HeatherBarnett_2014S[希瑟.巴内特][人类可以从半智能的黏菌群学到什么].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Id like to introduce you to an organism:a slime mold,Physarum polycephalum.今天我想向大家介绍一种生物体;（slimemould）黏液霉菌,一种多头绒泡菌。00:12Its a mold with an identity crisis,because its not a mold,solets get that straight to start with.是否把它命名为一种霉菌尚存争议,因为事实上它不是霉菌。在进入正题前我们需要知道这一点。00:19It is one of 700 known

2、 slime molds belonging to thekingdom of the amoeba.在已知的七百种黏液霉菌中,它属于阿米巴变形虫的国度。00:23It is a single-celled organism,a cell,that joins together withother cells to form a mass super-cell to maximize itsresources.它是一种单细胞生物,许多个单一的细胞 相互连接到一起 而组成一团超级细胞,目的是要做到最大化地利用资源。00:28So within a slime mold you might fin

3、d thousands or millionsof nuclei,all sharing a cell wall,all operating as one entity.所以在一个（slime mould）黏菌中你能看到几千个 或者几百万个细胞核,它们共享同一个细胞壁,作为一个整体00:37In its natural habitat,you might find the slime mold foragingin woodlands,eating rotting vegetation,but you mightequally find it in research laboratories,

4、classrooms,and evenartists studios.在它的自然栖息地运作 你会在森林里发现这些黏液霉菌,它以腐烂的植被为食。不过黏菌也同样频繁出现在 研究实验室,课堂,甚至是艺术家的工作室里。00:47slime:n.黏液;烂泥/vt.涂泥/vi.变粘滑 mold:vt.塑造;使发霉;用模子制作/vi.发霉/n.霉菌;模子 to start with:adv.首先;作为开始(等于forastart)molds:n.机模具;霉菌;鞋模(mold的复数)belonging:n.所有物;行李;附属物 amoeba:n.阿米巴;变形虫(单细胞生物)maximize:vt.取最大值;对

5、极为重视/vi.尽可能广义地解释;达到最大值 nuclei:n.核心,核子;原子核(nucleus的复数形式)entity:n.实体；存在；本质 habitat:n.生态栖息地,产地 foraging:n.觅食(forage的ing形式);觅食力woodlands:n.林林地(woodland的复数)rotting:vt.腐败,腐坏之(rot的现在分词形式);深蚀刻/n.沤麻 vegetation:n.植被;植物,草木;呆板单调的生活 laboratories:n.实验室(laboratory的复数)studios:n.工作室(studio的复数)I first came across the

6、 slime mold about five years ago.我与黏液霉菌的初次接触是在五年前。01:02A microbiologist friend of mine gave me a petri dish with alittle yellow blob in it and told me to go home and play withit.我的一个微生物学家朋友 给了我一个有着黄色小斑点的培养皿 说让我带回家玩玩。01:05The only instructions I was given,that it likes it dark anddamp and its favorit

7、e food is porridge oats.我得到的唯一说明是 这个东西它喜欢阴暗潮湿,最喜欢的食物是燕麦片。01:13Im an artist whos worked for many years with biology,withscientific processes,so living material is not uncommon forme.我是一个艺术家,我做了不少年的 将生物及科学的一些手法融入艺术 所以使用活的素材于我来说不算陌生。01:21Ive worked with plants,bacteria,cuttlefish,fruit flies.我用到过植物,细菌,

8、墨鱼,以及果蝇。01:29So I was keen to get my new collaborator home to see whatit could do.所以我颇有些急迫想把这个新的小拍档带回家 看看它能做啥。01:32So I took it home and I watched.然后我就把它带回了家开始观察。01:36I fed it a varied diet.我试着用各种东西来喂它。01:40I observed as it networked.我观察到,随着它的联网形成01:42microbiologist:n.微生物学家 blob:n.一滴;一抹;难以名状的一团/vt.弄

9、脏;把做错/vi.得零分;弄错 porridge:n.粥,糊;麦片粥/vt.服刑 oats:n.燕麦;燕麦片(oat的复数);燕麦粥 uncommon:adj.不寻常的；罕有的/adv.非常地 bacteria:n.微细菌cuttlefish:n.无脊椎乌贼;墨鱼 collaborator:n.劳经合作者;勾结者;通敌者 varied:adj.多变的;各式各样的;杂色的/v.改变;使多样化(vary的过去式和过去分词形式)observed:adj.观察的;观测的/v.观察;遵守;注意到(observe的过去分词形式)networked:adj.网路的;广播电视联播的/v.联络(network的

