LauraSnyder_2012G[劳拉.斯奈德][哲学早餐俱乐部].pdf

《LauraSnyder_2012G[劳拉.斯奈德][哲学早餐俱乐部].pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《LauraSnyder_2012G[劳拉.斯奈德][哲学早餐俱乐部].pdf（5页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Thank you.(Applause)Thank you.Thank you.(Applause)Thank you.(Applause)Id like you to come back with me fora moment to the 19th century,specifically to June 24,1833.谢谢。（掌声）谢谢。谢谢。（掌声）谢谢。（掌声）我希望你可以跟著我暫時回到 十九世紀,準確來說,是1833年的6月24日。741642The British Association for the Advancement of Science i

2、sholding its third meeting at the University of Cambridge.英國科學協會（The British Association for theAdvancement of Science）正在劍橋大學舉行第三次會議。00:21Its the first night of the meeting,and a confrontation isabout to take place that will change science forever.這是會議的第一個晚上,而即將發生的一場爭執 將永遠改變科學的面貌。00:28An elderly,whi

3、te-haired man stands up.一位頭髮花白的長者站了起來。00:37The members of the Association are shocked to realize thatits the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge,who hadnt even lefthis house in years until that day.科學協會的成員驚訝地發現 他是詩人山姆.泰勒.柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge),一位多年足不出戶的詩人直到那天。00:40Theyre even more shocked by what he

4、 says.更讓他們驚訝的是他所說的話。00:51You must stop calling yourselves natural philosophers.你不能再稱自己為自然哲學家。00:54Coleridge felt that true philosophers like himself ponderedthe cosmos from their armchairs.柯勒律治覺得哲學家們,像他自己本身,都是坐在扶手椅上思索宇宙的。00:59Advancement:n.前进,进步;提升 confrontation:n.对抗;面对;对质 white-haired:adj.白发的;浅色头发的

5、;受宠爱的philosophers:n.哲学家(philosopher的复数)pondered:vt.仔细考虑;衡量/vi.考虑;沉思 cosmos:n.宇宙;和谐;秩序;大波斯菊 armchairs:n.家具扶手椅(armchair的复数)They were not mucking around in the fossil pits orconducting messy experiments with electrical piles like themembers of the British Association.他們並沒有把煤坑搞得一團糟 或是用電子零件作混亂的實驗,不像英國科學協

6、會的人一樣。01:05The crowd grew angry and began to complain loudly.會議成員開始生氣,還大聲抗議。01:14A young Cambridge scholar named William Whewell stoodup and quieted the audience.一位年輕的劍橋學者,威廉.修艾爾(WilliamWhewell)站了起來 他讓所有人安靜下來。01:19He politely agreed that an appropriate name for themembers of the association did not

7、exist.他很禮貌地指出 一個適合協會成員使用的稱號並不存在。01:24If philosophers is taken to be too wide and lofty a term,如果“哲學家”這個稱號過於廣義和高尚,01:31he said,then,by analogy with artist,we may formscientist.他說。那麼,參考“藝術家”(artist)這個稱呼,我們可以自稱為“科學家”(scientist)。01:37This was the first time the word scientist was uttered inpublic,only 1

8、79 years ago.這是科學家三個字第一次 在公開場合出現,而這只是179年前的事。01:45I first found out about this confrontation when I was ingraduate school,and it kind of blew me away.我是在研究所的時候第一次聽到這個故事,這讓我有點震驚。01:53mucking:adj.清理坍方;清理岩石;清理 pits:n.维修区(pit的复数);凹点;凸面/v.除去的核;窖藏;使凹下(pit的三单形式)conducting:v.指挥;行为;传导(conduct的ing形式);指导/adj.物

9、传导的/n.指挥;执行;传导 messy:adj.凌乱的,散乱的;肮脏的,污秽的;麻烦的 piles:n.痔疮;痔 loudly:adv.大声地,响亮地 quieted:adj.安静的;安定的;不动的;温顺的/n.安静;和平/vt.使平息;安慰/vi.平静下来 politely:adv.有礼貌地;客气地;委婉地;殷勤地 lofty:adj.高的；崇高的；高级的；高傲的/analogy:n.类比；类推；类似 uttered:vt.发出,表达;发射/adj.完全的;彻底的;无条件的 graduate school:研究所,研究院I mean,how could the word scientist

