MichaelSandel_2013G[迈克尔.桑德尔][为什么我们不能把公民生活托付给市场].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Heres a question we need to rethink together:What shouldbe the role of money and markets in our societies?我们需要共同反思一个问题 金钱和市场 在社会上应该扮演什么角色？00:13Today,there are very few things that money cant buy.现在极少东西 是金钱买不到的00:23If youre sentenced to a jail term in Santa Barbara,California,you should

2、know that if you dont like the standardaccommodations,you can buy a prison cell upgrade.如果你被判刑 在加州圣巴巴拉入监 你应该知道 如果不喜欢标准牢房 可以花钱升级00:28Its true.For how much,do you think?没错！你们猜要花多少钱？00:41What would you guess?猜猜看？00:44Five hundred dollars?500美元？00:46Its not the Ritz-Carlton.Its a jail!监狱可不是丽思卡尔顿酒店00:47E

3、ighty-two dollars a night.82元一晚00:51Eighty-two dollars a night.每晚收费82美元00:53If you go to an amusement park and dont want to stand inthe long lines for the popular rides,there is now a solution.如果你去游乐园 不愿为了热门游乐设施 大排长龙现在有办法解决00:55In many theme parks,you can pay extra to jump to the headof the line.许多主

4、题公园,你只要多付钱 就可以不用排队01:04They call them Fast Track or VIP tickets.这叫快速通道或VIP票01:10rethink:vt.重新考虑;再想/vi.重新考虑;再想/n.重新考虑;反思;新想法 sentenced:v.判决;审判;宣判(sentence的过去式,过去分词)accommodations:n.住房,住宿;膳宿;居住设施(accommodation的复数)upgrade:vt.使升级;提升;改良品种/n.升级;上升;上坡/adv.往上/adj.向上的 stand in:定位替身;代演员站位And this isnt only ha

5、ppening in amusement parks.这种现象不限于游乐园01:15In Washington,D.C.,long lines,queues sometimes form forimportant Congressional hearings.在华盛顿特区 偶尔也要大排长龙 才能参加重要的国会听证会01:18Now some people dont like to wait in long queues,maybeovernight,even in the rain.可是有些人不喜欢排长队 可能是彻夜排队,甚至会淋雨01:27So now,for lobbyists and o

6、thers who are very keen to attendthese hearings but dont like to wait,there are companies,line-standing companies,and you can go to them.游说者和一些人 非常想参加听证会 但不想排队,有公司因应而生 这叫排队公司 你可以找他们01:33You can pay them a certain amount of money,they hirehomeless people and others who need a job to stand waitingin t

7、he line for as long as it takes,and the lobbyist,just beforethe hearing begins,can take his or her place at the head ofthe line and a seat in the front of the room.只要付合适的价钱 公司就雇用游民或需要工作的人 这个队需要排多久他们就等多久 游说者只要在听证会开始前 取代排在最前面的人 就可以坐在会场的前排01:44Paid line standing.这是付费排队服务02:01Its happening,the recourse

8、to market mechanisms andmarket thinking and market solutions,in bigger arenas.市场机制运用技巧 市场思维方式和市场解决方案技巧 在更大舞台也看得到02:04queues:n.数队列;行列(queue的复数形式)/v.数排队(queue的第三人称单数)Congressional:adj.国会的;会议的;议会的hearings:n.听证会;倾听;生理听觉(hearing的复数)lobbyists:n.游说者(lobbyist的复数形式)lobbyist:n.说客;活动议案通过者 recourse:n.求援,求助;经追索权

9、;依赖;救生索 arenas:n.竞技场(arena的复数形式);角斗场Take the way we fight our wars.例如我们的作战方式02:13Did you know that,in Iraq and Afghanistan,there were moreprivate military contractors on the ground than there wereU.S.military troops?你知不知道,在伊拉克和阿富汗 私营军事承包商的数量 多于美国军队人数02:15Now this isnt because we had a public debate

