JonathanTrent_2012G[Jonathan Trent][来自漂浮微藻的能源].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Thank you.(Applause)Some years ago,I set out to try tounderstand if there was a possibility to develop biofuels on ascale that would actually compete with fossil fuels but notcompete with agriculture for water,fertilizer or land.谢谢。（掌声）几年前,我试图去了解 是否大规模开发生物燃料是可行的 这种生物燃料会与化石燃料竞争873987So h

2、eres what I came up with.这是我想出来的00:29Imagine that we build an enclosure where we put it justunderwater,and we fill it with wastewater and some form ofmicroalgae that produces oil,and we make it out of somekind of flexible material that moves with waves underwater,以及某些产油的微藻填充它 这个容器是用某种柔韧的材质做的 所以它会在水下

3、随波流动00:30and the system that were going to build,of course,will usesolar energy to grow the algae,and they use CO2,which isgood,and they produce oxygen as they grow.当然,我们要造的这个系统 依靠太阳能来使海藻生长 有一点很好,海藻吸收二氧化碳 当海藻生长时,它们产生氧气00:41The algae that grow are in a container that distributes theheat to the surrou

4、nding water,and you can harvest them andmake biofuels and cosmetics and fertilizer and animal feed,生长在容器里的海藻 将热量散发到周围水域 化妆品,肥料和动物饲料00:50set out:出发;开始;陈述;陈列 biofuels:n.能源生物燃料;生质燃料;生质能源(biofuel的复数形式)compete with:与竞争fertilizer:n.肥料肥料;受精媒介物;促进发展者 enclosure:n.附件;围墙;围场 underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的/adv.在水下/n.水

5、下 wastewater:n.废水,污水 microalgae:n.微藻类 algae:n.植藻类;植海藻 distributes:vt.分配;散布;分开;把分类 cosmetics:n.化工化妆品(cosmetic的复数);装饰品/v.用化妆品打扮(cosmetic的三单形式)and of course youd have to make a large area of this,soyoud have to worry about other stakeholders like fishermenand ships and such things,but hey,were talking

6、aboutbiofuels,and we know the importance of potentially gettingan alternative liquid fuel.所以你就得考虑其它的利益相关者 譬如渔民和船只,诸如此类,但各位 获得一种的替代液体燃料的重要性01:02Why are we talking about microalgae?可为什么我们一定要用微藻？01:18Here you see a graph showing you the different types ofcrops that are being considered for making biofu

7、els,so youcan see some things like soybean,which makes 50 gallonsper acre per year,被认为能够制造生物燃料的农作物01:21or sunflower or canola or jatropha or palm,and that tallgraph there shows what microalgae can contribute.那根最高的柱子展示了微藻的贡献01:33That is to say,microalgae contributes between 2,000 and5,000 gallons per

8、 acre per year,compared to the 50 gallonsper acre per year from soy.01:43stakeholders:n.利益相关者;赌款保存人(stakeholder的复数)potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地 crops:n.农作物(crop的复数);收成;冶切头/v.种植(crop的三单形式);收割;修剪;产庄稼 soybean:n.大豆;黄豆 gallons:n.加仑;大量(gallon的复数);一加仑的容器 sunflower:n.向日葵 canola:n.一种菜籽油 That is to say:就是;即;换言之 co

9、ntributes:图情投稿/经捐助/经捐献(contribute的第三人称单数)soy:n.大豆;酱油So what are microalgae?Microalgae are micro-that is,theyre extremely small,as you can see here a picture ofthose single-celled organisms compared to a human hair.单细胞生物体微藻01:52Those small organisms have been around for millions of yearsand theres th

10、ousands of different species of microalgae inthe world,some of which are the fastest-growing plants onthe planet,and produce,as I just showed you,lots and lots ofoil.那些微藻已经在地球上存在几百万年了 不同种类的微藻02:03Now,why do we want to do this offshore?02:16Well,the reason were doing this offshore is because if youlo

11、ok at our coastal cities,there isnt a choice,because weregoing to use waste water,as I suggested,and if you look atwhere most of the waste water treatment plants are,theyreembedded in the cities.因为我们要使用废水,正如我刚才说的 它们都在城市里02:19This is the city of San Francisco,which has 900 miles of sewer这些污水管把污水排放到沿海

12、地区02:35TED演讲者：Jonathan Trent|Jonathan Trent演讲标题：Jonathan Trent:Energy from floating algae pods|来自漂浮微藻的能源内容概要：Not only does Jonathan Trent grow algae for biofuel,he wants to do so by cleansingwastewater and trapping carbon dioxide in the process.And it.s all solar-powered.它被称作“没有化石的燃料”:Jonathan Trent

