LouiseFresco_2009[路易斯弗朗斯科][喂养全世界的含义].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Im not at all a cook.我完全不是一个厨师。00:12So dont fear,this is not going to be a cookingdemonstration.所以用不着害怕，这不会变成一个饮食示范栏目。00:14But I do want to talk to you about something that I think isdear to all of us.但是我的确会谈谈一个 让我们都感到惊讶的事情。00:17And that is bread-something which is as simple as ourbasic

2、,most fundamental human staple.那就是面包-一个简单的就像 人类最基本最根本的主食。00:22And I think few of us spend the day without eating bread insome form.我想我们中只有很少数人在今天 没有吃以面包为形式的食物。00:29Unless youre on one of these Californian low-carb diets,bread is standard.除非你是那些加州低碳水化合物饮食者之一，面包是标准的。00:35Bread is not only standard in

3、the Western diet.面包不仅仅在西方的饮食中是一个标准。00:41As I will show to you,it is actually the mainstay of modernlife.就像我要给你们展示的，它实际上 是现代生活的一个基石。00:43So Im going to bake bread for you.所以我要为你们烤一份面包。00:48In the meantime Im also talking to you.同时呢，我也会跟你们聊聊天。00:50So my life is going to complicated.Bear with me.所以我的生活

4、将变得复杂了。忍着点吧。00:53First of all,a little bit of audience participation.第一，一点点观众参与节目。00:56staple:n.主要产品;订书钉;主题;主食/adj.主要的,大宗生产的;常用的;纺织纤维的/vt.把分级;钉住 diets:食品饮食mainstay:n.支柱;中流砥柱;主要的依靠;主桅支索 In the meantime:在此期间;于此际 Bear with:忍受;宽容 First of all:adv.首先 participation:n.参与；分享；参股I have two loaves of bread her

5、e.我这有两条面包。01:00One is a supermarket standard,white bread,pre-packaged,which Im told is called a Wonderbread.一个是超市标准，白面包，包装好的，我被告知这叫做神奇面包。01:03(Laughter)I didnt know this word until I arrived.（笑）在我来之前我还不知道这个名词。01:11And this is more or less,a whole-meal,handmade,small-bakery,loaf of bread.然后这个就是，一个全麦，

6、手工制作，小面包房里的一条面包。01:14Here we go.I want to see a show of hands.开始吧，我想看一场手上的表演。01:21Who prefers the whole-meal bread?谁更喜欢全麦面包？01:24Okay let me do this differently.Is anybody preferring theWonderbread at all?好吧，让我换个方式说。有人喜欢神奇面包吗？01:29(Laughter)I have two tentative male hands.（笑）我得到了两个精明的男士的手。01:33(Laug

7、hter)Okay,now the question is really,why is this so?（笑）好吧，现在真正的问题是，为什么会这样？01:38And I think it is because we feel that this kind of bread reallyis about authenticity.我认为这是因为 我们认为这一类面包（全麦）多多少少真实一点。01:46Its about a traditional way of living.这就是传统的生活方式。01:54loaves:n.大块烤过的食物 pre-packaged:预先打包 more or les

8、s:或多或少 handmade:adj.手工的;手制的 prefers:vt.更喜欢;宁愿;提出;提升/vi.喜欢;愿意 tentative:adj.试验性的,暂定的;踌躇的/n.假设,试验 authenticity:n.真实性,确实性;可靠性A way that is perhaps more real,more honest.一种大约更真实，更诚恳的方法。01:57This is an image from Tuscany,where we feel agriculture isstill about beauty.这是一副托斯卡纳的图片，一个让我们 感觉农业仍然是美丽的地方。02:01A

9、nd life is really,too.事实上，也是一样的。02:06And this is about good taste,good traditions.而且这是好吃的，好的传统。02:08Why do we have this image?我们为什么会这么想？02:12Why do we feel that this is more true than this?我们为什么会认为这比另外一个更真实一点呢？02:14Well I think it has a lot to do with our history.我认为这和我们的历史有很大的关系。02:19In the ten tho

