NaokoIshii_2017G[石井菜绪子][保护地球的经济案例].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Good evening,everyone.各位,晚安。00:13I am from Japan,so Id like to start with a story aboutJapanese fishing villages.我來自日本,我想用一個關於日本漁村的 故事來當開頭。00:16In the past,every fisherman was tempted to catch as many asfish as possible,but if everybody did that,the fish,commonshared resource in the com

2、munity,would disappear.在過去,每位漁民都想要 盡可能抓到越多魚越好,但,如果每個人都如此,魚,社區所共享的資源,就會消失。00:24The result would be hardship and poverty for everyone.結果就是每個人都艱困又貧窮。00:41This happened in some cases,but it did not happen in othercases.在一些案例中有發生這樣的現象,但在其他案例中卻沒有。00:47In these communities,the fishermen developed a kind of

3、social contract that told each one of them to hold back a bitto prevent overfishing.在這些社區中,漁民發展出了一種社會契約,叫每一個人都稍稍退一步,來預防過度捕撈。00:56The fisherman would keep an eye on each other.漁民們會監視彼此。01:09There would be a penalty if you were caught cheating.如果你作弊被逮到,會受到處罰。01:13But once the benefit of a social contr

4、act became clear toeveryone,the incentive to cheat dramatically dropped.但,一旦每個人都清楚了 社會契約的益處,作弊的動機就大幅下降了。01:18tempted:adj.有兴趣的/v.诱惑;冒的险(tempt的过去分词)fishermen:n.渔夫;渔船(fisherman的复数形式)hold back:隐瞒;退缩;抑制;阻止 overfishing:n.渔捞过度/vt.过度捕捞(overfish的现在分词)keep an eye on:v.照看;留意;密切注视incentive:n.动机;刺激/adj.激励的;刺激的 d

5、ramatically:adv.戏剧地；引人注目地/adv.显著地，剧烈地We find the same story around the world.我們在全世界都能找到同樣的故事。01:30This is how villagers in medieval Europe managed pastureand forests.中世紀歐洲的村民就是這樣 管理牧草和森林的。01:34This is how communities in Asia managed water,and this ishow indigenous peoples in the Amazon managed wildl

6、ife.亞洲的社區就是這樣管理水的,亞馬遜原住民就是這樣管理野生動物的。01:42These communities realized they relied on a finite,sharedresource.這些社區了解他們要 仰賴有限的共享資源。01:53They developed rules and practices on how to manage thoseresources,and they changed their behavior so that theycould continue to rely on those shared resources tomorrow

7、by not overfishing,not overgrazing,not polluting ordepleting water streams today.對於如何管理那些資源,他們發展出了規則和慣例,且他們改變了他們的行為,這樣他們明天才能 繼續仰賴那些共享資源,他們的做法就是不要過度捕撈、不要過度放牧、不要污染或在今天就用盡水流。02:01This is a story of the commons,and also how to avoid the so-called tragedy of the commons.這是個公有物的故事,也是個關於如何避免所謂的公有物悲劇的故事。02:

8、26But this is also a story of an economy that was mainly local,where everybody had a very strong sense of belonging.但這個故事也談到一個主要為 地方性的經濟體,在這個經濟體中,人人都有很強的歸屬感。02:37medieval:adj.中世纪的；原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的 pasture:n.草地;牧场;牧草/vt.放牧;吃草 indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的 Amazon:亚马逊；古希腊女战士 finite:adj.有限的；限定的/n.有限之物 rel

9、y on:依靠,依赖overgrazing:v.过度放牧(overgraze的现在分词)polluting:v.污染;玷污(pollute的ing形式)depleting:v.用尽,耗尽;使减少(deplete的ing形式)so-called:adj.所谓的；号称的 belonging:n.所有物;行李;附属物Our economies are no longer local.我們的經濟體已經 不再是地方性的了。02:48When we moved away from being local,we started to loseour connection to the commons.當我們

