vision,or blindness.有一种特殊的视觉幻觉 会发生在视力受损或完全失明的人身上04:21This was originally described,I said,back in the 18thcen

20、tury,by a man called Charles Bonnet.这种现象 最早在18世纪 被一个叫查尔斯邦纳的人描述过04:29And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.你得的就是邦纳症候群(Charles Bonnetsyndrome)04:37There is nothing wrong with your brain.There is nothingwrong with your mind.问题既不在你的大脑，也不在你的意识04:40You have Charles Bonnet syndrome.你只是得了这种邦纳症候群。”04:42medica

21、tions:n.药物(medication的复数形式);药物治疗 deteriorating:v.退化,恶化(deteriorate的ing形式)Bonnet:n.机阀盖;软帽/vt.给装上罩;给戴上帽子 syndrome:n.临床综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位And she was very relieved at this,that there was nothingseriously the matter,and also rather curious.她大松一口气 还好不是什么重病 完了还相当好奇04:45She said,Who is this Charles Bonne

22、t?她问：“这个查尔斯04:55She said,Did he have them himself?他也有这种幻觉吗？04:57And she said,Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnetsyndrome.还有，告诉那些护工，我只不过是得了邦纳症候群。“05:00(Laughter)Im not crazy.Im not demented.I have CharlesBonnet syndrome.(笑声)“我没疯，也没傻，我只是得了邦纳症候群。”05:06Well,so I did tell the nurses.于是我照她的意思告诉

23、了护工们05:12Now this,for me,is a common situation.其实这种现象对我来说并不稀奇05:14I work in old-age homes,largely.我在养老院工作05:17I see a lot of elderly people who are hearing impaired orvisually impaired.认识很多老人 是听力或视力受损的05:19About 10 percent of the hearing impaired people getmusical hallucinations.10%的听力受损者 有听觉幻觉05:25

24、And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people getvisual hallucinations.10%的视力受损者 有视觉幻觉05:30You dont have to be completely blind,only sufficientlyimpaired.不一定要完全失明 或完全听不到，才会有这种幻觉05:35demented:adj.发狂的,疯狂的;精神错乱的/v.精神错乱;变得痴呆(dement的过去分词)old-age:adj.老年的 impaired:adj.受损的/v.损害(impair的过去式和过去分词)visual

25、ly:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地 sufficiently:adv.充分地;足够地Now with the original description in the 18th century,Charles Bonnet did not have them.18世纪的查尔斯邦纳 其实并没有这种症状05:39His grandfather had these hallucinations.产生幻觉的是他的祖父05:45His grandfather was a magistrate,an elderly man.一位年长的长官05:48Hed had cataract surgery.这个

26、长官曾接受过白内障手术05:51His vision was pretty poor.视力不大好05:54And in 1759 he described to his grandson various things hewas seeing.1759年，他向孙子描述了 他看到的各种各样的幻象05:56The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair.第一个幻象 是一块悬浮在空中的手帕06:03It was large blue handkerchief with four orange circles.大大的，蓝色的 还有

27、四个橙色的圆圈06:07And he knew it was a hallucination.他知道这是个幻觉06:11You dont have handkerchiefs in midair.因为手帕不会浮在半空06:14And then he saw a big wheel in midair.他还看到过一个大轮子浮在空中06:16But sometimes he wasnt sure whether he was hallucinatingor not.不过有时候他也搞不清楚看到的到底是不是幻觉06:20Because the hallucinations would fit in t

28、he context of thevisions.因为这些幻觉 会融合在现实的背景里06:25magistrate:n.地方法官;文职官员;治安推事 cataract:n.眼科白内障;大瀑布;暴雨,洪水;奔流/vt.倾注 grandson:n.孙子;外孙 handkerchief:n.手帕;头巾,围巾 midair:n.半空中 handkerchiefs:n.手帕(handkerchief的复数)hallucinating:v.使产生幻觉(hallucinate的ing形式)visions:n.愿景;幻觉(vision的复数);生理眼科视力/v.想像;显现(vision的三单形式)So on

29、one occasion,when his granddaughters were visitingthem,he said,And who are these handsome young menwith you?有一次，当他的孙女们来探望他时，他又看到了幻觉 他问：“这几个跟你们在一起的帅小伙子是谁啊？”06:29And they said,Alas,Grandpapa,there are no handsomeyoung men.孙女们却说：“诶，爷爷，没有你说的帅小伙啊。”06:37And then the handsome young men disappeared.突然间帅小伙们就