10、aboutwhether we wanted to outsource war to private companies,but this is what has happened.并非因为我们公开辩论过 是否要外包战争 给私人公司 但这是既成事实02:26Over the past three decades,we have lived through a quietrevolution.过去三十年 我们经历了一场宁静革命02:37Weve drifted almost without realizing it from having amarket economy to becoming

11、market societies.几乎未察觉我们已经 从市场经济 渐渐变成市场社会02:44TED演讲者：Michael Sandel|迈克尔.桑德尔演讲标题：Why we shouldn.t trust markets with our civic life|为什么我们不能把公民生活托付给市场内容概要：In the past three decades,says Michael Sandel,the US has drifted from a marketeconomy to a market society;it.s fair to say that an American.s exper

12、ience of shared civic lifedepends on how much money they have.(Three key examples:access to education,access tojustice,political influence.)In a talk and audience discussion,Sandel asks us to think honestlyon this question:In our current democracy,is too much for sale?迈克尔.桑德尔（Michael Sandel）表示:过去30年

13、，美国已从市场经济漂流到市场社会。美国人的公民生活端赖身家财产，这种说法不失公允。（三个重要的例子:教育、司法、政治影响力）在这场听众参与讨论的演说，桑德尔请大家诚实思考一个问题:现行的民主社会，是否凡事都可以出售?The difference is this:A market economy is a tool,a valuableand effective tool,for organizing productive activity,but amarket society is a place where almost everything is up forsale.二者差别在于:市场

14、经济是工具 一种有用、有效的工具 用于组织生产活动 但是市场社会 几乎凡事都可以出售02:56Its a way of life,in which market thinking and market valuesbegin to dominate every aspect of life:personal relations,family life,health,education,politics,law,civic life.市场社会是一种生活方式 市场的思维和价值开始主导 生活的每个层面:私人关系、家庭生活、健康、教育 政治、法律、公民生活03:10contractors:n.经承包商

15、;法立约人;合约商(contractor的复数)outsource:vt.把外包/vi.外包 for sale:出售;待售dominate:vt.控制;支配;占优势;在中占主要地位/vi.占优势;处于支配地位 civic:adj.市的;公民的,市民的Now,why worry?Why worry about our becoming marketsocieties?为什么要担心？我们何必担心 变成市场社会？03:28For two reasons,I think.我认为原因有两个03:36One of them has to do with inequality.原因之一是不平等03:39Th

16、e more things money can buy,the more affluence,or thelack of it,matters.钱能买到的东西越多 富裕与否就越重要03:44If the only thing that money determined was access to yachtsor fancy vacations or BMWs,then inequality wouldnt mattervery much.如果钱只能让人 买游艇、宝马或是享受豪华假期不平等就没那么重要03:51But when money comes increasingly to gover

17、n access to theessentials of the good life-decent health care,access to thebest education,political voice and influence in campaigns-when money comes to govern all of those things,inequalitymatters a great deal.但是当金钱越来越能够支配 美好生活的要素-像样的医疗服务,优良的教育 选举中的政治话语权和影响力-当金钱完全支配了这些要素 不平等就事关重大04:04And so the mar

18、ketization of everything sharpens the sting ofinequality and its social and civic consequence.因此,全面市场化 使不平等及其社会和公民效应 刺痛更为尖锐04:27Thats one reason to worry.不平等只是原因之一04:35Theres a second reason apart from the worry aboutinequality,and its this:with some social goods and practices,when market thinking a

19、nd market values enter,they maychange the meaning of those practices and crowd outattitudes and norms worth caring about.另一个原因 也令人担心 那就是 有些社会商品和常规 一旦被市场思维和价值介入 那些常规的意义可能因此会改变 值得我们关心的态度和规范 也可能被排挤04:38yachts:vi.乘游艇,驾游艇/n.游艇,快艇;轻舟 vacations:假期/法休庭期 essentials:n.法要件,概要;生活必需品(essential的复数);基本营养素 campaign

20、s:n.活动;竞选(campaign的复数)/v.参加战役;参加竞选(campaign的第三人称单数形式)sharpens:vt.削尖;磨快;使敏捷;加重/vi.尖锐;变锋利 consequence:n.结果;重要性;推论 apart from:除之外;且不说;并且attitudes:n.态度,看法(attitude复数)norms:n.标准标准,规范;基准(norm复数形式)Id like to take an example of a controversial use of a marketmechanism,a cash incentive,and see what you think

