LizHajek_2014X[Liz Hajek][河流告诉我们的地球历史].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件All right,lets get up our picture of the earth.好的,我们来看看地球的照片。00:12The earth is pretty awesome.地球确实令人惊叹。00:16Im a geologist,so I get pretty psyched about this,but theearth is great.我是名地质学家,所以对这很着迷,地球很伟大。00:17Its powerful,its dynamic,its constantly changing.它充满力量,充满活力,时时刻刻都在变化。00:21Its a

2、pretty exciting place to live.确实是个令人兴奋的居住地。00:25But I want to share with you guys today my perspective as ageologist in how understanding earths past can help informand guide decisions that we make today about how tosustainably live on earths surface.但我今天想从一个地质学家的视角 和你们分享,了解地球的过去 将如何帮助并指导我们在地球上 可持续的

3、生存下去。00:28So theres a lot of exciting things that go on on the surface ofthe earth.地球表面有着许多令人兴奋的事物。00:41If we zoom in here a little bit,I want to talk to you guys alittle bit about one of the things that happens.如果我们在这里放大一点,我想和你们谈谈一个现象。00:45Material get shuffled around earths surface all the time,an

4、done of the big thing that happens is material from highmountains gets eroded and transported and deposited inthe sea.物质在地球的表面不断被冲刷,其中一个重要的影响是,高山上的东西也会被冲刷掉,被搬运并最终沉淀于海底。00:50awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的 geologist:n.地质学家,地质学者 psyched:激动的/adj.兴奋的sustainably:adv.支撑得住;能保持住地 shuffled:拖曳/搅乱/推诿/洗牌(shuffl

5、e的过去式和过去分词)eroded:adj.被侵蚀的,损坏了/v.侵蚀;损坏(erode的过去分词形式)transported:v.植运输;搬运(transport的过去式)deposited:v.存放;储存;放置(deposit的过去分词)/adj.存放的;堆积的And this process is ongoing all the time,and it has hugeeffects on how the landscape works.这一过程一直发生着,并且深刻的影响了地形的形成。00:59So this example here in south India-we have som

6、e of thebiggest mountains in the world,and you can see in thissatellite photo rivers transporting material from thosemountains out to the sea.举个例子,在印度南部 有着世界上最高的山峰,你可以从这张卫星图像上看到,河流运输着这些山上的东西直至海洋。01:03You can think of these rivers like bulldozers.你可以把这些河流想象成推土机。01:14Theyre basically taking these moun

7、tains and pushing themdown towards the sea.它们基本上就是在拽着这些山峰,将它们向海的方向推移。01:16Well give you guys an example here.给你们举个例子。01:21So we zoom in a little bit.我们放大一点。01:23I want to talk to you guys specifically about a river.我想和你们具体谈谈其中一条河。01:24We can see these beautiful patterns that the rivers make astheyre

8、 pushing material down to the sea,but these patternsarent static.我们可以看到河流 运输物质到海洋的过程中,描绘出的美丽图案,但是这些图案不是一成不变的。01:27These rivers are wiggling and jumping around quite a bit,and it can have big impacts on our lives.这些河流这里绕一绕,那里绕一绕,就会对我们的生活产生很大的影响。01:33So an example of this is this is the Kosi River.其中一

9、个例子是戈西河。01:38transporting:运输;猜火车(电影名)/v.运输(transport的ing形式)bulldozers:n.机推土机(bulldozer的复数形式)wiggling:vi.使摆动,使扭动/vt.摆动/n.扭动 impacts:n.影响(impact的复数);力冲击/v.压紧;冲撞;对产生不良影响(impact的三单形式)So the Kosi River has this nice c-shaped pathway,and it exitsthe big mountains of Nepal carrying with it a ton of materia

10、l,a lot of sediments thats being eroded from the highmountains,and it spreads out across India and moves thismaterial.戈西河有着漂亮的C形河道,它从尼泊尔的高山流出,带着成吨的矿物,通过侵蚀高山得到的沉积物,穿过印度,并且运输着它们。01:40TED演讲者：Liz Hajek|Liz Hajek演讲标题：What rivers can tell us about the earth.s history|河流告诉我们的地球历史内容概要：Rivers are one of natu