10、usand years since agriculture evolved,most ofour ancestors have actually been agriculturalists or theywere closely related to food production.在农业发展的1万年里，大多数我们的祖先实际上都是农业生产者 或者和食物生产有着紧密的联系。02:22And we have this mythical image of how life was in rural然后我们有着这个神话般的印象 关于过去田园般的生活是怎么样的。02:32TED演讲者：Louise Fr

11、esco|路易斯弗朗斯科演讲标题：Louise Fresco on feeding the whole world|喂养全世界的含义内容概要：A powerful thinker and globe-trotting advisor on sustainability,Louise Fresco saysit.s time to think of food as a topic of social and economic importance on par with oil-thatresponsible agriculture and food consumption are crucia

12、l to world stability.路易斯弗朗斯科像我们展示我们为什么应该去庆祝大规模，超市化的白面包。她说到，从环境需要上来讲，大规模的生产会解决粮食问题，但同时我们也应该给小规模作坊和传统方法留给它们自己的位置。And we have this mythical image of how life was in ruralareas in the past.的生活是怎么样的。02:32Art has helped us to maintain that kind of image.艺术帮助我们维持了这样的一种印象。02:38It was a mythical past.这是一个神话般

13、的过去。02:41Of course,the reality is quite different.当然了，现实是十分不一样的。02:44These poor farmers working the land by hand or with theiranimals,had yield levels that are comparable to the poorestfarmers today in West Africa.这些可怜的农民们 在用自己的双手或靠动物在土地上耕耘，他们的收入水平可以和 今年西非最贫困的地方相提并论。02:46traditions:传统 agriculturalis

14、ts:n.农学家(等于agriculturist)mythical:adj.神话的;虚构的 comparable to:可比较的,比得上的But we have,somehow,in the course of the last fewcenturies,or even decades,started to cultivate an image of amythical,rural,agricultural past.但是，我们，不知道怎么样的，在过去的几十上百年里 开始刻画出一幅 神话般的，田园般的农业历史印象。02:56It was only 200 years ago that we h

15、ad the advent of theIndustrial Revolution.大约在两百年前 我们才有了工业革命的开端。03:08And while Im starting to make some bread for you here,itsvery important to understand what that revolution did to us.而且就在我要开始给你们做些面包的时候，了解这个革命对我们有什么影响 是十分重要的。03:13It brought us power.It brought us mechanization,fertilizers.它给我们带来了力量

16、。它给我们带来了机械化，化肥。03:21And it actually drove up our yields.而且它实际上提高了我们的产出。03:27And even sort of horrible things,like picking beans by hand,can now be done automatically.而且像某些可怕的工作，如用手来剥豆子，可以用自动化来代替。03:29All that is a real,great improvement,as we shall see.所有的一切真的都是伟大的提高，我们也应该这样来看待。03:36Of course we als

17、o,particularly in the last decade,managed toenvelope the world in a dense chain of supermarkets,in achain of global trade.当然我们也，特别是在前几十年里，让我们的世界包裹在 一个超市链里，一个全球贸易里。03:41in the course of:在过程中;在期间 cultivate:vt.培养;陶冶;耕作 agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的 advent:n.到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节 mechanization:n.机械化;机动化 fertilize

18、rs:n.肥料肥料(fertilizer的复数形式);化肥;底肥yields:n.生产量,投资效益(yield的复数形式)/v.经生产;投降,力屈服(yield的三单形式)automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地/adj.不经思索的 envelope:n.信封,封皮;包膜;天包层;包迹And it means that you now eat products,which can comefrom all around the world.而且它意味着，你们现在所吃的产品，可以是来自世界各地。03:53That is the reality of our modern li

19、fe.这就是我们现代生活的现实。03:58Now you may prefer this loaf of bread.现在也许你更喜欢这条面包。04:01Excuse my hands but this is how it is.请原谅我的手，但是现在它只能这样。04:05But actually the real relevant bread,historically,is this whiteWonder loaf.但是一个真正贴切的面包，从历史上发展角度讲，应该是这个白色的神奇面包。04:08And dont despise the white bread because it real

20、ly,I think,symbolizes the fact that bread and food have becomeplentiful and affordable to all.而且不要瞧不起这个白面包 因为真的，我想，它是象征着面包以及食物 已经是丰富的，而且大家都可以承受的。04:15And that is a feat that we are not really conscious of thatmuch.而且这是我们大家 都没有察觉到的一个功绩。04:28www.XiYuS锡育软件But it has changed the world.但是它已经改变了世界。04:33Th