10、 not have existed until1833?我是說,科學家這個詞 怎麼可能在1833年以前都不存在？01:59What were scientists called before?那他們以前被稱為甚麼呢？02:04What had changed to make a new name necessary preciselyat that moment?是甚麼改變了,導致 在當時必須產生一個新詞？02:07Prior to this meeting,those who studied the natural worldwere talented amateurs.在會議之前,那些研究

11、自然世界的人 都是有才能的業餘愛好者。02:13Think of the country clergyman or squire collecting hisbeetles or fossils,like Charles Darwin,for example,or,thehired help of a nobleman,like Joseph Priestley,who was theliterary companion to the Marquis of Lansdowne when hediscovered oxygen.想想那些鄉村裡的牧師或地主 收集甲蟲或化石,像查爾斯.達爾文(Cha

12、rles Darwin),或是貴族雇用的幫手,像約瑟夫.普利斯特里(Joseph Priestley),他曾是 蘭斯多恩侯爵(Marquis of Lansdowne)的伙伴,在他發現氧氣的時候。02:18After this,they were scientists,professionals with a在這之後,他們全成了科學家,成了專精於某種科學研究方法的專業人士,有著科學研究目標、學會和TED演讲者：Laura Snyder|劳拉.斯奈德演讲标题：Laura Snyder:The Philosophical Breakfast Club|哲学早餐俱乐部内容概要：Laura Snyde

13、r weaves tales of Victorian-era scientists that have been described as“fitfor Masterpiece Theater.”1812年，四位学者在在剑桥大学一起吃了一顿早餐。一次影响至今的科学革命就这样开始了。这四个人在“科学家”一词出现之前自称“自然哲学家”将四个基本原则引入科学领域。哲学家、历史学家劳拉.斯奈德（Laura Snyder）讲述了他们这段奇妙的故事。After this,they were scientists,professionals with aparticular scientific meth

14、od,goals,societies and funding.研究方法的專業人士,有著科學研究目標、學會和資助。02:37Much of this revolution can be traced to four men who metat Cambridge University in 1812:Charles Babbage,JohnHerschel,Richard Jones and William Whewell.這個進化可以歸功於四個人 他們在1812年於劍橋大學相遇:查爾斯.巴貝奇、約翰.赫歇爾、理查.鐘斯和威廉.休厄爾。02:47Prior to:在之前;居先 amateurs:

15、n.业余爱好者;非专业人员(amateur的复数)clergyman:n.牧师;教士 squire:n.乡绅;侍从;大地主;地方法官/vt.随侍;护卫 beetles:n.甲壳虫,昆甲虫/v.忙碌地来回(beetle的第三人称单数形式)fossils:n.古生化石(fossil复数形式)nobleman:n.贵族 Marquis:n.(法)侯爵;世袭贵族(等于marquess)Lansdowne:n.兰丝唐呢绒professionals:n.管理专业人员(professional的复数)These were brilliant,driven men who accomplished amazi

16、ngthings.他們都是非常聰明的、有雄心的人 也有不少出色的成就。02:58Charles Babbage,I think known to most TEDsters,inventedthe first mechanical calculator and the first prototype of amodern computer.查爾斯.巴貝奇(Charles Babbage),我想你們多數人都知道他,他發明了世上第一個力學計算機 和第一個現化電腦的原型。03:04John Herschel mapped the stars of the southern hemisphere,an

17、d,in his spare time,co-invented photography.約翰.赫歇爾(John Herschel)畫下了南半球的星圖,並在他空閒的時間和別人一起發明了相機。03:14Im sure we could all be that productive without Facebook orTwitter to take up our time.我相信我們都可以有如此的有生產力 只要Facebook和Twitter不再佔用我們的時間。03:22Richard Jones became an important economist who laterinfluenced

18、Karl Marx.理查.鐘斯(Richard Jones)成為了一名重要的經濟學家 他後來影響了卡爾.馬克斯(Karl Marx)。03:27And Whewell not only coined the term scientist,as well asthe words anode,cathode and ion,but spearheadedinternational big science with his global research on thetides.而休厄爾(William Whewell)不但創造了科學家一詞,以及陽極、陰極和離子這些詞,他也成為世界科學的先鋒 以一份

19、關於潮汐的國際研究。03:33known to:已知的 mapped:v.映射(map的过去式和过去分词形式);计划;绘制.之地图 hemisphere:n.半球photography:n.摄影;摄影术 take up:拿起;开始从事;占据(时间,地方)influenced:adj.受影响的/v.影响(influence的过去分词)coined:v.杜撰(新词等)(coin的过去分词);铸造(硬币)as well as:也;和一样;不但而且 anode:n.电子阳极,电正极cathode:n.阴极(电解)/n.正极(原电池)ion:n.化学离子 spearheaded:n.矛头;先锋;先锋部队