10、过去分词和过去式)It formed a connection between food sources.它在食物资源之间建立了某种联系。01:44I watched it leave a trail behind it,indicating where it hadbeen.我看到它在经过处留下了痕迹,那显示出它曾经到过的区域。01:47And I noticed that when it was fed up with one petri dish,itwould escape and find a better home.我也注意到每当它厌倦了一个培养皿的时候,它就会爬出去,去找个更好的

11、家。01:51I captured my observations through time-lapsephotography.我通过延时摄影 拍下了我所观察到的。01:57Slime mold grows at about one centimeter an hour,so itsnot really ideal for live viewing unless theres some form ofreally extreme meditation,but through the time lapse,黏液霉菌的生长速度大概是每小时一厘米,所想要看实时变化可不容易,因为这个速度实在是有点慢,

12、除非观察者能做到某种极度的静心入定。不过凭TED演讲者：Heather Barnett|希瑟.巴内特演讲标题：What humans can learn from semi-intelligent slime|人类可以从半智能的黏菌群学到什么内容概要：Inspired by biological design and self-organizing systems,artist Heather Barnett co-creates with physarum polycephalum,a eukaryotic microorganism that lives in cool,moistarea

13、s.What can people learn from the semi-intelligent slime mold?Watch this talk to find out.受生物学设计和自我组织系统的启发，艺术家希瑟.巴内特与多头绒泡菌（一种生活在凉爽潮湿环境的真核微生物）共同创作。人们可以从半智能的黏菌身上学到什么?请看她的演讲并找到解答。really extreme meditation,but through the time lapse,借延时拍摄,02:01I could observe some really interesting behaviors.我能够观察到一些非常有

14、趣的行为。02:11For instance,having fed on a nice pile of oats,the slime moldgoes off to explore new territories in different directionssimultaneously.比如,喂给它一小堆燕麦片,黏液霉菌就迅速开始繁殖,并同时往不同方向伸展以探索新领域。02:14indicating:n.表明;指示/v.表明;指示;要求(indicate的ing形式)/adj.指示的 fed up with:受够了;极厌恶;对厌倦observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(观察后

15、发表的)言论(observation的复数形式)time-lapse:adj.延时的;定时的photography:n.摄影;摄影术 viewing:adj.可见的/v.观察;查看(view的ing形式)meditation:n.冥想;沉思,深思 lapse:n.(一时的)走神,判断错误 pile:n.堆;大量;建筑群/vt.累积;打桩于/vi.挤;堆积;积累 territories:n.地区;领土;边疆区(territory的复数)simultaneously:adv.同时地When it meets itself,it knows its already there,it recogniz

16、esits there,and instead retreats back and grows in otherdirections.当它碰到自己另一部分的时候,它知道同伴已经在那里,它能识别得到。于是停止那个方向的继续生长,而是掉头 从另一端生长。02:25I was quite impressed by this feat,at how what wasessentially just a bag of cellular slime could somehow mapits territory,know itself,and move with seeming intention.黏液霉菌

17、的这个本事很让我叹为观止。这不过是一袋黏液霉菌细胞,可它居然有本事开疆扩土,能够识别自我,而且似乎是带有目的性地在行动。02:36I found countless scientific studies,research papers,journalarticles,all citing incredible work with this one organism,andIm going to share a few of those with you.我发觉有无数的科学研究,研究论文啦,期刊文章啦,都提到用这种微生物所进行过的令人难以置信的研究,这里我要分享一些给大家。02:49For ex

18、ample,a team in Hokkaido University in Japan filled amaze with slime mold.比如,日本北海道大学（Hokkaido University）的一个团队 用黏液霉菌填塞了一个迷宫。03:01It joined together and formed a mass cell.它们互相融合组成了一个细胞团。03:06They introduced food at two points,oats of course,and itformed a connection between the food.研究人员将食物放在两个点上,当然

19、,食物依旧是燕麦片,黏液霉菌在两点食物之间 组建起了关联。03:08It retracted from empty areas and dead ends.当它遇到空区或是死角的时候会自动缩回。03:15recognizes:认出/表彰/承认/赞成 retreats:撤退/放弃/离开/休养处 feat:n.功绩,壮举;技艺表演/adj.合适的;灵巧的cellular:adj.细胞的;多孔的;由细胞组成的/n.移动电话;单元 seeming:n.外观/adj.表面上的 countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的citing:n.引用,引证;举例 maze:n.迷宫;迷惑;糊涂/vt.迷失;使混