21、 aboutit.我想举一个 运用市场机制而受争议的例子 即金钱奖励机制,看看你们怎么想的05:04Many schools struggle with the challenge of motivating kids,especially kids from disadvantaged backgrounds,to studyhard,to do well in school,to apply themselves.许多学校面临严峻挑战 怎样才能鼓励孩子用功读书 尤其是来自弱势背景的孩子 怎样才能表现良好,努力向上05:15Some economists have proposed a ma

22、rket solution:Offercash incentives to kids for getting good grades or high testscores or for reading books.一些经济学家提出市场解决方案 提供金钱奖励,只要孩子成绩好 或考试分数高 或阅读书籍05:28Theyve tried this,actually.事实上他们尝试过这个办法05:40Theyve done some experiments in some major Americancities.在美国一些主要城市 他们做过实验05:42In New York,in Chicago,

23、in Washington,D.C.,theyve triedthis,offering 50 dollars for an A,35 dollars for a B.在纽约、芝加哥、华盛顿特区 他们的做法是:成绩A给50美元 B则给35美元05:46In Dallas,Texas,they have a program that offers eight-year-olds two dollars for each book they read.德州达拉斯有这样一个计划 八岁的学童每读一本书奖励两美元05:56So lets see what-Some people are in favor

24、,some peopleare opposed to this cash incentive to motivate achievement.有些人支持这个方法 有些人反对利用金钱 鼓励学生向上06:04controversial:adj.有争议的；有争论的 incentive:n.动机;刺激/adj.激励的;刺激的 motivating:v.激励;刺激;调动的积极性(motivate的ing形式)disadvantaged:adj.贫困的;处于不利地位的;社会地位低下的/n.弱势团体;不利条件/v.使处于不利地位(disadvantage的过去式和过去分词)proposed:adj.被提议的

25、;所推荐的/v.提议;计划(propose的过去式和过去分词)incentives:n.激励;奖励;诱因(incentive的复数形式);奖励措施 opposed:adj.相反的;敌对的/v.反对(oppose的过去分词);使对立Lets see what people here think about it.我想知道你们的看法06:12Imagine that you are the head of a major school system,andsomeone comes to you with this proposal.假设你是一个主要学区的主管 有人向你提出这种建议06:14And

26、 lets say its a foundation.They will provide the funds.假设是基金会的提议,他们出钱06:22You dont have to take it out of your budget.学校不用出钱06:24How many would be in favor and how many would beopposed to giving it a try?有多少人会赞成 多少人会反对对此进行尝试06:26Lets see by a show of hands.请举手回答06:31First,how many think it might at

27、least be worth a try to see ifit would work?Raise your hand.认为至少值得一试的人 请举手06:33www.XiYuS锡育软件And how many would be opposed?How many would-Sothe majority here are opposed,but a sizable minority are infavor.反对的人有多少？看来多数人反对 但赞成的也不少06:40Lets have a discussion.我们讨论一下06:49Lets start with those of you who o

28、bject,who would rule it outeven before trying.从反方开始 你们连试都不愿意试06:50What would be your reason?理由何在？06:56Who will get our discussion started?Yes?谁愿意起个头？你？06:58Heike Moses:Hello everyone,Im Heike,and I think it justkills the intrinsic motivation,so in the respect that children,if they would like to read

29、,you just take this incentive away injust paying them,so it just changes behavior.Heike Moses:大家好,我是Heike 我认为那会抹杀内在的动力 如果学童想要读书 钱只会驱除内在的动力 给钱只能改变行为07:02take it out of:使疲乏;向报复;强行从中拿走 sizable:adj.相当大的;大小相当的 Moses:n.摩西(圣经故事中犹太人古代领袖);立法者;领导者 intrinsic:adj.本质的，固有的 motivation:n.动机;积极性;推动Michael Sandel:Tak