20、/vt.带头;做先锋 tides:n.海洋潮汐(tide的复数)/v.随潮水漂浮(tide的第三人称单数)In the Cambridge winter of 1812 and 1813,the four met forwhat they called philosophical breakfasts.1812及13年的劍橋冬日,這四個年輕人在他們的哲學早餐會聚會03:47They talked about science and the need for a new scientificrevolution.他們談論科學 和科學革新的必要。03:54They felt science had

21、 stagnated since the days of thescientific revolution that had happened in the 17th century.他們覺得科學正停滯不前,自十七世紀的科學革命以後 便一直如此。03:59It was time for a new revolution,which they pledged to bringabout,and whats so amazing about these guys is,not onlydid they have these grandiose undergraduate dreams,butthe

22、y actually carried them out,even beyond their wildestdreams.事實後有所改變了,他們嘗試提出這一點,而他們出色的地方在於 他們不只有這些 大學生的偉大夢想,他們更把夢想帶到現實實行,即使這些夢想聽起來像天馬行空。04:07And Im going to tell you today about four major changes toscience these men made.而我今天要告訴你們 這些年輕人帶來的四個重大改變。04:23About 200 years before,Francis Bacon and then,lat

23、er,IsaacNewton,had proposed an inductive scientific method.在200年前,法蘭西斯.培根(Francis Bacon)和之後的艾薩克.牛頓(Issac Newton),曾提出歸納科學方法。04:29Now thats a method that starts from observations andexperiments and moves to generalizations about naturecalled natural laws,which are always subject to revision orrejectio

24、n should new evidence arise.此科學方法基於 觀察和實驗 而後將結果歸納成大自然的規則,這些規則將持續被修正,甚至被否決,如果有新的證據出現的話。04:38philosophical:adj.哲学的(等于philosophic);冷静的 stagnated:v.停滞(stagnate的过去式)pledged:v.保证;抵押;给予(pledge的过去式及过去分词)bring about:引起;使掉头 grandiose:adj.宏伟的;堂皇的;浮夸的;宏大的 Newton:n.牛顿(英国科学家);牛顿(力的单位)proposed:adj.被提议的;所推荐的/v.提议;计

25、划(propose的过去式和过去分词)inductive:adj.数归纳的;电感应的;诱导的 observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(观察后发表的)言论(observation的复数形式)generalizations:n.概括;一般化(generalization的复数)revision:n.印刷修正;复习;修订本 rejection:n.抛弃;拒绝;被抛弃的东西;盖帽However,in 1809,David Ricardo muddied the waters byarguing that the science of economics should use a dif

26、ferent,deductive method.可是,在1809年,當大衛.李嘉圖(David Ricardo)認為經濟這門科學 該以和歸納法不同的演譯法來研究。04:51The problem was that an influential group at Oxford beganarguing that because it worked so well in economics,thisdeductive method ought to be applied to the natural問題在於牛津一群有影響力的人 也開始認為演譯法既然在經濟學上有效,這方法也應該適用於 自然科學才對。

27、05:03deductive method ought to be applied to the naturalsciences too.The members of the philosophical breakfast club disagreed.哲學早餐會的幾位成員反對。05:16They wrote books and articles promoting inductive methodin all the sciences that were widely read by naturalphilosophers,university students and members of

28、 the public.他們為了推廣歸納法著書立說,在所有科學領域 包含自然哲學家 大學生和公眾皆能閱讀的書刊上出版,05:20Reading one of Herschels books was such a watershedmoment for Charles Darwin that he would later say,Scarcelyanything in my life made so deep an impression on me.閱讀赫歇爾的其中一本著作 對達爾文來說是一個分水嶺 後來他說:在我的人生中 很少有這麼讓我印象深刻的東西。05:31It made me wish

29、to add my might to the accumulated storeof natural knowledge.它讓我想要參與貢獻 去成就一個更大的自然知識資料庫。05:42It also shaped Darwins scientific method,as well as that usedby his peers.赫歇爾的書也助達爾文訂立了他的科學研究方法,同時也影響了他的同儕。05:48deductive:adj.演绎的;推论的;推断的 sciences:n.科学(science的复数)disagreed:vi.不同意;不一致;争执;不适宜promoting:促进/晋升/促销

