MarcusByrne_2012X[马库斯.伯恩][蜣螂的舞蹈].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件This is poo,and what I want to do today is share my passionfor poo with you,which might be quite difficult,but I thinkwhat you might find more fascinating is the way these smallanimals deal with poo.是的,这是真的便便 而我今天来就是想跟大家分享我对便便的热爱 或许这很难让你接受,但是我想你大概会对这些小家伙们 处理便便的方法感兴趣的。00:12So this animal

2、 here has got a brain about the size of a grainof rice,and yet it can do things that you and I couldntpossibly entertain the idea of doing.这个小动物的脑子只有 米粒那么大,但是它的能耐超过了你我的想象。00:29And basically its all evolved to handle its food source,whichis dung.基本上它所有的能耐都是围绕着它的食物 也就是便便。00:39So the question is,where

3、do we start this story?现在,该如何开始说这个故事呢？00:46And it seems appropriate to start at the end,because this is awaste product that comes out of other animals,but it stillcontains nutrients and there are sufficient nutrients in therefor dung beetles basically to make a living,and so dungbeetles eat dung,and

4、 their larvae are also dung-feeders.看起来从（别的动物的）排泄开始比较合适 因为便便就是其它动物的排泄废物,但是它还是有营养成分的 对于蜣螂（屎壳郎）而言里面的营养成分已经足够它们维持生命了 所以蜣螂靠吃便便生存,它们的幼虫也靠吃便便生存。00:48They are grown completely in a ball of dung.实际上它们就是在一个大粪球里长大的。01:08poo:abbr.(英)邮政汇票(Post-OfficeOrder)dung:vt.施粪肥于/n.粪 nutrients:营养盐/食品营养素 beetles:n.甲壳虫,昆甲虫/v

5、.忙碌地来回(beetle的第三人称单数形式)make a living:谋生,维持生活Within South Africa,weve got about 800 species of dungbeetles,in Africa weve got 2,000 species of dung beetles,and in the world we have about 6,000 species of dungbeetles.在南非,人类已经发现了800种蜣螂 在全非洲则发现了2000种,全球的蜣螂种类大概有6000种。01:11So,according to dung beetles,dun

6、g is pretty good.所以,对蜣螂而言,便便味道是极好的。01:22Unless youre prepared to get dung under your fingernailsand root through the dung itself,youll never see 90 percentof the dung beetle species,because they go directly into thedung,除非你下定决心用手把便便捡起来 并仔细的检查,否则你可能会漏掉 世界上90%的蜣螂物种,因为它们会直接钻进便便里,01:28straight down belo

7、w it,and then they shuttle back and forthbetween the dung at the soil surface and a nest they makeunderground.直直地钻下去,一直钻到地面,在地下造一个巢穴然后在便便和巢穴之间来回穿梭。01:38So the question is,how do they deal with this material?现在的问题是,他们如何处理这些食材？01:45And most dung beetles actually wrap it into a package ofsome sort.大多数蜣

8、螂都会以某种方式把便便打包。01:51Ten percent of the species actually make a ball,and this ballthey roll away from the dung source,usually bury it at aremote place away from the dung source,and they have avery particular behavior by which they are able to roll theirballs.大约10%的种类会把便便裹成一个球,然后把这个粪球滚到别的地方去,经常会离发现便便的地

9、方远一点。而它们在滚粪球这件事情上 真的有一些独门绝技。01:55fingernails:n.指甲;手指甲(fingernail的复数形式)beetle:vi.急忙来回;突出/vt.用槌打/n.甲虫;大槌 back and forth:反复地,来回地 wrap:vt.包;缠绕;隐藏;掩护/vi.包起来;缠绕;穿外衣/n.外套;围巾So this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball.现在你看到的蜣螂有一个裹的很好看的粪球。02:14You can see its a male because hes got a little hair o

10、n theback of his legs there,and hes clearly very pleased aboutwhat hes sitting on there.从它腿后的一小撮毛可以看得出来 这是一只公蜣螂 而且显然它对于自己屁股下面的东西很满意02:18And then hes about to become a victim of a vicious smash-and-grab.(Laughter)And this is a clear indication that this isa valuable resource.现在它马上就会遇到另一个坏蛋蜣螂 成为一个被抢劫的