11、re.s most powerful forces-they bulldoze mountains and carveup the earth,and their courses are constantly moving.Understanding how they form and howthey.ll change is important for those that call their banks and deltas home.In this visual-packedtalk,geoscientist Liz Hajek shows us how rocks deposited

12、 by ancient rivers can be used as atime machine to study the history of the earth,so we can figure out how to more sustainablylive on it today.河流是自然最强大的力量之一它们推动高山，侵蚀大地，而且河道也一直在变化。理解它们如何形成以及如何变化对居住在河岸旁和三角洲的人来说十分重要。在这一图片信息丰富的演讲中，地质学家Liz Hajek向我们展示了由古代河流堆积成的岩石如何可以被用作时间机器来研究地球的历史，从而让我们得知在今天应当如何可持续的生存下去。

13、So were going to zoom in to this area and Im going to tellyou a little bit about what happened with the Kosi.我们将放大这一块区域,而我将告诉你们戈西河发生的事情。01:54Its an example of how dynamic these systems can be.这个例子告诉了我们 这些系统的动态程度。02:00So this is a satellite image from August of 2008,and thissatellite image is colored

14、 so that vegetations or plants showup as green and water shows up as blue.这是2008年八月的一张卫星图像,已经被着色了,所以植物或植被都是绿色的,水是蓝色的。02:02So here again you can see that c-shaped pathway that thisriver takes as it exits Nepal.你可以看到当它离开尼泊尔时 是呈C形的河道。02:11And now this is monsoon season.现在是季风季节。02:17August is monsoon se

15、ason in this region of the world,andanyone that lives near a river is no stranger to flooding andthe hazards and inconveniences at minimum that areassociated with that.八月是这个地区的季风季节,任何住在河流旁边的人都对洪水 以及洪水带来的危害 和不便不感到陌生。02:19pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径 sediments:n.地质沉积物,化学沉淀物(sediment的复数)/v.沉积(sediment的第三人称单数)ve

16、getations:n.植植物(vegetation的复数形式);疣状赘生物 monsoon:n.季风;(印度等地的)雨季;季候风 hazards:n.危害;安全危险;障碍(hazard的复数)/v.使冒危险;赌(hazard的三单形式)inconveniences:n.不便;麻烦/vt.麻烦;打扰But something interesting happened in 2008,and this rivermoved in a way thats very different.但是2008年发生了有趣的事情,这条河流以十分不同的方式变化了。02:29It flooded in a way

17、thats very different than it normallydoes.它以与平常不同的方式造成了洪水。02:34So the Kosi River is flowing down here,but sometimes asthese rivers are bulldozing sediment,they kind of getclogged,and these clogs can actually cause the rivers to shifttheir course dramatically.戈西河流到这里,但是有时随着这些河流 运输的沉积物越来越多,河道开始堵塞了,而这些

18、堵塞实际上可以 导致河流走向的巨大变动。02:37So this satellite image is from just two weeks later.这是仅仅两周后的卫星图像。02:48Heres the previous pathway,that c-shaped pathway,andyou notice its not blue anymore.这是之前的河道,那C形的河道,你会发现它不再是蓝的了。02:50But now what we have is this blue pathway that cuts downthe middle of the field of view

19、here.现在蓝色的河道,在图中央纵切了一刀。02:56What happened is the Kosi River jumped its banks,and forreference,the scale bar here is 40 miles.现实中,戈西河漫上了它的河堤,还有这里的比例尺是40英里。03:01This river moved over 30 miles very abruptly.这条河十分突然的 移动了超过30英里。03:06in a way:在某种程度上;有点儿;十分激动 flooded:adj.浸没的,淹没的;充斥;洪水浸没的;灌溉/v.淹没(flood的过去分词

20、);发生水灾 different than:不同于 flowing:adj.流动的;平滑的;上涨的/v.流动;起源;上涨(flow的ing形式)bulldozing:n.推土;糊炮爆破 clogged:adj.阻塞的;堵住的/v.阻塞;妨碍(clog的过去分词)clogs:n.木屐;木底鞋(clog的复数);阻碍/v.堵塞;阻碍(clog的三单形式)dramatically:adv.戏剧地；引人注目地/adv.显著地，剧烈地 abruptly:adv.突然地;唐突地So this river got clogged and it jumped its banks.这条河堵住了,然后漫过了河堤。