20、乱;使困惑 retracted:adj.可伸缩的There are four possible routes through this maze,yet timeand time again,the slime mold established the shortest andthe most efficient route.这个迷宫有四个可行通道,而随着一次次的尝试,最终黏液霉菌建立了最短 并且最有效率的一条路径。03:17Quite clever.真机灵。03:27The conclusion from their experiment was that the slimemold had

21、 a primitive form of intelligence.由这个实验所得出的结论是 黏液霉菌有种初始形态的智能。03:28Another study exposed cold air at regular intervals to theslime mold.另一项研究是;按固定的间隔时间,定期将黏液霉菌暴露在冷空气里。03:33It didnt like it.It doesnt like it cold.结果它不喜欢。它怕冷。03:36It doesnt like it dry.它不喜欢被吹干。03:39They did this at repeat intervals,and

22、each time,the slimemold slowed down its growth in response.研究人员按照之前的间隔时间规律重复做了这个实验,每一次,黏液霉菌都会 减慢生长速度作为响应。03:40However,at the next interval,the researchers didnt put thecold air on,yet the slime mold slowed down in anticipationof it happening.然而,在下一个间隔来到时,研究人员没有开启冷风,可黏液霉菌仍旧减慢了速度,似乎 是预期此时冷风会来。03:47It

23、somehow knew that it was about the time for the cold airthat it didnt like.不知它怎样办到的,它知道时间到了,它讨厌的冷空气会来到。03:56The conclusion from their experiment was that the slimemold was able to learn.刚讲到的这个实验最后所得到得结论是;黏液霉菌具有学习能力。04:01A third experiment:the slime mold was invited to explore aterritory covered in o

24、ats.第三个实验;黏液霉菌被邀请 去探索一片被燕麦片覆盖的区域。04:06intervals:n.间隔;声音程(interval的复数)slowed:adj.慢的;减速的;迟钝的/vi.变慢;变萧条/vt.放慢;阻碍/adv.慢慢地;迟缓地in anticipation:预先It fans out in a branching pattern.它以分枝结构扇形展开。04:13As it goes,each food node it finds,it forms a network,aconnection to,and keeps foraging.每当它在经过的地方发现食物点时,它就会建立一

25、个网络,一个连接点,然后继续觅食。04:16After 26 hours,it established quite a firm network betweenthe different oats.经过26个小时,它建立起 一个比较稳定的网络架构链接各处的燕麦片。04:23Now theres nothing remarkable in this until you learn thatthe center oat that it started from represents the city ofTokyo,and the surrounding oats are suburban rai

26、lway这看起来没什么了不起的,但如果你知道作为中心起点的燕麦片 其实是代表了东京市,而周围的这些燕麦片对应着东京市郊的火车站,你一定会觉得它了不起。04:29Tokyo,and the surrounding oats are suburban railwaystations.了不起。04:29The slime mold had replicated the Tokyo transport network acomplex system developed over time by communitydwellings,civil engineering,urban planning.因为

27、黏液霉菌居然复制出了 东京的交通网络。建立一个复杂的系统需要长时间的努力,包括社区住宅,土木工程,城市规划。04:39What had taken us well over 100 years took the slime moldjust over a day.人类用超过100年才能完成的事情,黏液霉菌只不过花了一天多一点就完成了。04:53The conclusion from their experiment was that the slimemold can form efficient networks and solve the travelingsalesman problem

28、.这项实验得到的结论是 黏液霉菌能够建立起高效路网,解决那些在路上的业务员们的苦恼问题。04:58It is a biological computer.它是部生物计算机。05:05branching:adj.发枝的;分歧的/n.分支;分歧/v.分支(branch的ing形式)oat:n.燕麦;麦片粥,燕麦粥 suburban:adj.郊区的,城郊的;土气的;见闻不广的/n.郊区居民 replicated:重复的 dwellings:n.民居;住处(dwelling的复数)civil engineering:建土木工程As such,it has been mathematically mod

29、eled,algorithmically analyzed.如我们所看到的,由数学模型建立起来 进行的算法分析。05:07www.XiYuS锡育软件Its been sonified,replicated,simulated.人们对黏液霉菌的活动进行超声波观测,复制,和模拟。05:11World over,teams of researchers are decoding its biologicalprinciples to understand its computational rules andapplying that learning to the fields of electr

30、onics,programming and robotics.全世界的研究团队们 都在试图解析它的生物学准则,以理解它的计算运行规则 并将之运用到电子,编程和机器人领域中。05:14So the question is,how does this thing work?所以问题是 这个东西它是怎么工作的？05:27It doesnt have a central nervous system.黏液霉菌没有中枢神经系统,05:31It doesnt have a brain,yet it can perform behaviors that weassociate with brain func