30、消失了06:41Its typical of these hallucinations that they may come in aflash and disappear in a flash.这是一种典型的幻觉 刷一下来，刷一下去06:45They dont usually fade in and out.没有渐变06:51They are rather sudden.And they change suddenly.相当突然，变得也快06:53Charles Lullin,the grandfather,saw hundreds of differentfigures,different

31、 landscapes of all sorts.查尔斯鲁林，也就是那个祖父 看到过几百个不同的人像 还有各种各样的景色06:56On one occasion he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking apipe,and realized it was himself.有一次，他看到一个穿浴袍的男人在抽烟斗 然后意识到，那就是他自己07:04That was the only figure he recognized.那是唯一一个他辨认出来的人像07:11On one occasion when he was walking in the streets of P

32、aris,he saw-this was real-a scaffolding.还有一次，他在巴黎的街道上 当真看到了一个脚手架07:14granddaughters:n.孙女;外孙女 Alas:int.唉(表悲伤,遗憾,恐惧,关切等等)Grandpapa:n.爷爷;外公 in a flash:瞬间;立刻fade:vi.褪色;凋谢;逐渐消失/vt.使褪色/adj.平淡的;乏味的/n.电影电视淡出;电影电视淡入 bathrobe:n.浴衣;睡衣scaffolding:n.脚手架;搭脚手架的材料But when he got back home he saw a miniature of thes

33、caffolding six inches high,on his study table.回到家后，却看到了那个脚手架的迷你版 六英尺高，就立在他的书桌上07:21This repetition of perception is sometimes called palinopsia.这种感知的重复 有时会被称作视像保留07:28With him,and with Rosalie,what seems to be going on-and Rosalie said,Whats going on?-and I said that as youlose vision,as the visual

34、parts of the brain are no longergetting any input,they become hyperactive and excitable.这种在查尔斯鲁林和罗斯莉 身上发生的 让罗斯莉问道“我这是这么了？”的现象 我这么解释吧：随着视力的减退 大脑与视力相关的部分渐渐失去了信息输入 从而进入一种过度活跃的、待激活的状态07:33And they start to fire spontaneously.于是它开始自发地活动07:51And you start to see things.让人产生幻象07:53The things you see can be

35、 very complicated indeed.产生的幻象可以相当复杂07:56With another patient of mine,who,like Charles Lullin,still我有一个病人（像查尔斯鲁林一样）视力没有完With another patient of mine,who,like Charles Lullin,stillhad some vision,the vision she had could be disturbing.全减退 她看到的幻象比较恼人07:59On one occasion she said she saw a man in a stri

36、ped shirt in arestaurant.她说有一次她看到 餐馆里有一个穿条纹恤衫的男人08:09And he turned around.And then he divided into six identicalfigures in striped shirts,who started walking towards her.他转过身 然后就突然分裂成6个同样穿条纹恤衫的人像 开始朝她走来08:15miniature:adj.微型的,小规模的/n.缩图;微型画;微型图画绘画术/vt.是的缩影 hyperactive:adj.极度活跃的;活动过度的excitable:adj.易激动的

37、;易兴奋的;易怒的 spontaneously:adv.自发地;自然地;不由自主地 striped:adj.有条纹的;有斑纹的/v.被剥去(strip的过去分词)identical:adj.同一的；完全相同的/n.完全相同的事物And then the six figures came together again,like aconcertina.然后六个人就合了起来，就像手风琴一样08:23Once,when she was driving,or rather,her husband wasdriving,the road divided into four.有一次她正在开车 应该说，是他

38、丈夫在开 路突然就分裂成了4条08:26And she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.她感觉就像同时在4条路上行驶08:32She had very mobile hallucinations as well.她的幻觉充满动感08:36A lot of them had to do with a car.往往会牵涉到车08:41Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hoodof the car.有时她会看到一个青年男孩 坐在引擎盖上08:44He was ver

39、y tenacious and he moved rather gracefully whenthe car turned.紧抓不放，车转弯时 他便随着车的动作缓缓倾斜08:49And then when they came to a stop,the boy would do asudden vertical take off,100 foot in the air,and thendisappear.车停下后 男孩便会突然垂直飞到100尺的高空 然后消失08:53Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.还有

40、一个病人，有另外一种幻觉09:02This was a woman who didnt have trouble with her eyes,butthe visual parts of her brain.这位女病人视力并无问题 问题出在她脑部的视觉部分09:07A little tumor in the occipital cortex.她的枕叶皮层有一个小肿瘤09:12concertina:n.类似风琴的六角形乐器 or rather:更精确地说,倒不如说 simultaneously:adv.同时地 tenacious:adj.顽强的;坚韧的;固执的;紧握的;黏着力强的 gracefu