30、 watershed:n.(美)流域;分水岭;集水区;转折点/adj.标志转折点的 accumulated:adj.累积的;累计的;达到/v.累积(accumulate的过去分词)peers:n.平辈,同事(peer的复数)/v.凝视;比得上(peer的三单形式)Science for the public good Previously,it was believed thatscientific knowledge ought to be used for the good of theking or queen,or for ones own personal gain.成就公益的科學

31、在這以前,科學知識常被認為是用於滿足國王或皇后 甚至個人的需求或欲望。05:55For example,ship captains needed to know informationabout the tides in order to safely dock at ports.例如,船長們需要知道 潮汐漲退的資料以安全停泊到港口。06:05Harbormasters would gather this knowledge and sell it to theship captains.港口主人們會搜集這些資訊 賣給船長們。06:12The philosophical breakfast c

32、lub changed that,workingtogether.哲學早餐會改變了這樣的情況,在眾人合力之下,06:17Whewells worldwide study of the tides resulted in publictide tables and tidal maps that freely provided theharbormasters knowledge to all ship captains.休厄爾的世界潮汐研究 讓公開的潮汐表和地圖得以面世 這些曾是港口主人的專門知識 船長們終於可以免費取得。06:21Herschel helped by making tidal

33、 observations off the coast ofSouth Africa,and,as he complained to Whewell,he wasknocked off the docks during a violent high tide for histrouble.赫歇爾的貢獻包括觀察潮汐變化,在南非海岸 還有,他也曾向休厄爾訴苦 說他觀察途中曾因強烈的潮汐而在甲板上狠狠跌倒。06:31www.XiYuS锡育软件The four men really helped each other in every way.他們四個真的在各方面互相幫忙。06:44They also

34、 relentlessly lobbied the British government for themoney to build Babbages engines because they believedthese engines would have a huge practical impact on society.他們也不間斷地遊說英國政府 出資給巴貝奇建造引擎 因為他們相信這些引擎 將會對社會有重大影響。06:46captains:n.(体育运动中的)队长(captain的复数);水运船长;首领;军官 dock:n.码头;船坞;被告席;尾巴的骨肉部分/vt.使靠码头;剪短/vi

35、.入船坞 resulted:结果/致使/成绩/答案/起因 tidal:adj.潮汐的;潮的,有关潮水的;定时涨落的 docks:n.水运码头;船船坞;港区(dock的复数)/v.船入港;设置船坞(dock的三单形式)relentlessly:adv.残酷地,无情地In the days before pocket calculators,the numbers that mostprofessionals needed-bankers,insurance agents,shipcaptains,engineers?在沒有計算機的年代,專業人士最需要的數字銀行家、保險從業員、船長、工程師們06:

36、58were to be found in lookup books like this,filled with tablesof figures.都在像這樣的工具書裡,在這些密密麻麻的圖表間。07:08These tables were calculated using a fixed procedure overand over by part-time workers known as-and this isamazing-computers,but these calculations were reallydifficult.這些圖表 是用固定的程序重複地計算出來的 這些打工的計算人

37、員被稱為電腦,不可思議吧 但這些都是很困難的算式。07:13I mean,this nautical almanac published the lunar differencesfor every month of the year.我是說,這些航海天文曆 包含了每個月的月球活動差異。07:26Each month required 1,365 calculations,so these tables werefilled with mistakes.每個月需要1365次計算,所以這些圖表都有不少錯漏。07:32Babbages difference engine was the first

38、 mechanicalcalculator devised to accurately compute any of these tables.巴貝奇想製造的計算機器是最早的機械計算器 是為了準確計算出圖表所需資料而設計的。07:40calculators:n.计计算器(calculator的复数)bankers:金融银行家 lookup:n.查找;检查 over and over:反复;再三part-time:adj.兼职的;部分时间的/adv.兼职地;用部分时间地 nautical:adj.航海的,海上的;船员的 almanac:n.年鉴;历书;年历 lunar:adj.月亮的，月球的；阴

39、历的；银的；微亮的/devised:v.设计(devise的过去式和过去分词);计划;发明 accurately:adv.精确地,准确地Two models of his engine were built in the last 20 years by ateam from the Science Museum of London using his ownplans.在過去的20年間,他這個機器的兩個版本 由倫敦科學博物館一組人員 根據他的想法製造出來。07:48This is the one now at the Computer History Museum inCalifornia,