31、tion.没有大脑,却能完成 我们需要大脑功能的协助才能完成的行动05:33It can learn,it can remember,it can solve problems,it canmake decisions.它能学习,能记忆,可以解决问题,也可以做决策。05:38So where does that intelligence lie?它负责智能的部分藏在哪里呢？05:43So this is a microscopy,a video I shot,and its about 100times magnification,sped up about 20 times,and insi

32、de theslime mold,there is a rhythmic pulsing flow,a vein-likestructure carrying这是显微镜下我拍到的一组影像。放大了约100倍,快进了约20倍。在黏液霉菌体内,存在有节奏的脉冲流,一个脉管状结构把05:46As such:同样地;本身;就其本身而论 mathematically:adv.算术地,数学上地 modeled:v.模仿(model的过去分词形式);模式化;被效仿 simulated:adj.模拟的;模仿的;仿造的/v.模仿(simulate的变形);假装 decoding:n.通信解码;计通信译码/v.破译

33、;译解(decode的ing形式)computational:adj.计算的 electronics:n.电子学;电子工业 robotics:n.机器人学 associatewith:v.联合;与联系在一起;和来往 microscopy:n.显微镜检查;显微镜使用;显微镜学 magnification:n.放大;放大率;放大的复制品 sped:v.加速;飞驰(speed的过去分词)rhythmic:adj.生物有节奏的(等于rhythmical);间歇的;合拍的/n.韵律论(等于rhythmics)pulsing:adj.脉冲的/n.脉动/v.使跳动;搏动(pulse的ing形式)cellul

34、ar material,nutrients and chemical informationthrough the cell,streaming first in one direction and thenback in another.细胞内含物,营养物质和化学信息 传输到细胞各处,先朝一个方向流动,然后再向相反方向回流。06:01And it is this continuous,synchronous oscillation within thecell that allows it to form quite a complex understanding ofits environ

35、ment,but without any large-scale control center.而正是细胞内的这种连续,同步振荡 让它得以建立起 对所处环境的一个相当复杂的认知理解,而不依赖任何大规模的控制中心。06:10This is where its intelligence lies.这就是它的智能所在。06:23So its not just academic researchers in universities that areinterested in this organism.并不只有大学里的学术研究者们 对这个生物感兴趣。06:25A few years ago,I se

36、t up SliMoCo,the Slime Mould Collective.几年前,我设立了一个 SlimoCo项目,-SlimeMould黏液霉菌团队。06:31Its an online,open,democratic network for slime moldresearchers and enthusiasts to share knowledge andexperimentation across disciplinary divides and acrossacademic divides.这是一个在线的,开放的,民主的网络,给黏液霉菌研究者和爱好者们用以 分享 跨学科范畴

37、和跨学术领域的知识和实验。06:37The Slime Mould Collective membership is self-selecting.黏液霉菌团队的队员都是自行选择加入的。06:51People have found the collective as the slime mold finds theoats.来到团队的人们就像 找到燕麦片的黏液霉菌。06:55nutrients:营养盐/食品营养素 streaming:n.流;(英)按能力分组/v.流动(stream的ing形式)synchronous:adj.同步的;同时的 oscillation:n.振荡;振动;摆动 lar

38、ge-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的 enthusiasts:热心人/热衷者/狂热者(enthusiast的复数)disciplinary:adj.规律的;训练的;训诫的And it comprises of scientists and computer scientists andresearchers but also artists like me,architects,designers,它包括有科学家,计算机科学家和研究人员,也有像我这样的艺术家,建筑师,设计师,作家,社会活动家,什么样的人都有。07:01researchers but also artists

39、 like me,architects,designers,writers,activists,you name it.家,什么样的人都有。07:01Its a very interesting,eclectic membership.我们的成员构成不拘一格,非常有趣。07:12Just a few examples:an artist who paints with fluorescentPhysarum;a collaborative team who are combiningbiological and electronic design with 3D printingtechnol

40、ogies in a workshop;another artist who is using theslime mold as a way of engaging a community to map theirarea.我举几个例子吧;有用染了荧光的绒泡菌属作画的艺术家,有将生物学 与3D打印技术相结合的协作团队,还有位艺术家用黏液霉菌 绘制社区地图,作为参与社区的一种方式。07:16Here,the slime mold is being used directly as a biologicaltool,but metaphorically as a symbol for ways o