10、遠離了地方性,我們就開始失去和公有物的連結。02:52We carried economic objectives,goals and systems beyondthe local,but we did not carry the notion of taking care ofthe commons.我們把經濟方針、目標,以及體制帶到地方性之外,但我們並沒有把如何照顧 公有物的想法一起帶著。03:00So our oceans,forests,once very close to us as our localcommons,moved very far away from us.所以,我

11、們的海洋、森林,這些曾經和我們非常靠近的公有物 遠離了我們。03:13TED演讲者：Naoko Ishii|石井菜绪子演讲标题：An economic case for protecting the planet|保护地球的经济案例内容概要：We all share one planet-we breathe the same air,drink the same water and dependon the same oceans,forests and biodiversity.Economist Naoko Ishii is on a mission to protectthese sh

12、ared resources,known as the global commons,that are vital for our survival.In an eye-opening talk about the wellness of the planet,Ishii outlines four economic systems we need tochange to safeguard the global commons,making the case for a new kind of social contractwith the earth.地球是我们所共有的。我们呼吸相同的空气

13、，喝相同的水，依赖同样的海洋、森林，以及生物多样性。经济学家石井菜绪子的使命是保护这些共有资源，也就是所谓的全球公有物，它们对我们的生存非常重要。在这场让人开眼界的演说中，谈到了地球的健康，石井指出，有四项经济系统是我们必须要改变的，这么一来才能守护全球公有物，和地球建立新的社会契约。So today,we pump millions of tons of greenhouse gases intothe air,we dump plastics,fertilizers and industrial waste intothe rivers and oceans,and we cut down

14、 forests that absorbCO2.所以,現今,我們把數百萬噸的 溫室氣體排入空氣中,我們丟棄塑膠、肥料,以及工業廢料,丟入河流和海洋中,我們砍伐吸收二氧化碳的森林。03:25We make the wild biodiversity much more fragile.我們讓野生生物多樣性變得更脆弱。03:45We seem to have totally forgotten that there is such a thingas global commons:air,water,forests and biodiversity.我們似乎完全忘記了 所一種叫做全球公有物的東西:

15、空氣、水、森林、生物多樣性。03:50Now,it is modern science that reminds us how vital theglobal commons are.現在,是現代科學 在提醒我們全球公有物有多麼重要。04:05objectives:n.目的(objective的复数形式);目标;宗旨 plastics:n.塑料;整形外科;外科修补术 fertilizers:n.肥料肥料(fertilizer的复数形式);化肥;底肥 cut down:v.削减;砍倒;杀死;删节;胜过 biodiversity:n.生物多样性 fragile:adj.脆的；易碎的In 2009,

16、a group of scientists proposed how to assess thehealth of the global commons.2009 年,一群科學家提出 評估全球公有物之健康的方法。04:14They defined nine planetary boundaries vital to our survival,then they measured how far we could go before we crossover the tipping points or thresholds that would lead us tothe irreversibl

17、e or even catastrophic change.他們定義了對於我們生存 很關鍵的九項地球限度,他們測量我們走了多遠 就會跨越引爆點或門檻值,引領我們到無法逆轉或 甚至災難性的改變。04:23This is where we were in the 1950s.這是我們 1950 年代時的狀況。04:45We broadly remained within safe operating space,markedby the green line.我們大體上都維持在 安全的運作空間中,這空間用綠線標記。04:50But look at where we are now.但看看我們現在的

18、狀況。05:00We have crossed four of those boundaries,and we will becrossing others in the future.我們已經跨越了其中四項限度,且未來我們還會跨越其他的。05:04How did we end up in this situation?我們是怎麼落到這種下場的？05:13Well,my personal story may tell us something.我的個人故事可能 可以給我們一點資訊。05:17Five years ago,I was appointed as CEO of the GEF,Glo

19、balEnvironment Facility,but I am not a conservationist or anenvironmental activist.五年前,我被指派為 全球環境基金（GEF）的執行長,但我不是天然資源保護論者,也不是環境保護激進份子。05:22proposed:adj.被提议的;所推荐的/v.提议;计划(propose的过去式和过去分词)assess:vt.评定；估价；对征税 planetary:adj.行星的 tipping:n.倾卸台/adj.倾翻的;倾卸的/v.使倾斜;轻拍;踮起脚走(tip的ing形式)thresholds:n.阈值;建门槛;临界值值(