21、is tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways and has a lot ofproblems has changed the world.这个吃起来有点无味，并且有很多问题的面包 已经改变了世界。04:35So what is happening?所以，发生了什么？04:43Well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit ofsimplistic statistics.解释这个的最好办法是做一点点的简单数据处理。04:45historically:adv.历史上地;从历史观点上说 desp

22、ise:vt.轻视,鄙视 symbolizes:vt.象征;用符号表现/vi.采用象征;使用符号;作为的象征 affordable:adj.负担得起的 feat:n.功绩,壮举;技艺表演/adj.合适的;灵巧的 conscious of:意识到 tasteless:adj.无味的;无鉴赏力的 simplistic:adj.过分简单化的;过分单纯化的 statistics:n.统计;统计学;统计统计资料With the advent of the Industrial Revolution withmodernization of agriculture in the last few deca

23、des,sincethe 1960s,food availability,per head,in this world,hasincreased by 25 percent.在工业革命的开端，在农业的现代化 在过去几十年里，自从1960年来，食品供应，每人，在这个世界里 已经上升了25%。04:49And the world population in the meantime has doubled.同时世界的人口数也升了一倍。05:04That means that we have now more food available than everbefore in human histo

24、ry.这意味这我们的食物供应 比以前人类历史还要多。05:08And that is the result,directly,of being so successful atincreasing the scale and volume of our production.而结果是，直接的 让提升我们产品的规模和数量是十分成功的。05:13And this is true,as you can see,for all countries,including而且这是真的，就像你所看到的，这是对所有的国家而言，包括那些所谓的发展中国家。05:21And this is true,as you c

25、an see,for all countries,includingthe so-called developing countries.家而言，包括那些所谓的发展中国家。05:21What happened to our bread in the meantime?那同时我们的面包又怎么样了呢？05:26As food became plentiful here,it also meant that we wereable to decrease the number of people working inagriculture to something like,on average,i

26、n the high incomecountries,five percent or less,of the population.当这里的食物变的十分丰富的时候，这也意味着我们可以降低 从事与农业有关的人员数量，平均算下来，在高收入国家，只占人口的5%或更少。05:29In the U.S.only one percent of the people are actuallyfarmers.在美国，只有1%的人算的上是农民。05:45modernization:n.现代化 availability:n.可用性;有效性;实用性 as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的 so-c

27、alled:adj.所谓的；号称的And it frees us all up to do other things-to sit at TEDmeetings and not to worry about our food.而这解放了我们去做其他的事情-比如来TED开会而不用去担心我们的食物。05:49That is,historically,a really unique situation.这是，历史性的，一个十分独特的情况。05:55Never before has the responsibility to feed the world been inthe hands of so

28、few people.喂养全世界的责任从未 掌握在如此少数人的手中。05:59And never before have so many people been oblivious ofthat fact.而且从来没有这么多人 忘记了这个事实。06:05So as food became more plentiful,bread became cheaper.所以当食物变的丰富的时候，面包变的更便宜了。06:11As it became cheaper,bread manufacturers decided to addin all kinds of things.当面包变的便宜了，面包制造商

29、决定加入各种各样的食物。06:15We added in more sugar.我们加入更多的糖。06:19We add in raisins and oil and milk,and all kinds of things tomake bread,from a simple food into kind of a support forcalories.我们加入葡萄干，油和牛奶，以及所有的东西去做面包，从一个简单的食物到一种卡路里的补给品。06:21And today,bread now is associated with obesity,which isvery strange.现在今

30、天，面包则代表着肥胖，这很奇怪。06:34It is the basic,most fundamental food that weve had in thelast ten thousand years.这是基础，最基础的食物，我们在上一万年前都在食用它。06:40in the hands of:由掌握;在掌握中 oblivious:adj.遗忘的;健忘的;不注意的;不知道的 manufacturers:经制造商;经厂商 raisins:n.葡萄干,提子干 calories:n.物卡路里(热量单位,calorie的复数)obesity:n.肥大,肥胖Wheat is the most imp