11、受害者。（观众笑）这也很清楚的体现出粪球是一个价值很高的资源02:26And so valuable resources have to be looked after andguarded in a particular way,and we think the reason they rollthe balls away is because of this,because of the competitionthat is involved in getting hold of that dung.这么有价值的资源,需要用特殊的方法 小心的看护,而我们认为蜣螂之所以 要把（便便打包成）粪

12、球推走也是因为这个原因,因为如果想要占有整个粪堆的话,打来打去是免不了的。02:39So this dung pat was actually-well,it was a dung pat 15所以这个粪堆实际上好吧,在照片拍摄的 15分钟之前它还是一个粪堆,我们认为围绕粪堆的激烈TED演讲者：Marcus Byrne|马库斯.伯恩演讲标题：Marcus Byrne:The dance of the dung beetle|蜣螂的舞蹈内容概要：Marcus Byrne is fascinated by the way insects,particularly the intrepid dung

13、 beetle,have hardwired solutions to the challenges posed by their environments.Could they helphumans solve problems?蜣螂的脑子只有米粒那么大，却能够在将他们的食物动物粪便运送回家的过程中展示出令人称奇的智慧。它们怎么做到的?一切都要从它们的舞蹈开始说起。（录制自 TEDx WitsUniversity）So this dung pat was actually-well,it was a dung pat 15minutes before this photograph was

14、taken,and we think itsthe intense competition that makes the beetles so well-adapted to rolling balls of dung.钟之前它还是一个粪堆,我们认为围绕粪堆的激烈斗争 造就了蜣螂非凡的 滚粪球的能力。02:54So what youve got to imagine here is this animal heremoving across the African veld.你可以把蜣螂的旅程想象成 穿越非洲大草原。03:09Its head is down.Its walking backw

15、ards.它的头是朝下的,而且是倒着走。03:15Its the most bizarre way to actually transport your food inany particular direction,and at the same time its got to dealwith the heat.最古怪的地方是蜣螂如何能够控制粪球的方向,同时还需要防止自己的头被烤熟了。03:18vicious:adj.恶毒的；恶意的；堕落的；有错误的；品性不端的；剧烈的/smash-and-grab:adj.砸橱窗抢劫的/n.砸橱窗抢劫 bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度，容貌，款式等

16、)This is Africa.Its hot.这是非洲,非常的热,03:26So what I want to share with you now are some of theexperiments that myself and my colleagues have used toinvestigate how dung beetles deal with these problems.现在我要跟大家分享的 是我自己和我的同事做过的一些实验 我们研究了蜣螂 是如何处理这些问题的。03:28So watch this beetle,and theres two things that I

17、 would likeyou to be aware of.看这些蜣螂,我希望你注意到两个细节。03:40The first is how it deals with this obstacle that weve put in itsway.See,look,it does a little dance,and then it carries on inexactly the same direction that it took in the first place.一是它如何处理我们 放在路上的障碍物。看,像是跳舞一样,然后它继续照着它一开始的方向前进,分毫不差。03:47A littl

18、e dance,and then heads off in a particular direction.一小段舞蹈,然后又冲着一开始的方向。03:59So clearly this animal knows where its going and it knowswhere it wants to go,and thats a very,very important thing,because if you think about it,youre at the dung pile,非常明显这个小东西有方向感 而且知道要往哪里去。这是非常、非常重要的一件事情 你自己想想看,你站在粪堆上,04

19、:03youve got this great big pie that you want to get away fromeverybody else,and the quickest way to do it is in a straightline.你现在有了一个粪球,而你想要它离别的蜣螂远远的,最快的转移路线就是一条直线。04:12So we gave them some more tasks to deal with,and what wedid here is we turned the world under their feet.And watchits response.于是

20、我们做了更多的实验,我们把蜣螂脚下的地皮挪了挪位置,然后看它的反应。04:19in the first place:首先;起初 pile:n.堆;大量;建筑群/vt.累积;打桩于/vi.挤;堆积;积累So this animal has actually had the whole world turned underits feet.Its turned by 90 degrees.现在蜣螂所在的一小块范围 已经被我们转了90度。04:37But it doesnt flinch.It knows exactly where it wants to go,and it heads off i