20、threshold的复数)irreversible:adj.不可逆的；不能取消的；不能翻转的 catastrophic:adj.灾难的;悲惨的;灾难性的,毁灭性的 broadly:adv.明显地;宽广地;概括地;露骨地;粗鄙地 appointed:adj.约定的,指定的/v.任命;指定;约定时间,地点(appoint的过去分词形式)conservationist:n.自然资源保护论者 activist:n.积极分子;激进主义分子I am an economist,and for the last 30 years,I had worked forpublic finance in my hom

21、e country and around the world.我是經濟學家,過去三十年來,我在我的祖國以及全世界 做公共財政相關的工作。05:36I can tell you one thing for sure:during these 30 years,thenotion of the global commons never crossed my mind.我可以肯定地告訴各位一件事:在這三十年間,我從來沒有想過 全球公有物這個概念。05:48I didnt have a single conversation about the globalcommons with my collea

22、gues.我完全沒有和同事談過 任何關於全球公有物的事,05:58This tells me that the notion of the global commons was notreally entering into the big money decisions like statebudgets or investment plans.這告訴我,全球公有物的概念 並沒有真的在牽扯大錢的決策中,比如州預算或 投資計畫中,被考量到。06:05And Im wondering,why do we have this sheer ignoranceabout the global comm

23、ons,including me,myself?我很納悶,為什麼我們會完全忽視 全球公有物？連我自己都不例外。06:18One possible explanation might be that until recently,itdidnt really matter too much.一種可能的解釋是,在最近之前,這都不是太要緊的事。06:27Even if we mess up some part of the environment,we werenot fundamentally changing the functions of the earthsystem.即使我們亂搞某部分的

24、環境,基本上我們並未改變地球系統的功能。06:36The global commons had still enough capacity to take thepunches we gave them.全球公有物過去仍然 有能力承受我們的行為。06:46budgets:n.财政预算(budget复数形式)/v.为做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式)ignorance:n.无知，愚昧；不知，不懂 mess up:陷入困境;搞糟 punches:v.用拳猛击(punch的第三人称单数形式)/n.一拳(punch的复数);机冲压机;凿子In fact,the fish were still p

25、lentiful,the fields for grazing werestill vast.事實上,魚類還很充足,放牧的原野還很廣大。06:54Our mistake was to assume that the capacity of the earth forself-repair had no limits.我們的錯誤是去假設 地球的自我修復能力沒有極限。07:04It does have limits.極限是存在的。07:12The message from the science is very clear:we humans havebecome an overwhelming

26、force to determine the futureliving conditions on earth,and whats more,we are runningout of time.來自科學的訊息非常清楚:我們人類已經變成了 一股壓倒性的力量,會決定未來地球上的居住條件,此外,我們快要沒有時間了。07:15out of time.If we dont act on them,we will be losing the globalcommons.如果我們不為此採取行動,我們將會失去全球公有物。07:30Its only our generation who are able to

27、preserve it-preserve the commons as we know them.只有我們這個世代能夠保存它們 保存我們所認識的公有物。07:36Now is the time we start managing the global commons asour parents or our grandparents managed their localcommons.該是我們開始管理 全球公有物的時候了,就像我們的父母和祖父母管理 他們的地方性公有物一樣。07:44The first thing we need to do is to simply recognize th

28、at wedo have the global commons and they are very,veryimportant.我們需要做的第一件事,就是承認我們確實有全球公有物,且它們非常非常重要。07:56Then we need to build the stewardship of the globalcommons into all of our thinking,our business,our economy,our policy-making-in all of our actions.接著我們得要建立對 全球公有物的管理職責,建在所有人的思想中、事業中、經濟中、政策制訂中 我