13、正在研究如何利用来自城市的废水在沿海养殖微藻并生产新型生物燃料。来听听他团队的大胆设想方案OMEGA(Offshore Membrane Enclosures for GrowingAlgae)是如何能够为未来提供能源的。This is the city of San Francisco,which has 900 miles of sewerpipes under the city already,and it releases its waste wateroffshore.micro:adj.极小的;基本的;微小的/n.微型计算机;微处理器 as you can see:正如你所看到的;

14、你是知道的 organisms:n.生物生物体(organism的复数);生物有机体 offshore:adj.离岸的;海洋近海的;吹向海面的/adv.向海面,向海 coastal:adj.沿海的;海岸的 embedded:adj.嵌入式的;植入的;内含的/v.嵌入(embed的过去式和过去分词形式)sewer:n.下水道;阴沟;裁缝师/vt.为铺设污水管道;用下水道排除的污水/vi.清洗污水管So different cities around the world treat their waste waterdifferently.Some cities process it.02:45S

15、ome cities just release the water.一些城市只是排放污水02:52But in all cases,the water thats released is perfectlyadequate for growing microalgae.但是不管是哪种情况,排放的污水02:53So lets envision what the system might look like.让我们设想一下这个系统的样子02:59We call it OMEGA,which is an acronym for OffshoreMembrane Enclosures for Grow

16、ing Algae.我们称之为OMEGA03:01At NASA,you have to have good acronyms.在NASA（美国国家航空航天局）你必须有好的缩写名字03:07So how does it work?I sort of showed you how it worksalready.这个系统怎么运作？我刚才已经透露给你们一些了03:10We put waste water and some source of CO2 into ourfloating structure,and the waste water provides nutrients forthe al

17、gae to grow,and they sequester CO2 that wouldotherwise go off into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas.我们把废水和二氧化碳放入 废水为微藻提供生长所需的营养物质 他们隔绝二氧化碳,阻滞它们03:12adequate:adj.充足的；适当的；胜任的 envision:vt.想象;预想 OMEGA:n.最后;终了;希腊字母的最后一个字/n.欧米茄(品牌名称)acronym:n.首字母缩略词 Membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸 Enclosures:n.附件(enclosure的复数);音箱;建

18、围墙;围绕 acronyms:首字母缩略词(acronym的复数)nutrients:营养盐/食品营养素 sequester:vt.使隔绝;使隐退;没收,扣押They of course use solar energy to grow,and the waveenergy on the surface provides energy for mixing the algae,and the temperature is controlled by the surrounding watertemperature.混合海藻,温度 被周围水温所控制。03:28The algae that gro

19、w produce oxygen,as Ive mentioned,andthey also produce biofuels and fertilizer and food and otherbi-algal products of interest.就像我刚才所说,海藻产生氧气,以及其它海藻副产品03:38And the system is contained.What do I mean by that?03:48Its modular.Lets say something happens thats totallyunexpected to one of the modules.完全出

20、乎意料的假设。03:51It leaks.Its struck by lightning.03:56The waste water that leaks out is water that already now goesinto that coastal environment,and the algae that leak outare biodegradable,and because theyre living in waste water,theyre fresh water algae,which means they cant live in saltwater,so they

21、die.流出来的废水是 原本就应被排放到海里的,生活在咸水中,他们就会死去。03:58The plastic well build it out of is some kind of well-knownplastic that we have good experience with,and well rebuildour modules to be able to reuse them again.为了能使之重复利用,我们会重新构建模型。04:11mixing:n.混合;电子混频/v.混合(mix的ing形式)modular:adj.模块化的;模数的;有标准组件的 modules:n.计模

22、块(module的复数);加载模块列表 leak out:泄漏;漏出 biodegradable:adj.生物所能分解的,能进行生物降解的 reuse:n.重新使用,再用/vt.再使用So we may be able to go beyond that when thinking aboutthis system that Im showing you,and that is to say we needto think in terms of the water,the fresh water,which is alsogoing to be an issue in the future,

23、and were working onmethods now for recovering the waste water.我们可能要想个更远些,也就是说,我们现在就在研究开发04:21The other thing to consider is the structure itself.04:36It provides a surface for things in the ocean,and this surface,which is covered by seaweeds and other organisms in theocean,will become enhanced marin

24、e habitat so it increasesbiodiversity.在海洋中,这个被海草和其他生物 所以他会促进生物多样性的发展。04:39And finally,because its an offshore structure,we can think interms of how it might contribute to an aquaculture activityoffshore.我们还可以思考它如何促进 海岸边的水产养殖多样性。04:54So youre probably thinking,Gee,this sounds like a goodidea.What can