31、ortant crop-the first crop wedomesticated and the most important crop we still growtoday.面粉是最重要的作物-第一种我们培育的作物，以及我们现在仍然在种植的重要植物。06:45But this is now this strange concoction of high calories.现在却奇怪的变成了 卡路里炮制品。06:51And thats not only true in this country,it is true all over theworld.这不仅仅是在这个国家，而是存在于全世界。

32、06:56Bread has migrated to tropical countries where the middleclasses now eat french rolls and hamburgers and where thecommuters find bread much more handy to use than rice orcassava.面包已经被移植热带国家 那里的中产阶层现在食用着法棍和汉堡包 那里的上班族 发现面包比米和木薯 要更方便。07:01So bread has become from a main staple,a source of calories

33、associated with obesity and also a source of modernity,ofmodern life.所以面包已经从主要的主食，一种卡路里的食物变成肥胖的代名词，也变成现代生活的 一种现代资源。07:14And the whiter the bread,in many countries,the better it is.而且在很多国家，面包越白越好。07:26So this is the story of bread as we know it now.所以现在我们知道了面包的故事。07:29But of course the price of mass

34、production has been that wemoved large-scale.但是当然，大规模生产的代价是 我们改变的都很大。07:32domesticated:adj.家养的;驯服的;喜欢家庭生活的/v.驯养(domesticate的过去分词);使习惯于家庭生活 concoction:n.混合;调合;调合物 migrated:迁移/迁徙(migrate的过去式和过去分词)hamburgers:n.汉堡包(hamburger的复数)commuters:n.通勤者;每日往返上班者(commuter的复数)cassava:n.木薯(等于cassawa)modernity:n.现代性;现

35、代的东西;新式 large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的And large-scale has meant destruction of many of ourlandscapes,destruction of biodiversity-still a lonely emuhere in the Brazilian cerrado soybean fields.做大意味这我们的很多土地都被破坏了，对生物多样化的破坏-在巴西的cerrado（巴西一个区域）大豆田里 仍然只有一种鸸鹋。07:39The costs have been tremendous-water poll

36、ution,all thethings you know about,destruction of our habitats.代价是巨大的-水污染了，你所知道的所有事情都破坏了我们的居住地。07:50What we need to do is to go back to understanding what ourfood is about.我们所需要做的事情是，退回去了解我们的食物是什么。07:56And this is where I have to query all of you.这就是我要来考考你们所有的人。08:01How many of you can actually tell

37、 wheat apart from othercereals?你们其中有多少人可以分辨小麦和其他的谷物？08:03How many of you can actually make a bread in this way,without starting with a bread machine or just some kind ofpackaged flavor?你们其中有多少人可以不用开启面包机 不用其他的添加剂，手工制作一个面包08:07Can you bake bread?Do you know how much a loaf of breadactually costs?你们可以烤

38、面包吗？你们知道一条面包到底要花多少钱吗？08:17landscapes:n.风景;风景地貌(landscape的复数)/v.从事庭园设计;美化(landscape的三单形式)biodiversity:n.生物多样性soybean:n.大豆;黄豆 tremendous:adj.极大的，巨大的；惊人的；极好的 habitats:n.生态栖息地;(动植物的)经产地(habitat的复数形式)query:n.疑问,质问;疑问号;计查询/vt.询问;对表示疑问/vi.询问;表示怀疑 apart from:除之外;且不说;并且 cereals:n.作物谷类;谷类食品 packaged:adj.包装过的/

39、v.包装;把装袋(package的过去式和过去分词)flavor:n.情味,风味;香料;滋味/vt.加味于We have become very removed from what our bread really is,which,again,evolutionarily-speaking is very strange.我们离面包真正是什么 越来越远了，这再一次的，就进化来说，是十分奇怪的。08:21In fact not many of you know that our bread,of course,wasnot a European invention.事实上，我们其中很多人不知道

40、 我们的面包，显然的，不是来自欧洲。08:29It was invented by farmers in Iraq and Syria in particular.它是被伊拉克的农民所发明的 特别是在叙利亚。08:33The tiny spike on the left to the center is actually theforefather of wheat.在中间靠左的小尖尖 其实是小麦的祖先。08:37This is where it all comes from.这是所有的开端。08:43And where these farmers who actually ten thous

