第05讲动词的时态语态和主谓一致(讲)高考英语二轮复习(全国)(教师版).docx
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1、第05讲 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致(讲)【考纲考情】谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致是历年高考的必考点也是高考的重点。高考中常考的时态有一般现在时、 一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成 时,将来进行时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时等。主谓一致通常考查语法一致、就近一致和意义一 致原则。应特别注意:要把握各种时态的特点,注意易混淆时态间的差异;准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意 义,捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息;要克服汉语式的惯性思维,排除误导,培养发散性思维。谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空,改错题和书面表达
2、中。【考点梳理】谓语动词时态和语态的构成时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/does,(连系动词 is/am/are)am/is/are done一般过去时did,(连系动词 was/were)was/were done一般将来时shall/will dois/am/are going to do is/am/are(about)to doshall/will be doneis/am/are going to be done is/am/are(about)to be done现在进行时is/am/are doingam/is/are being done过去进行时was/were doin
3、gwas/were being done将来进行时will be doing没有相应的被动语态现在完成时has/have donehave/has been done过去完成时had donehad been done将来完成时will have donewill have been done现在完成进行时has/have been doing没有相应的被动语态过去完成进行时had been doing没有相应的被动语态过去将来时would/should dowas/were going to dowould/should be donewas/were going to be done(1)
4、所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。(2)表示状态的谓语动词,如:last, hold, contain, fit, cost等。(3)表示归属的动词,如have, own, belongto等。(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好的动词,如:wish, want, hope, like, love, hate 等。(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等,谓语动词不用被动语态。3.主动形式表被动含义当 feel, look, smell, taste, sound 等后面接形容词时;当 cut, read, sell,
5、wear, write, wash 等作为不及物动 词,表示主语(通常为物)内在“品质”或“性能”时;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意思时。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来味道不错。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料好洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔书写流畅。The door won*t lock.这门无法关上。(2)当 happen, occur, break out, take place, come about, wor
6、k out 等动词(短语)表示“发生、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.计划成功实施了。How did the crazy situation come about?这种疯狂局面是如何发生的?(3)want, require, need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。(4)be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。(5)在“be +形容词+todo”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动形式表示被动含义。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.这种水不适合饮用。The girl isnt easy
7、 to get along with,这个女孩不易相处。注意:be to blame (受谴责),be to rent (出租)也用主动形式表被动意义。4 .被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况be seated 坐着;be hidden 躲藏;be lost 迷路;be drunk 喝醉;be dressed 穿着5 .被动语态与系表结构的区别此处的系表结构指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构,它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们 的区别:被动语态强调动作;系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)这本书在某一家
8、书店出售。The book is well sold.(系表结构)这本书卖得好。五、主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致,一般遵循三个原则,即语法一致原则、意义一致原 则和就近一致原则。做题时还要保证时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。1 .语法一致原则当主语后面接由 as well as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, with, together with等构成的词组时,其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里,这 些词所引导的词组不影响主
9、语自身的单复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语。The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。My father, together with his workmates, has been to Beijing.我父亲利他的同事们去过北京。(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰的名词作主语时,谓语动词与所修饰的名词形式
10、保持一 致。 A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.很多被邀来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。 A great deal of water is polluted every year.每年大量的水被污染。但quantities/amounts of修饰名词时,谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity和amount的单复数形式。Quantities of information are available on the Internet.在网上可得到大量的信息。(3)定语从句中的谓语动词
11、的单复数由其修饰的名词的单复数形式来确定;如果定语从句修饰前面的整 个句子,从句中的谓语动词用单数0Those who were praised at the meeting would be sent to America for further study.在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深造。He married Mary, which was very natural.他娶了玛丽,这是很自然的事。(4)倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致a.倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致,即谓语后面的主语是单数,动词用单数;谓语后面 的主语是复数,动词用复数。A building stands in