29、們所有的行為中。08:09self-repair:n.自行修复 overwhelming:adj.压倒性的；势不可挡的/v.压倒；淹没(overwhelm的ing形式)；制服preserve:vt.保存;保护;维持;腌;禁猎/n.保护区;禁猎地;加工成的食品 grandparents:n.祖父母(grandparent的复数);外祖父母 stewardship:n.管理工作;管事人的职位及职责 policy-making:adj.决策的;决策性质的/n.决策www.XiYuS锡育软件We need to recreate the social contract of the fishing v

30、illageson the global scale.我們得要重新創造出 漁村型社會契約,擴張到全球規模版本。08:21But what does it mean in practice?但,在實際面上,這是什麼意思？08:31Where to start with?要從何處下手？08:34I see there are four key economic systems that fundamentallyneed to change.我認為,有四項關鍵的經濟系統 在根本上需要被改變。08:37First,we need to change our cities.第一,我們得要改變我們的城市

31、。08:44By 2050,two thirds of our population will live in cities.到 2050 年時,我們的人口 會有三分之二住在城市中。08:48We need green cities.我們得要綠化城市。08:54Second,we need to change our energy system.第二,我們得要改變 我們的能源系統。08:56The world economy must sharply decarbonize,essentially inone generation.世界經濟必須要明確地去碳,基本上,在一個世代就要完成。09:0

32、0Third,we need to change our production-consumptionsystem.第三,我們得要改變 我們的生產消費系統。09:07We need to break away from current take-make-wasteconsumption patterns.我們得要脫離目前的 取用生產丟棄消費模式。09:13And finally,we need to change our food system,what to eatand how to produce it.最後,我們得要改變 我們的食物系統,吃什麼,以及如何生產它。09:20And al

33、l of those four systems are putting enormous pressureon the global commons,and its also very difficult to flipthem.所有這四個系統 對全球公有物產生了很大的壓力,且要翻轉它們是非常困難的。09:28recreate:vi.娱乐;消遣/vt.再创造;使得到娱乐/消遣 in practice:在实践中;实际上,事实上 sharply:adv.急剧地;锐利地decarbonize:vt.除去碳素；脱去的碳(等于decarburize)break away:脱离;放弃;逃跑 enormou

34、s:adj.庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的They are extremely complex,with many decision-makers,actors involved.它們極度複雜,涉及到許多決策者和行為者。09:38Lets take the example of the food system.我們用食物系統來當例子。09:45Food production is currently responsible for one quarter ofgreenhouse gas emissions.目前,食物生產造成了 四分之一的溫室氣體排放。09:50It is also a ma

35、in user of the worlds water resources.它也是世界水資源的主要使用者。09:58In fact,70 percent of todays water is used to grow crops.事實上,現今有 70%的水 都被用來種植作物。10:02Vast areas of tropical forest are used for agriculture.很大區域的熱帶森林被用在農業上。10:09This deforestation drives extinction.森林砍伐造成了絕種。10:14In fact,we are losing species

36、 1,000 times faster than thenatural rate.事實上,我們失去物種的速度,比自然的速度要快上一千倍。10:18And on top of all of that bad news,one third of foodproduced today globally is not eaten.除了那些壞消息之外,現今全球所生產的食物,有三分之一都沒被食用。10:26Its wasted.它們被浪費掉了。10:35But there is the good news,good signs.但,也有好消息,好徵兆。10:39Coalitions of stakehol

37、ders are now coming together to tryto transform the food system with one shared goal:how toproduce enough healthy food for everyone,at the same time,to try to cut,to sharply reduce,the footprint from the foodsystem on the global commons.利害關係人的聯盟 現在集結在一起,試圖改善食物系統,他們有一個共同目標:如何生產出足夠 每個人吃的健康食物,同時,還要試圖縮減

38、、大大降低食物系統在全球公有物上的足跡。10:44crops:n.农作物(crop的复数);收成;冶切头/v.种植(crop的三单形式);收割;修剪;产庄稼 deforestation:n.采伐森林;森林开伐Coalitions:n.联合;结盟(coalition的复数)stakeholders:n.利益相关者;赌款保存人(stakeholder的复数)footprint:n.足迹;脚印I had an opportunity to fly over the Indonesian island ofSumatra,and I saw with my own eyes the massivede