25、 we do to try to see if its real?真是个好主意。而我们又该如何知道它是否成功呢？”05:02go beyond:v.超出;胜过 in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词 recovering:n.恢复;再生;补偿/v.恢复;再生(recover的现在分词形式)seaweeds:n.植海藻(seaweed的复数);海藻类 enhanced:adj.加强的;增大的/v.提高;加强(enhance的过去分词)habitat:n.生态栖息地,产地 biodiversity:n.生物多样性 contribute to:有助于;捐献 aquaculture:n.水

26、产水产养殖;水产业Well,I set up laboratories in Santa Cruz at the California Fishand Game facility,and that facility allowed us to have bigseawater tanks to test some of these ideas.我在圣克鲁斯设立了一个实验室 我的实验室就在加州渔猎局的场地,那个研究室可以提供给我们大型的海水池 来测试我们的一些想法。05:08We also set up experiments in San Francisco at one of thethre

27、e waste water treatment plants,again a facility to testideas.实验室就在三个处理废水的工厂之一,这里也是用来测试我们的想法的。05:20And finally,we wanted to see where we could look at whatthe impact of this structure would be in the marineenvironment,and we set up a field site at a place calledMoss Landing Marine Lab in Monterey Bay

28、,where weworked in a harbor to see what impact this would have onmarine organisms.最后,由于我们想知道我们在哪里可以看到 我们在一个叫做斯兰海洋实验室的地方 设立了一个野外基地,这个基地就在蒙特雷湾,我们在那的一个海港05:28The laboratory that we set up in Santa Cruz was ourskunkworks.05:47It was a place where we were growing algae and weldingplastic and building too

29、ls and making a lot of mistakes,or,asEdison said,we were finding the 10,000 ways that the systemwouldnt work.我们在那培育藻类,或者,像爱迪生说的那样,我们05:51Now,we grew algae in waste water,and we built tools thatallowed us to get into the lives of algae so that we couldmonitor the way they grow,what makes them happy,h

30、ow dowe make sure that were going to have a culture that willsurvive and thrive.现在,我们在废水中培养藻类,制造可以 干预藻类生活的工具,这样我们就能监控他们的生长方式,并知道什么使他们快乐和怎样确保06:03laboratories:n.实验室(laboratory的复数)seawater:n.海水 Moss:n.苔藓;泥沼/vt.使长满苔藓 welding:adj.焊接的/n.焊接/v.焊接;锻接(weld的ing形式)So the most important feature that we needed t

31、o developwere these so-called photobioreactors,or PBRs.所以,我们需要开发的最重要的设备 就是光生物反应器,简称为PBRs。06:19These were the structures that would be floating at thesurface made out of some inexpensive plastic material thatllallow the algae to grow,and we had built lots and lots ofdesigns,most of which were horribl

32、e failures,and when wefinally got to a design that worked,at about 30 gallons,wescaled it up to 450 gallons in San Francisco.这些光生物反应器可以漂浮在 由廉价的塑料材料覆盖的水面上,许多次的设计,但大部分都失败了,当我们的设计最终成功时 我们按比例增加到了450加仑。06:25So let me show you how the system works.让我给你们展示这个系统是怎样工作的。06:44We basically take waste water with

33、algae of our choice in it,and we circulate it through this floating structure,thistubular,flexible plastic structure,and it circulates throughthis thing,然后我们让他们循环在这个漂浮着,废水在这个东西中循环06:46and theres sunlight of course,its at the surface,and thealgae grow on the nutrients.这些藻类靠营养物生长。06:56But this is a bi

34、t like putting your head in a plastic bag.07:02so-called:adj.所谓的；号称的 inexpensive:adj.便宜的 scaled:adj.有鳞的;(房屋)栉比鳞次的;已去了鳞的/v.刮去鳞片;生鳞片(scale的过去式和过去分词)tubular:adj.管状的 circulates:vi.传播,流传;循环;流通/vt.使循环;使流通;使传播 grow on:加深影响;引起爱好www.XiYuS锡育软件The algae are not going to suffocate because of CO2,as wewould.只是藻类

35、不会像我们一样 由于二氧化碳而窒息。07:04They suffocate because they produce oxygen,and they dontreally suffocate,but the oxygen that they produce isproblematic,and they use up all the CO2.成了他们的问题所在,他们用光了所有的二氧化碳。07:08So the next thing we had to figure out was how we couldremove the oxygen,which we did by building thi

36、s columnwhich circulated some of the water,and put back CO2,whichwe did by bubbling the system before we recirculated thewater.所以,下一步需要做的是知道 怎样把氧气排除,我们制造了一个圆柱体 我们在水循环之前把气泡打进去 因此CO2就被送了进去。07:16And what you see here is the prototype,which was the firstattempt at building this type of column.你们现在看到的这个雏