41、and yearsago put us on the road of bread.这也是1万年前那些农民 带领我们走上面包之路的时候。08:45Now it is not surprising that with this massification andlarge-scale production,there is a counter-movement thatemerged-very much also here in California.现在这毫不惊奇的，在大规模大产量的生产下，这里掀起了一种反运动-很多，加利福尼亚也有。08:51The counter-movement says,

42、Lets go back to this.反运动说道，“让我们回到过去。09:00Lets go back to traditional farming.让我们回到传统的农业。09:03Lets go back to small-scale,to farmers markets,smallbakeries and all that.Wonderful.让我们回到小规模，农业市场，小面包房和所有的一切。真奇妙。09:05in particular:尤其,特别 spike:n.长钉,道钉;钉鞋;细高跟/vt.阻止;以大钉钉牢;用尖物刺穿 forefather:n.祖先;前辈 on theroad:

43、在旅途中;到处奔走 small-scale:adj.小规模的 bakeries:n.面包店(bakery的复数)Dont we all agree?I certainly agree.我们都不同意吗？我当然同意。09:12I would love to go back to Tuscany to this kind of traditionalsetting,gastronomy,good food.我愿意回到托斯卡纳 回到这种传统的设置，美食，和好食物。09:14But this is a fallacy.但是这是一个谬论。09:20And the fallacy comes from id

44、ealizing a past that we haveforgotten about.这个谬论来自于理想化一个 我们已经忘记的过去。09:22If we do this,if we want to stay with traditional small-scalefarming we are going,actually,to relegate these poorfarmers and their husbands,among whom I have lived formany years,working without electricity and water,to try toimp

45、rove their food production.如果我们这样做，如果我们停留在传统的小型农业我们会，就会，去贬低 这些农民和她们的老公。他们和我们共同生活了很多年，不用电力和水工作着，尝试提高他们的食物生产。09:28We relegate them to poverty.我们压制他们到贫穷。09:43What they want are implements to increase their production-something to fertilize the soil,something to protect theircrop and to bring it to a ma

46、rket.他们所需要的是实现 提高他们的产量-一些肥化他们土壤的东西，一些保护他们作物的东西，然后运输他们的产品进入市场。09:46We cannot just think that small-scale is the solution to theworld food problem.我们不能就去想小作坊 是全球食物问题的解决方法。09:55gastronomy:n.烹饪法,美食法;享乐主义 fallacy:n.谬论,谬误 idealizing:v.使理想化(idealize的现在分词)stay with:同住在一起;把坚持下去;与并驾齐驱 relegate:vt.把降低到;归入;提交 i

47、mplements:n.机工具(implement的复数);用具fertilize:vt.使受精;使肥沃Its a luxury solution for us who can afford it,if you want toafford it.那是一个我们不能承受的奢侈解决方案，如果你想去承受它。10:00In fact we do not want this poor woman to work the land likethis.事实上我们不想让贫穷的女人 在这样的土地上工作。10:05If we say just small-scale production,as is the ten

48、dency here,to go back to local food means that a poor man like HansRosling cannot even eat oranges anymore because inScandinavia we dont have oranges.如果我们就说小作坊生产，就像这里的趋势一样，回到区域食物，意味着这个像汉斯罗素玲的贫穷女人 则不能再吃橙子了 因为北欧地区我们没有橙子。10:09So local food production is out.所以区域食物被淘汰了。10:21But also we do not want to re

49、legate to poverty in the ruralareas.但是同时我们也不想 去贬低农村地区的贫困。10:23And we do not want to relegate the urban poor tostarvation.而且我们也不想让 城市内的穷人受饿。10:28So we must find other solutions.所以我们必须找到另外的解决方法。10:33One of our problems is that world food production needs toincrease very rapidly-doubling by about 2030.

50、我们其中的一个问题是世界食物产量 必须快速增长-在2030年要翻倍。10:36The main driver of that is actually meat.其中主要的推动力是肉类。10:43And meat consumption in Southeast Asia and China inparticular is what drives the prices of cereals.特别是东南亚和中国对肉的消耗 是对谷物价格影响的重要因素10:46oranges:n.柑桔,橙子(orange复数形式)starvation:n.饿死;挨饿;绝食 doubling:n.加倍;并线;折回;防护