21、n that particular direction.它毫不畏惧,它清楚知道要往哪里走,而且它转向了一个特定的方向。04:43So our next question then was,how are they doing this?我们第二个问题是 它们怎么做到的？04:48What are they doing?And there was a cue that was availableto us.它们做了什么？有一条可能的线索。04:52It was that every now and then theyd climb on top of theball and theyd take

22、 a look at the world around them.它们经常需要爬到粪球的顶端 这样它们可以看到周边的环境。04:56And what do you think they could be looking at as theyclimb on top of the ball?这时候你可能会想它们爬上了粪球之后 能看到什么东西？05:01What are the obvious cues that this animal could use todirect its movement?And the most obvious one is to look atthe sky,and

23、 so we thought,now what could they be lookingat in the sky?周围有什么“标志性建筑”让蜣螂能够 指引自己的方向？而最明显的地标 应该就是天空了。我们接着想,现在（大白天）它们看天上能看到什么？05:05And the obvious thing to look at is the sun.最显眼的就是太阳。05:19So a classic experiment here,in that what we did was wemoved the sun.于是我们做了一个经典实验,我们移动了太阳的位置。05:23flinch:vi.退缩;畏

24、惧/n.退缩;畏惧 every now and then:不时地;常常 take a look at:看一看;检查 cues:n.开端,线索;提示,关键;球杆;诱因(cue的复数形式)What were going to do now is shade the sun with a boardand then move the sun with a mirror to a completelydifferent position.我们现在用一块板把太阳遮起来 再用一块镜子把太阳 挪到另外一个位置。05:30And look at what the beetle does.然后我们看这些蜣螂怎么

25、办。05:36It does a little double dance,and then it heads back inexactly the same direction it went in the first place.它调整了一下,然后转到了跟原先的前进路线 完全相反的方向。05:38What happens now?So clearly theyre looking at the sun.这是怎么回事？这很明显的证明了它们靠太阳认路。05:46The sun is a very important cue in the sky for them.对它们来说太阳是天上很重要的一个

26、指引。05:49The thing is the sun is not always available to you,because atsunset it disappears below the horizon.可是是太阳并不是一直挂在天上,日落之后太阳就在地平线以下了。05:53What is happening in the sky here is that theres a great bigpattern of polarized light in the sky that you and I cant see.Its the way our eyes are built.在日落

27、之后天空中 充满了大量的偏振光 这是我们人类的眼睛所看不到的。06:00But the sun is at the horizon over here and we know thatwhen the sun is at the horizon,say its over on this side,thereis a north-south,a huge pathway across the sky of polarizedlight that we cant see that the beetles can see.现在太阳在远处的地平线上 我们知道太阳在地平线下时 我们假设在这个位置 这是北

28、极和南极,偏振光沿着这条长长的路线贯穿天空 我们的眼睛看不到它们 但是蜣螂可以看到。06:10So how do we test that?Well,thats easy.我们怎么证明这点？其实不难,06:28polarized:adj.偏振的;极化的 pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径What we do is we get a great big polarization filter,pop thebeetle underneath it,and the filter is at right angles to thepolarization pattern of the sky.我

29、们找到一个很大的偏振光滤镜,把它罩在蜣螂上面,把偏振光滤镜调整到 跟大气中的偏振光对应的角度06:31The beetle comes out from underneath the filter and it doesa right-hand turn,because it comes back under the sky thatit was originally orientated to and then reorientates itselfback to the direction it was originally going in.蜣螂从我们的滤镜下面出来了 右转了一下 因为它

30、重新看到了 没有被过滤的天空 于是它就又可以把自己的路线 调整到最初的前进方向上。06:41www.XiYuS锡育软件So obviously beetles can see polarized light.这个实验证明了蜣螂可以看到偏振光。06:58Okay,so what weve got so far is,what are beetles doing?Theyre rolling balls.现在,让我们回顾一下,蜣螂做什么事情？它们滚粪球。07:04How are they doing it?Well,theyre rolling them in a straightline.怎么滚

31、粪球？它们沿着直线滚。07:10How are they maintaining it in a particular straight line?它们怎么能滚出一条直线来？07:13Well,theyre looking at celestial cues in the sky,some ofwhich you and I cant see.它们通过天上的太阳和偏振光线索进行定位。有些线索我们人类看不见。07:16But how do they pick up those celestial cues?但是它们是怎么感知到天上的各种天体信息的？07:21polarization:n.极化;偏