39、forestation to make room for palm oil plantations.我有個機會,飛過蘇門達臘島的印尼島嶼,我親眼看見嚴重的森林砍伐,為了棕櫚油騰出種植空間。為了棕櫚油騰出種植空間。11:10By the way,palm oil is included in thousands of foodproducts we eat every day.順道一提,數以千計的 食物產品都含有棕櫚油,我們每天都在吃。11:26The global demand for palm oil is just increasing.全球對於棕櫚油的需求在增加,11:33In Suma

40、tra,I met smallholder farmers who need to make aday-to-day living from growing oil palm.在蘇門達臘島,我會見了小佃農,他們需要種植棕櫚樹來維生。11:37I met global food companies,financial institutions and localgovernment officials.我會見了全球食物公司、金融機構,以及地方政府官員。11:47All of them told me that they cant make the change bythemselves,and

41、only by working together under a kind ofnew contract,or a new practice,do they have a chance toprotect tropical forests.所有人都告訴我,他們無法靠自己造成改變,只有透過在某種新契約或新做法之下 進行合作,他們才有機會保護熱帶森林。11:55So its so encouraging to see,at least for the last few years,this new coalition among these committed actors along thesu

42、pply chain come together to try to transform the foodsystem.很讓人振奮的是,至少在過去幾年間,在供應鏈上這些盡心盡力的 行為者當中,這個新聯盟 能集結在一起,試圖改善食物系統。12:13Indonesian:n.印尼人;印尼语群;印度尼西亚语/adj.印尼的 Sumatra:n.气象苏门答腊岛(印尼西部的大岛)make roomfor:让出地方给,为腾出空位 plantations:n.农种植园(plantation的复数形式)smallholder:n.小农;小佃农 day-to-day:adj.日常的;逐日的 oil palm:作

43、物油棕;油棕榈树In fact,what they are trying to do is to create a new kind ofsocial contract to manage the global commons.事實上,他們試著在做的事,是創造出一種新的社會契約,來管理全球公有物。12:29All changes start at home,at your place and at my place.所有的改變都始於家中,始於你的地方和我的地方。12:41At GEF,Global Environment Facility,we have now a newstrategy,a

44、nd we put the global commons at its center.在全球環境基金（GEF）,我們現在有一項新策略,我們把全球公有物 放在策略的中心位置。12:48I hope we wont be the only ones.我希望不會只有我們在做。13:00If everybody stays on the sidelines,waiting for others to stepin,the global commons will continue to deteriorate,andeverybody will be much worse off.如果每個人都待在界線邊

45、,等其他人踏入界線內,那麼全球公有物將會持續惡化,每個人都會過得更糟許多。13:04We need to save ourselves from the tragedy of the commons.我們得要拯救我們自己,不要讓公有物悲劇發生。13:18So,I invite all of you to embrace the global commons.所以,我邀請在座所有人,擁抱全球公有物。13:24Please do remember that global commons do exist and arewaiting for your stewardship.請切記,全球公有物確實

46、存在,它們正在等著你們來管理。13:30We all share one planet in common.地球是我們所共有的。13:38We breathe the same air,we drink the same water,wedepend on the same oceans,forests,and biodiversity.我們呼吸相同的空氣,我們喝相同的水,我們依賴同樣的海洋、森林,以及生物多樣性。13:42on the sidelines:当旁观者,不直接参加 step in:介入;插手干预;作短时间的非正式访问 deteriorate:vi.恶化,变坏/vt.恶化worse

47、 off:恶化,情况更坏;愈加贫穷的;每况愈下的There is no space left on earth for egoism.地球上已經沒有容納 自我主義的空間了。13:52The global commons must be kept within their safeoperating space,and we can only do it together.全球公有物必須要被保留在 它們的安全運作空間中,我們只有同心協力才能辦得到。13:56Thank you so much.非常謝謝。14:07(Applause)（掌聲）14:09egoism:n.利己主义,自我主义*Warning:本文是由生成导出，请用于个人学习，不要用于商业用途。否则，导致的一切法律后果，均由您个人承担，锡育软件概不负责。*