21、03:10Heres an image from about a week later,and you can seethese are the previous pathways,and you can see thisprocess of river-jumping continues as this river moves fartheraway from its major course.这是一周后的一张图片,你可以看到这些是之前的河道,而且漫堤的过程仍在继续,这条河离它的主道越来越远。03:13So you can imagine in landscapes like this,wh

22、ere riversmove around frequently,its really important to understandwhen,where and how theyre going to jump.所以你可以想象,在这种河流经常改道的地形里,理解河流何时、何地以及 如何改道是十分重要的。03:23But these kinds of processes also happen a lot closer to homeas well.但是这种过程同样也发生在我们身边。03:32So in the United States,we have the Mississippi Rive

23、r thatdrains most of the continental US.在美国,密西西比河流经大部分的美洲大陆。03:37It pushes material from the Rocky Mountains and from theGreat Plains.它推动着来自落基山脉 和大平原的物质。03:43It drains it and moves it all the way across America anddumps it out in the Gulf of Mexico.它夹带着这些物质贯穿美国,然后把它们倒入墨西哥湾。03:47pathways:n.小路;小径(path

24、way的复数)landscapes:n.风景;风景地貌(landscape的复数)/v.从事庭园设计;美化(landscape的三单形式)move around:v.走来走去;绕着来回转 frequently:adv.频繁地,经常地;时常,屡次 drains:n.排水沟(drain的复数);吸血/v.放出,排出(drain的第三人称单数)continental:adj.大陆的;大陆性的/n.欧洲人 dumps:n.废物,垃圾场(dump的复数);忧郁/v.倾倒(dump的单三形式)Gulf:n.海湾；深渊；分歧；漩涡/vt.吞没So this is the course of the Miss

25、issippi that were familiarwith today,but it didnt always flow in this direction.这是我们今天熟悉的密西西比河河道,但是它并非一直是按这个方向流动的。03:53If we use the geologic record,we can reconstruct where itwent in the past.如果我们利用地质记录,就可以重建它过去的走向。03:58So for example,this red area here is where we know theMississippi River flowed

26、and deposited material about 4,600举个例子,这里红色的区域 据我们目前所知,是大约4600年前密西西比河流过 并且沉积物质的地方。Mississippi River flowed and deposited material about 4,600years ago.04:03Then about 3,500 years ago it moved to follow the courseoutlined here in orange.然后大约在3500年前,它移动到了橘色标注的河道流动。04:12And it kept moving and it keeps

27、moving.它一直移动,不停移动。04:16So heres about 2,000 years ago,a thousand years ago,700years ago.这是约2000年前,1000年前,700年前。04:18And it was only as recently as 500 years ago that it occupiedthe pathway that were familiar with today.直到500年前,它才移动到了我们今天熟悉的河道。04:23So these processes are really important,and especial

28、ly here,this delta area,where these river-jumping events in theMississippi are building land at the interface of the land andthe sea.这些过程十分重要,特别是这里,这个三角洲,在这个三角洲里密西西比河 不断漫堤和改道,于是在陆地和海洋的交界处 形成了（新的）陆地。04:29familiar with:熟悉 geologic:adj.地质的;地质学上的 reconstruct:vt.重建;改造;修复;重现 flowed:流流动 outlined:vt.概述(outl

29、ine的过去式及过去分词);轮廓 delta:n.(河流的)三角洲;德耳塔(希腊字母的第四个字)www.XiYuS锡育软件This is really valuable real estate,and deltas like this aresome of the most densely populated areas on our planet.这是非常宝贵的资产,像这样的三角洲是我们星球上 人口最稠密的地区。04:41So understanding the dynamics of these landscapes,howthey formed and how they will con

30、tinue to change in thefuture is really important for the people that live there.所以了解这些地形的动态变化,它们如何形成,在未来将如何继续演化 对于生活在那里的人们十分重要。04:48So rivers also wiggle.河流也会轻微摆动。04:57These are sort of bigger jumps that weve been talking about.我们刚才谈到的是更大的漫堤过程。04:58I want to show you guys some river wiggles here.我想向