32、振;两极分化 right-hand:adj.得力的;右手的,用右手的 orientated:v.朝向(orientate的过去式和过去分词);面向;确定方向;使适应 maintaining:n.维护;保养/v.维持;保养(maintain的ing形式)celestial:adj.天上的,天空的/n.神仙,天堂里的居民That was what was of interest to us next.这是我们就接下来要关心的。07:23And it was this particular little behavior,the dance,that wethought was important,

33、because look,it takes a pause everynow and then,and then heads off in the direction that itwants to go in.我们关心的就是这段舞蹈（调整方向的过程）,我们相信这个行为很重要,你看 它每次都会停下来,调整一下 然后朝着它想去的方向推进。07:26So what are they doing when they do this dance?所以问题是它们在跳舞（调整）的时候做了什么？07:38How far can we push them before they will reorientat

34、ethemselves?在它们重新调整方向之前我们能够误导它们多远？07:42And in this experiment here,what we did was we forcedthem into a channel,and you can see he wasnt particularlyforced into this particular channel,在这个实验中,我们铺了一段管道 让蜣螂不知不觉的 走入这个特殊的管道07:47and we gradually displaced the beetle by 180 degrees untilthis individual en

35、ds up going in exactly the oppositedirection that it wanted to go in,in the first place.这个管道一点一点的让蜣螂改变方向,最终让它转了180度的大弯 跟它刚进管道时的方向恰恰相反。07:56And lets see what his reaction is as hes headed through 90degrees here,and now hes going to-when he ends updown here,hes going to be 180 degrees in the wrongdire

36、ction.我们来看看它的反应:现在它跟原来的方向偏了90度,现在它正要它在这里停了下来,它已经跟原先的方向偏差了180度。08:07And see what his response is.看它的反应08:18now and then:偶尔;有时 displaced:adj.无家可归的;位移的;被取代的/n.无家可归者/v.取代(displace的过去分词);移动的位置;撤换 in the wrong:有错误;应付责任He does a little dance,he turns around,and heads back inthis.He knows exactly where hes

37、going.它跳了一小段舞,它转了过来,它开始往回推。它清楚的知道自己在干嘛。08:20He knows exactly what the problem is,and he knows exactlyhow to deal with it,and the dance is this transition behaviorthat allows them to reorientate themselves.它清楚的知道哪里出了问题,它也清楚的知道怎么处理这个问题。而这种舞蹈本身就是调整自己的动作。让它们可以重新确定方向。08:27So thats the dance,but after spe

38、nding many years sitting inthe African bush watching dung beetles on nice hot days,wenoticed that there was another behavior associated with thedance behavior.这就是蜣螂的舞蹈,但是我们花了这么多年 蹲在非洲那么热的灌木丛中观察蜣螂 我们除了发现蜣螂的舞蹈是用来调整方向 我们还发现了舞蹈的另一个用途。08:36Every now and then,when they climb on top of the ball,theywipe th

39、eir face.时不时的,每当它们爬上粪球的顶端时,它们都会擦自己的脸。08:50And you see him do it again.再看一次,08:57Now we thought,now what could be going on here?现在我们想,它这是在干什么？09:00Clearly the ground is very hot,and when the ground is hot,they dance more often,and when they do this particulardance,they wipe the bottom of their face.现

40、在地面很烫,而当地表很烫的时候,它们跳舞就跳得频繁。当它们跳这种舞蹈时,它们会擦自己的脸的底部09:03And we thought that it could be a thermoregulatorybehavior.我们猜想这可能属于体温调节的行为。09:11We thought that maybe what theyre doing is trying to getoff the hot soil and also spitting onto their face to cool theirhead down.我们猜想它们之所以这么做是想要 把脸上滚烫的沙子擦掉并涂点吐沫 在自己头上

41、降温。09:13spitting:v.吐痰;吐出;啐唾沫;用炙叉叉住(spit的ing形式)/n.分散;喷溅物;点燃导火线So what we did was design a couple of arenas.于是我们设计了两个实验场。09:21one was hot,one was cold.一个温度很高,一个温度不高。09:26We shaded this one.We left that one hot.我们遮起来这一块地,另一块什么也没遮。09:28And then what we did was we filmed them with a thermalcamera.接下来我们用热