40、and it calculates accurately.It actually works.這就是現在加洲電腦歷史博物館內的展品 它計算結果很準確。它是有效的。07:56California,and it calculates accurately.It actually works.Later,Babbages analytical engine was the first mechanicalcomputer in the modern sense.之後,巴貝奇的分析機器 是世上首部現代機械計算機。08:04It had a separate memory and central pro

41、cessor.它有獨立的記憶體和中央處理器。08:11It was capable of iteration,conditional branching andparallel processing,and it was programmable usingpunched cards,an idea Babbage took from Jacquards loom.它可以進行複述、條件分支(conditionalbranching)和平行處理(parallel processing)。它也可以使用孔卡紙(punched cards)運算程式,這是巴貝奇參考提花織機所設計的。08:14Tragi

42、cally,Babbages engines never were built in his daybecause most people thought that non-human computerswould have no usefulness for the public.很可惜他設計的這部機器在他在世時並沒有被實正製作出來 因為很多人以為 純機器的電腦對於公眾來說 是沒有用處的。08:25analytical:adj.分析的;解析的;善于分析的 processor:n.计处理器;处理程序;加工者 iteration:n.数迭代;反复;重复conditional:adj.有条件的;假

43、定的/n.条件句;条件语 branching:adj.发枝的;分歧的/n.分支;分歧/v.分支(branch的ing形式)programmable:adj.计可编程的;可设计的 punched:adj.穿孔,无孔的/v.戳;用拳猛击;用力推进(punch的过去分词)loom:n.织布机;若隐若现的景象/vi.可怕地出现;朦胧地出现;隐约可见/vt.在织布机上织 Tragically:adv.悲剧地;悲惨地 non-human:adj.非人类的;非人工的 usefulness:n.有用;有效性;有益New scientific institutions Founded in Bacons tim

44、e,theRoyal Society of London was the foremost scientific society inEngland and even in the rest of the world.新科學機構 倫敦皇家學會在培根的年代創立,它曾是英國最先進的科學學會 甚至在全世界來說也是。08:36By the 19th century,it had become a kind of gentlemansclub populated mainly by antiquarians,literary men and thenobility.直至19世紀,它已變成 一種紳士的俱樂

45、部 成員主要為考古學家、文人和貴族。08:47The members of the philosophical breakfast club helpedform a number of new scientific societies,including theBritish Association.哲學早餐會的成員們 協助了數個新科學學會成立,其中包括了英國協會(the British Association)。08:56These new societies required that members be activeresearchers publishing their resul

46、ts.這些新學會要求 他們的會員必須為活躍的研究者,並出版他們的研究成果。09:03They reinstated the tradition of the Q&A after scientificpapers were read,which had been discontinued by theRoyal Society as being ungentlemanly.他們恢復了科學研究論文公開後 設問答環節的傳統,這傳統曾被皇家學會下令停止 原因是這不應是紳士所為。09:09And for the first time,they gave women a foot in the door

47、ofscience.而這也是第一次他們接納女性進入科學的世界。09:20Members were encouraged to bring their wives,daughtersand sisters to the meetings of the British Association,andwhile the women were expected to attend他們歡迎會員帶同妻子、女兒或姊妹到英國協會的會議,他們只預期女性參加09:25populated:adj.粒子数增加的/v.居住于中;构成的人口(populate的过去分词)nobility:n.贵族;高贵;高尚 reinst

48、ated:n.恢复,复职;继单/v.使复职(reinstate的过去分词)discontinued:adj.停止使用的;不连续的/v.停止;中断(discontinue的过去分词)ungentlemanly:adj.非绅士的;无绅士风度的;无教养的 foot in the door:成功的第一步,成功地开始only the public lectures and the social events like this one,they began to infiltrate the scientific sessions as well.公開演說和類似答辯會之類的社交活動 但漸漸地女性也開始參

49、加科學會議。09:34The British Association would later be the first of the majornational science organizations in the world to admit womenas full members.英國協會隨後成為 世上最重要的幾個科學組織之首 接納女性成為會員的協會。09:42External funding for science Up to the 19th century,naturalphilosophers were expected to pay for their own equipm

50、entand supplies.支持科學研究的外來資金 直至19世紀,自然哲學家都是自掏腰包 購買他們所需的設備和儀器。09:51Occasionally,there were prizes,such as that given to JohnHarrison in the 18th century,for solving the so-calledlongitude problem,but prizes were only given after the fact,when they were given at all.他們偶爾會得到獎金,就像18世紀時約翰.哈里森(John Harriso