31、你们展示这里的一些河流摆动。05:01So were going to fly down to the Amazon River basin,andhere again we have a big river system that is draining andmoving and plowing material from the Andean Mountains,transporting it across South America and dumping it outinto the Atlantic Ocean.我们转移到亚马逊河流域,类似的,这里有一个巨大的河流系统,不断冲刷,转

32、移着 安第斯山脉上的物质,携带着它们穿越南美大陆,最终它们被倾入大西洋。05:04deltas:n.(河流的)地理三角洲(delta的复数形式)densely:adv.浓密地;密集地 populated:adj.粒子数增加的/v.居住于中;构成的人口(populate的过去分词)dynamics:n.动力学,力学 wiggle:vi.使摆动,使扭动/vt.摆动/n.扭动 wiggles:n.摇摆小精灵(游戏名)Amazon:亚马逊；古希腊女战士 basin:n.水池;流域;盆地;盆 draining:adj.排水的;滤水的/n.矿业排水;敷设排水渠道;倾浆/v.矿业排水;使枯竭;逐渐消失(dr

33、ain的现在分词)plowing:n.农学翻耕,耕作/v.耕地(plow的ing形式);犁 dumping:n.倾销;倾泻/v.倾倒(dump的ing形式)So if we zoom in here,you guys can see these nice,curvyriver pathways.如果我们在这里放大,你们可以看到这些蜿蜒曲折的河道。05:18Again,theyre really beautiful,but again,theyre not static.同样的,它们十分美丽,但又不稳定。05:23These rivers wiggle around.这些河流的走向不停扭曲变动。

34、05:26We can use satellite imagery over the last 30 or so years toactually monitor how these change.我们可以利用最近30年的卫星图像 来实际观察这是如何变化的。05:27So take a minute and just watch any bend or curve in thisriver,and youll see it doesnt stay in the same place for verylong.花点时间看看这条河 任何地方的弯曲,你会发现它并不会在一个地方呆很久。05:33It

35、changes and evolves and warps its pattern.它会不断变化,演变,改变图案。05:40If you look in this area in particular,I want you guys to noticetheres a sort of a loop in the river that gets completely cutoff.如果你再仔细看看这块区域,我想让你们关注到河流中 有一个类似圆圈的地方,完完全全的被分隔开来了。05:44Its almost like a whip cracking and snaps off the pathwa

36、y ofthe river at a certain spot.它就像个马鞭,从河流的某个位置被分开了。05:51So just for reference,again,in this location,that riverchanged its course over four miles over the course of aseason or two.方便大家参考,在这个地方,河流在一到两个季节里将它的河道移动了将近四英里。05:56curvy:adj.弯曲的;曲线美的(等于curvaceous)imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化 evolves:v.进化,进展(evolve的

37、第三人称单数形式)warps:n.纺经纱(warp的复数);空间扭曲;物弯曲/v.弄歪;使翘曲(warp的第三人称单数)in particular:尤其,特别 cutoff:切断;中断;使死亡;剥夺继承权 cracking:adj.重大的;敏捷的;出色的/adv.非常;极其/n.破裂;分馏/v.破裂;打开;变声(crack的ing形式)snaps:n.纽扣;四合扣;饰片类(snap的复数形式)/v.猛咬;咬断;谩骂;砰然关上(snap的三单形式)So the landscapes that we live in on earth,as this material isbeing eroded

38、from the mountains and transported to thesea,are wiggling around all the time.所以我们所居住的这个地球上的 地形其实是不断在变化的:随着高山上的物质被不断侵蚀,不断被运输到海洋,地形也在不断地发生变化,06:04Theyre changing all the time,and we need to be able tounderstand these processes so we can manage and livesustainably on these landscapes.它们时时刻刻都在变化着,而我们需要

39、理解这些过程 以便于可持续的生存在这些地形之中。06:13But its hard to do if the only information we have is whats但如果仅仅知道地表发生了什么,仍不足以为可持续的生存指明方向。06:19But its hard to do if the only information we have is whatsgoing on today at earths surface.续的生存指明方向。06:19Right?We dont have a lot of observations.我们的观测还不够。06:25We only have 30