41、f talkingabout social cohesion,communication and cooperation.这里,黏液霉菌被直接用作 一种生物学工具,但是也象征性地 成为在 社会凝聚力,沟通 和合作上的一种交流方式的标志。07:36Other public engagement activities,I run lots of slime moldworkshops,a creative way of engaging with the organism.至于其他的公众参与活动-我办了很多黏液霉菌研讨会,用这种创新方式研究这种有机体。07:49comprises:vt.包含;由组

42、成 eclectic:adj.折衷的;选择的;折衷学派的/n.折衷派的人;折衷主义者/adj.不拘一格的 paints:n.绘画颜料;绘画作品(paint的复数形式)/v.绘画(paint的第三人称单数形式)fluorescent:adj.荧光的;萤光的;发亮的/n.荧光;日光灯 collaborative:adj.合作的,协作的 engaging:adj.迷人的/v.参加(engage的ing形式);保证;雇用 metaphorically:adv.隐喻地;用比喻 cohesion:n.凝聚;结合;力内聚力 workshops:n.工作坊,工业车间;研习会,讲习班(workshop的复数形式

43、)So people are invited to come and learn about what amazingthings it can do,and they design their own petri dishexperiment,an environment for the slime mold to navigateso they can test its properties.人们受邀请来到研讨会,了解 它的神奇之能,他们设计自己的培养皿实验,安排一个新环境让黏液霉菌去探索 以测试它的各项属性。07:56Everybody takes home a new pet and

44、is invited to post theirresults on the Slime Mould Collective.他们每个人都带了黏菌这个新宠物回家,我们邀请他们将各自的实验结果 发布在黏菌团队的网页上。08:06And the collective has enabled me to form collaborationswith a whole array of interesting people.这样一个集体让我能够 和一大票有趣的人们一起协同工作。08:14Ive been working with filmmakers on a feature-length slimem

45、old documentary,and I stress feature-length,which is inthe final stages of edit and will be hitting your cinemascreens very soon.我已经和一些电影工作者合作,共同制作一个关于黏液霉菌的长篇纪录片,我要强调是长篇,现在已经在后期制作过程,应该很快就能在院线上映了。08:20(Laughter)Its also enabled me to conduct what I think is theworlds first human slime mold experiment

46、.（观众笑声）我想这也使得我能进行,大概是世界第一例人类模拟黏液霉菌的实验。08:33This is part of an exhibition in Rotterdam last year.这是去年鹿特丹展览的一部分,08:40We invited people to become slime mold for half an hour.我们邀请人们来扮演黏液霉菌大概半小时。08:43navigate:vt.驾驶,操纵;使通过;航行于/vi.航行,航空 collaborations:n.协作(collaboration的复数)filmmakers:n.制片人(filmmaker的复数)fea

47、ture-length:adj.长篇的;电影达到正片应有的长度的 documentary:adj.记录的;文件的;记实的/n.纪录片 stages:n.计阶段(stage的复数);舞台;戏剧表演/v.计划;表演;分阶段进行(stage的三单形式)exhibition:n.展览,显示;展览会;展览品So we essentially tied people together so they were a giantcell,and invited them to follow slime mold rules.我们就是需要把大家绑在一起,这样大家就变成了一个巨细胞。我们也要求大家要遵守黏菌的生存

48、法则,08:48You have to communicate through oscillations,no speaking.只能用震荡来沟通,不准说话和交谈。08:57You have to operate as one entity,one mass cell,no egos,and the motivation for moving and then exploring theenvironment is in search of food.必须作为一个整体,作为一个细胞团来行动,没有自我。进行移动 并摸索周边环境情况的动机,就是寻找食物。09:01So a chaotic shuf

49、fle ensued as this bunch of strangers tiedtogether with yellow ropes wearing Being Slime Mold t-shirtswandered through the museum park.随之而来的是一片混乱,一群陌生人 穿着“黏液霉菌”的黄T恤,被黄绳子绑在一起,在博物馆的园子里游荡。09:14When they met trees,they had to reshape their connectionsand reform as a mass cell through not speaking.当他们碰到树

50、的时候,就不得不改变队形,象个团细胞一样 悄然无声的的完成变形。09:25This is a ludicrous experiment in many,many ways.这是一个非常好笑的实验,从各种方面看都是。09:35This isnt hypothesis-driven.它不是因假说驱动的。09:39oscillations:n.力振动;振幅(oscillation的复数形式)egos:n.自我(ego的复数)motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动 in searchof:寻找;搜寻 chaotic:adj.混沌的;混乱的,无秩序的 shuffle:v.洗牌;推诿,推卸;拖曳,慢