37、形07:29The larger column that we then installed in San Francisco inthe installed system.后来在旧金山07:35So the column actually had another very nice feature,and因此,这个圆柱体事实上有一个非常好的特征,这是圆柱体里沉淀的水藻,积累在一个容易收获的容器So the column actually had another very nice feature,andthat is the algae settle in the column,and th

38、is allowed us toaccumulate the algal biomass in a context where we couldeasily harvest it.圆柱体里沉淀的水藻,积累在一个容易收获的容器里。07:39suffocate:vi.受阻,受扼制;窒息/vt.压制,阻碍;使窒息 problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的 use up:用完,耗尽circulated:adj.流通的 put back:放回原处;推迟;倒退;妨碍 bubbling:n.冒泡,化工鼓泡;气泡形成 recirculated:adj.再循环的/v.再循环(recircula

39、te的过去分词)settle in:v.迁入 accumulate:vi.累积;积聚/vt.积攒 algal:adj.海藻的 biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)生态生物量So we would remove the algaes that concentrated in thebottom of this column,and then we could harvest that by aprocedure where you float the algae to the surface and canskim it off with a net.我们将把集中在底部的 藻类移走,我们就

40、能按照程序 收获漂浮在表面的藻类07:52So we wanted to also investigate what would be the impactof this system in the marine environment,and I mentionedwe set up this experiment at a field site in Moss LandingMarine Lab.我们也想调查这个系统 我提到过,我们的野外试验基地是 在Moss Landing海洋试验室。08:05Well,we found of course that this material beca

41、meovergrown with algae,and we needed then to develop acleaning procedure,and we also looked at how seabirds andmarine mammals interacted,and in fact you当然我们发现这种材料 设计一种清洁的方法,我们也观察了海鸟类和海洋哺乳类的相互影响,08:17see here a sea otter that found this incredibly interesting,and would periodically work its way acros

42、s this little floatingwater bed,and we wanted to hire this guy or train him to beable to clean the surface of these things,but thats for thefuture.这个小小的浮动水床,我们好想雇佣这个小家伙 或训练它能来清洁水面08:28Now really what we were doing,we were working in fourareas.08:42concentrated:adj.集中的;浓缩的;全神贯注的/v.集中(concentrate的过去分词

43、)overgrown:adj.蔓生的;生长过快的/v.生长过度(overgrow的过去分词)seabirds:n.鸟海鸟(如海鸥,等于seafowl)mammals:n.古生哺乳类;哺乳类动物(mammal的复数);哺乳纲 interacted:adj.互相作用的/vi.相互作用(interact的过去式和过去分词)periodically:adv.定期地;周期性地;偶尔;间歇Our research covered the biology of the system,whichincluded studying the way algae grew,but also what eats th

44、ealgae,and what kills the algae.我们的研究包括这个系统的生物方面,包括研究海藻的生长方式,08:45We did engineering to understand what we would need tobe able to do to build this structure,not only on the smallscale,but how we would build it on this enormous scale thatwill ultimately be required.我们用工程学来理解我们需要的东西 并不是个小规模,而是将建造 我们最

45、终需要的大规模的成品。08:53I mentioned we looked at birds and marine mammals andlooked at basically the environmental impact of the system,and finally we looked at the economics,and what I mean byeconomics is,what is the energy required to run the system?我提到过我们观察过鸟类和海洋哺乳类 观察过这个系统对环境的影响 最终,我们也考虑了经济因素,我所指的经济因素是,

46、09:04Do you get more energy out of the system than you have toput into the system to be able to make the system run?你是获得的能量多 还是投入到这个系统的多09:18And what about operating costs?那运作成本呢？09:23And what about capital costs?09:24And what about,just,the whole economic structure?09:26So let me tell you that its

47、not going to be easy,and thereslots more work to do in all four of those areas to be able toreally make the system work.这个可不是容易的,在这四个领域中有大量的工作要做 才能保证这个系统工作。09:30But we dont have a lot of time,and Id like to show you theartists conception of how this system might look if we findourselves in a protect

48、ed bay09:39conception:n.怀孕;概念;设想;开始somewhere in the world,and we have in the background inthis image,the waste water treatment plant and a source offlue gas for the CO2,but when you do the economics of thissystem,you find that in fact it will be difficult to make itwork.污水处理场 和排放CO2的管道,09:48Unless y

49、ou look at the system as a way to treat waste water,sequester carbon,and potentially for photovoltaic panels orwave energy or even wind energy,and if you start thinking interms of integrating all of these different activities,you couldalso include in such a facility aquaculture.固碳,和潜在的太阳能光伏板 或者海潮发电或

50、风力发电的可能性,如果你开始考虑 你也能把海水养殖算进去。10:03So we would have under this system a shellfish aquaculturewhere were growing mussels or scallops.10:24Wed be growing oysters and things that would beproducing high value products and food,and this would be amarket driver as we build the system to larger and largersc