40、 years worth of satellite photos,for example.例如,我们只有近30年的卫星数据。06:27We need more observations to understand these processesmore.我们需要更多的观测来 更加深入地了解这些过程。06:32And additionally,we need to know how these landscapes aregoing to respond to changing climate and to changing landuse as we continue to occupy an

41、d modify earths surface.此外,我们需要了解 随着人类不断占据和改造地表,这些地形对气候的变化和 人类对土地的使用将会呈现怎样的反应。06:35So this is where the rocks come in.这就是为什么我们接下来会提到岩石。06:44So as rivers flow,as theyre bulldozing material from themountains to the sea,sometimes bits of sand and clay androck get stuck in the ground.随着河流流动,随着它们不断将物质 从高

42、山运送到海洋,有的时候一些泥沙和石块会滞留在地面。06:47observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(观察后发表的)言论(observation的复数形式)respond to:响应And that stuff that gets stuck in the ground gets buried,andthrough time,we get big,thick accumulations of sedimentsthat eventually turn into rocks.这些留在地面的沙石逐渐被掩埋,随着时间的流逝,便形成了又大又厚的堆积,最终变成了岩石。06:56What t

43、his means is that we can go to places like this,wherewe see big,thick stacks of sedimentary rocks,and go back intime and see what the landscapes looked like in the past.这意味着,我们可以去到 拥有大量沉积岩的地方,回到过去,了解过去的地形是什么样子的。07:04We can do this to help reconstruct and understand how earthlandscapes evolve.从而我们可以重

44、构 并理解地球的地形演化过程。07:14This is pretty convenient,too,because the earth has had sortof an epic history.Right?这也非常方便,因为地球有着宏伟的历史,对吧？07:21So this video here is a reconstruction of paleogeography forjust the first 600 million years of earths history.这个视频重构的是地球历史中 最开始的那6亿年的地表演变。07:26So just a little bit of

45、time here.我们花了短短几秒就看完了（笑）。07:35So as the plates move around,we know climate has changed,sea level has changed,we have a lot of different types oflandscapes and different types of environments that we cango back-if we have a time machine-we can go back andlook at,and we do indeed have a time machine

46、because wecan look at the rocks that were deposited at these times.随着板块移动,我们知道气候变化了,海平面变化了,不同的地形和环境形成了,如果有时间机器的话 我们可以回到过去进行观察,而我们确实拥有一台时间机器,我们可以观察这段时间内堆积的岩石。07:37accumulations:n.积聚,累积;堆积物 turn into:v.变成;进入 stacks:n.堆叠;图情书库(stack的复数);进程堆栈应用sedimentary:adj.沉淀的 epic:adj.史诗的,叙事诗的/n.史诗;叙事诗;史诗般的作品 reconst

47、ruction:n.再建,重建;改造;复兴have a time:口语有麻烦;有一段很苦的时间,过苦日子;吃了不少苦头,遇到很大困难;费很大力气亦作 have a time of itSo Im going to give you an example of this and take you to aspecial time in earths past.举个例子,带你们到 地球历史上的一个特殊时期。07:57About 55 million years ago,there was a really abruptwarming event,and what happened was a wh

48、ole bunch ofcarbon dioxide was released into earths atmosphere,and itcaused a rapid and pretty extreme global warming event.大约5500万年前,地球骤暖。当时大量的二氧化碳被释放到了地球的大气中,这导致了快速并且极端的全球变暖。08:01And when I say warm,I mean pretty warm,that there werethings like crocodiles and palm trees as far north as Canadaand a

49、s far south as Patagonia.我说的“暖和”是指超级暖和,那时北至加拿大,南至巴塔哥尼亚,都能找到鳄鱼和棕榈树。08:13So this was a pretty warm time and it happened reallyabruptly.所以这的确是非常暖和的时期,而且发生得非常突然。08:21So what we can do is we can go back and find rocks thatwere deposited at this time and reconstruct how thelandscape changed in response to

50、 this warming event.我们能做的,就是回到过去,找到当时沉积的岩石,并且重构这些地形是 如何随全球变暖变化的。08:25So here,yay,rocks.这里,太好了,有岩石。08:33(Laughter)Heres a pile of rocks.（笑声）这是一堆岩石。08:35This yellow blob here,this is actually a fossil river,so just likethis cartoon I showed,these are deposits that were laid down55 million years ago.这里