42、成像摄像头去拍摄蜣螂。09:30So what youre looking at here is a heat image of the system,and what you can see here emerging from the poo is a cooldung ball.你现在看到的是我们实验的热成像图 你可以注意到在图像中 粪球的温度很低。09:34So the truth is,if you look at the temperature over here,dungis cool.(Laughter)So all were interested in here is com

43、paringthe temperature of the beetle against the background.所以事实上就是,当你从温度的角度来看 便便太酷了（酷和冷都是“cool”）（观众笑）当然我们最感兴趣的还是比较地表的温度 和蜣螂的温度差异。09:46So the background here is around about 50 degreescentigrade.地表的温度大概是50摄氏度左右,10:00The beetle itself and the ball are probably around about 30to 35 degrees centigrade,s

44、o this is a great big ball of icecream that this beetle is now transporting across the hotveld.蜣螂和粪球的温度大概处在 30到35摄氏度这个范围。所以对于正在穿越炎热的“非洲大草原”的蜣螂而言,粪球就是个巨无霸冰淇淋。10:04It isnt climbing.It isnt dancing,because its bodytemperature is actually relatively low.它没有爬上粪球也没有跳舞,因为它的温度已经相对较低了。10:14arenas:n.竞技场(arena

45、的复数形式);角斗场 shaded:adj.荫蔽的;色彩较暗的/v.遮蔽住;使阴暗(shade的过去分词)thermal:adj.热的;热量的;保热的/n.上升的热气流 transporting:运输;猜火车(电影名)/v.运输(transport的ing形式)Its about the same as yours and mine.它的体温跟你我都差不多。10:20And whats of interest here is that little brain is quite cool.值得注意的是它的小脑袋温度非常的低。10:23But if we contrast now what ha

46、ppens in a hot environment,look at the temperature of the soil.但是如果同样的事情发生在炎热的环境中,看看这边地表的温度,10:28Its up around 55 to 60 degrees centigrade.大概在55到60摄氏度之间。10:34Watch how often the beetle dances.注意看蜣螂开始频繁的跳舞。10:38And look at its front legs.Theyre roaringly hot.注意它的前腿,非常的热。10:41So the ball leaves a litt

47、le thermal shadow,and the beetleclimbs on top of the ball and wipes its face,and all the timeits trying to cool itself down,we think,and avoid the hotsand that its walking across.粪球提供了一个降温场所,我们认为蜣螂之所以爬上粪球,擦自己的脸是为了让自己凉快一些,并把前进过程中沾上的热沙去掉。10:46And what we did then was put little boots on these legs,bec

48、ause this was a way to test if the legs were involved insensing the temperature of the soil.然后我们给蜣螂穿上了特制的小鞋子,希望搞清楚蜣螂是不是 用它的前腿来检测地表的温度。11:01And if you look over here,with boots they climb onto theball far less often when they had no boots on.看这里你能发现,穿了鞋子的蜣螂比没穿鞋子的 爬上粪球的次数要少了很多。11:11So we described the

49、se as cool boots.我们叫这些小鞋子为“清凉靴”。11:20climbs:vi.爬;攀登;上升/vt.爬;攀登;上升/n.爬;攀登 wipes:n.擦拭巾;柔湿纸巾;用于擦拭的东西(wipe的复数形式)/v.擦;消除(wipe的三单形式);拭去 sensing:n.传感;感觉;测知/adj.敏感的/v.感觉,了解(sense的现在分词)look over:检查,察看;从上面看;原谅It was a dental compound that we used to make these boots.鞋子的原料是从一个牙印胶膜上剪的,11:22And we also cooled do

50、wn the dung ball,so we were able toput the ball in the fridge,gave them a nice cool dung ball,and they climbed onto that ball far less often than when theyhad a hot ball.我们还把它们的粪球放在冰箱里面冷冻,给蜣螂提供一个冰爽可口的冰淇淋粪球,我们发现相比热腾腾的粪球,它们爬上粪球的次数少了很多。11:25So this is called stilting.Its a thermal behavior that you and