12、 front of us.一In front of us stands a building.我们面前矗立着一栋楼。Rows of fruit trees were on either side.一On either side were rows of fruit trees.在每一边都有一排排的果树。b.在强调句中,如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语,引导词that(或who)后面的谓语与被强调的成分 在人称和数上保持一致。I am a doctor.一It is I who am a doctor.我是一名医生。He is a doctor.一It is he who is a doctor
13、.他是一名医生。2 .就近一致原则(1)由 or, either . or ,neither . nor not only . but also ,not. but.等连接的并列主语,谓语动词 常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music of this kind.不仅学生们而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。Neither the children nor the mother knows anything about it.孩子们和母亲都不知道这件事。(2)在T
14、here be句型及Here开头的句子中,有两个或几个并列主语时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主 语保持一致。There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。一There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有两把小刀、一支钢笔和几本书。3 .意义一致原则(l)and9 both. and.连接两个不同的主语,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表 示同一个人或物时,谓语动词须用单数形式。Her teac
15、her and her friends are in the sitting room.她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。(2)6no/each/every/many a+单数名词+ and+no/each/every/many a+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held next Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望参加下周日举行的聚会。(3)动词不定式、动名词和从句
16、作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.学会一门外语并不像你想象的那么难。That he has won the game is known to us all.他赢了这场比赛是我们都知道的事。Swimming in rivers in summer is a good sport, but to swim in rivers in winter needs great willpower.夏天在河里游泳是很好的运动,但冬天在河里游泳需要极大的意志力。注意:从句作主语时,若主句谓语
17、部分为系表结构,主句谓语的数通常由作表语的名词/代词决定。What they need is money while what we need most are textbooks.他们需要的是钱,而我们最需要的是教科书。(4)含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况:a. many a/more than one+单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。Many a parent was forced to go through this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历这一段痛苦的过程。b. the rest, the remaining/partplenty of, a gre
18、at deal of等+主语,谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意 义而定。The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was very boring.讲座的前半部分很生动,但后半部分非常枯燥。c.分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时,谓语动词的数与其所修饰的名词的数保持一致。About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。Only 60 percent of the work was finished yesterday.昨天只干了 60%的活。注意:popu
19、lation由分数或百分数修饰时,谓语动词用复数。Two-thirds of population have been killed in the accident.在这次事故中2/3的人丧生。(5)“a number of+复数名词表示“许多”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数;“the number of+复数名词”表示”的数量”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。A number of students are going fbr a picnic this weekend.这个周末许多学生打算去野炊。The number of days in February this year is 28.今年二月
20、份的天数是二十八天。(6)集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员, 谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有:family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience 等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生都在做实验。注意:(1) people, cattle, police等集体名词作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数形式
21、。(2)单复数同形的名词,如:deer, sheep, fish, means, works, Chinese等作主语时,要视其意义 来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。(7)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.对于一个男孩来说,3,000美元是一笔大数目。(8)以-s/-ics结尾的学科名词,如physics, politics等及news作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Bad news travels quickly.谚语坏事传千里。【题型剖析】一、所给
22、词的适当形式填空1. If it is sunny tomorrow, I(wash) my clothes.【答案】will wash【解析】考查动词时态。句意:如果明天天晴,我会洗衣服。主句描述将来的动作,用一般将来时,从句 用现在时表将来。故填:will washo2. The English teacher, as well as the students(sing) a song when I passed the classroom.【答案】was singing【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:当我经过教室时,英语老师和学生们正在唱歌。根据句型分析可知, 本句的主语是The En
23、glish teacher,为第三人称单数,再由后文“when I passed the classroom”可知,当我通 过时,他们正在唱歌,所以此空应用过去进行时。故填:was singingo3. So far the local government new policies which aim to reduce air pollution and theyve provedeffective. (adopt)【答案】has adopted【解析】考查动词时态。句意:到目前为止,当地政府已经采取了旨在减少空气污染的新政策,这些政策 被证明是有效的。根据时间状语So far可知,句子应
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