41、lly:adv.优雅地;温文地 occipital:adj.枕骨的,枕部的/n.枕骨 cortex:n.解剖皮质;树皮;果皮And,above all,she would see cartoons.尤其引人注意的是，她看到的幻象是卡通的09:15These cartoons would be transparent and would cover halfthe visual field,like a screen.而且是半透明的 像屏幕一样盖住半个视野09:20And especially she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.特别的是，她看到的是青蛙柯密特

42、（芝麻街人物）09:28(Laughter)Now,I dont watch Sesame Street.（笑声）我不看芝麻街的09:34But she made a point of saying,Why Kermit?She said,Kermit the Frog means nothing to me.不过她坚持要问我：”为什么是柯密特？“她说，”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“09:38You know,I was wondering about Freudian determinants.当时我正在研究弗洛伊德决定因素09:45Why Kermit?为什么是柯密特？09:48

43、Kermit the Frog means nothing to me.”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“09:50She didnt mind the cartoons too much.她并不大关注那部卡通09:52But what did disturb her was she got very persistent imagesor hallucinations of faces and as with Rosalie,the faces wereoften deformed,with very large teeth,or very large eyes.让她非常苦恼的是 这些

44、幻觉持续地出现 而且跟罗斯莉的情况一样，幻觉中的脸往往是扭曲的 要么长着大牙，要么长着大眼09:54And these frightened her.这让她感到非常不安10:08Well,what is going on with these people?那么，这些病人是怎么了？10:11above all:首先;尤其是 cartoons:n.卡通动画;动漫图书(cartoon的复数)/v.画漫画(cartoon的三单形式)Sesame:n.芝麻determinants:n.决定因素(determinant的复数);数行列式 persistent:adj.固执的，坚持的；持久稳固的 defo

45、rmed:adj.畸形的;丑陋的;残废的/v.使.残缺,使.变形(deform的过去式和过去分词形式)As a physician,I have to try and define whats going on,andto reassure people.作为一个医生，我必须尝试阐释这些现象 来安抚他们10:15Especially to reassure them that theyre not going insane.尤其得告诉他们，他们没疯10:20Something like 10 percent,as I said,of visually impairedpeople get th

46、ese.我前面提到过，视力受损的人 有10%会产生幻觉10:24But no more than one percent of the people acknowledgethem.但不超过1%会承认10:30Because they are afraid they will be seen as insane,orsomething.因为他们担心会被当成疯子之类10:34And if they do mention them to their own doctors they maybe misdiagnosed.而如果他们向医生提起这种症状 医生可能会做出错误的诊断10:37In part

47、icular,the notion is that if you see things or hearthings,youre going mad.而且，大家往往认为 如果你看到或听到幻觉，你就是疯了10:42But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.其实我们提到的这种幻觉跟精神病幻觉是不一样的10:47Psychotic hallucinations,whether they are visual or vocal,they address you.They accuse you.精神病的幻觉，不管是视觉的还是听觉的 都对付你，

48、指控你10:50They seduce you.They humiliate you.诱惑你，羞辱你10:55reassure:vt.使安心,使消除疑虑 no more than:adv.只是;仅仅 misdiagnosed:vt.错误地或判断,断定/vi.错误地诊断 Inparticular:尤其,特别 psychotic:adj.精神病的/n.精神病患者;疯子 seduce:vt.引诱;诱惑;诱奸;怂恿 humiliate:vt.羞辱;使丢脸;耻辱They jeer at you.嘲弄你10:57You interact with them.跟你互动11:00There is none o

49、f this quality of being addressed with theseCharles Bonnet hallucinations.而这些 都没有出现在邦纳式的幻觉中11:02www.XiYuS锡育软件There is a film.Youre seeing a film which has nothing to dowith you.邦纳式幻觉就像一部电影，尽管你在看，电影却没有牵涉到你11:08Or thats how people think about it.反正患者们是这么认为的11:12There is also a rare thing called tempor

50、al lobe epilepsy.还有一种少有的症状叫颞叶癫痫11:15And sometimes,if one has this,one may feel oneselftransported back to a time and place in the past.有时，如果一个人产生这种症状 他可能会感到自己被带回 到过去的一个时空11:19Youre at a particular road junction.在某一个路口11:27You smell chestnuts roasting.闻到烤栗子的香味11:29You hear the traffic.All the senses