30、es the intrinsic incentive away.Michael Sandel:驱除内在的动力07:17What is,or should be,the intrinsic motivation?内在的动力是什么？应该是什么？07:21HM:Well,the intrinsic motivation should be to learn.HM:内在动力嘛 应该是学习07:25MS:To learn.HM:To get to know the world.MS:学习 HM:为了认识世界07:28And then,if you stop paying them,what happen

31、s then?要是停止给钱,结果会怎样？07:31Then they stop reading?他们会不会停止阅读？07:34MS:Now,lets see if theres someone who favors,who thinksits worth trying this.MS:现在看看有没有赞成的 谁认为值得一试07:36Elizabeth Loftus:Im Elizabeth Loftus,ElizabethLoftus:?Elizabeth Loftus and you said worth a try,so whynot try it and do the experiment

32、 and measure things?你问是否值得一试,试试看又何妨 何妨做做实验,衡量结果07:41MS:And measure.And what would you measure?MS:衡量。衡量什么？07:51Youd measure how many-EL:How many books they readand how many books they continued to read after youstopped paying them.你要衡量有多少.EL:他们读了多少书 停止给钱之后 又继续读了多少书07:54MS:Oh,after you stopped paying.

33、MS:哦,不给钱以后读了多少08:02All right,what about that?行,这可以嘛？08:04HM:To be frank,I just think this is,not to offend anyone,avery American way.HM:老实说,我认为 我无意冒犯,这非常美国作风08:05(Laughter)(Applause)MS:All right.Whats emerged fromthis discussion is the following question:Will the cashincentive drive out or corrupt o

34、r crowd out the highermotivation,the intrinsic lesson that we hope to convey,which is to learn to love to learn and to read for their ownsakes?（笑声）（掌声）MS:好,这个讨论 点出了一个问题:金钱奖励会不会驱除或败坏 或排挤更高层次的动力？我们希望传达的内在动力 就是培养对学习的热爱 以及为阅读而阅读08:12convey:vt.传达;运输;让与And people disagree about what the effect will be,but

35、 thatseems to be the question,that somehow a marketmechanism or a cash incentive teaches the wrong lesson,andif it does,what will become of these children later?市场机制的效果,大家意见不同 但这似乎是问题之所在 市场机制或金钱奖励 似乎是错误的教学 如果真的错了,学童将来会怎样？08:41I should tell you whats happened with these experiments.我应该告诉你们实验的结果08:58T

36、he cash for good grades has had very mixed results,for themost part has not resulted in higher grades.用钱奖励好成绩,毁誉参半 大体上不会导致更佳的成绩09:02The two dollars for each book did lead those kids to readmore books.读一本书给两美元 学童确实读更多书09:09It also led them to read shorter books.也因此看页数较少的书09:15(Laughter)But the real q

37、uestion is,what will become of thesekids later?（笑声）但真正的问题是 这些孩子将来会怎样09:18Will they have learned that reading is a chore,a form ofpiecework to be done for pay,thats the worry,or may itlead them to read maybe for the wrong reason initially butthen lead them to fall in love with reading for its own sak

38、e?会不会认定阅读是苦差事 是按件计酬的工作,那就令人担心 也可能他们开始或许动机不正 但日后会爱上阅读的乐趣09:26then lead them to fall in love with reading for its own sake?Now,what this,even this brief debate,brings out issomething that many economists overlook.连这小小的辩论也指出了 许多经济学家疏忽之处09:41for the most part:adv.在极大程度上,多半 resulted:结果/致使/成绩/答案/起因 chore:

39、n.家庭杂务;日常的零星事务;讨厌的或累人的工作 piecework:n.计件工作 initially:adv.最初，首先；开头Economists often assume that markets are inert,that they donot touch or taint the goods they exchange.经济学家通常认为 市场是钝化的 不会影响或污染其交易的商品09:49Market exchange,they assume,doesnt change the meaningor value of the goods being exchanged.他们以为市场的交易

40、 改变不了 商品的意义和价值09:58This may be true enough if were talking about materialgoods.这种假设可能成立 如果指的是物质商品10:05If you sell me a flat screen television or give me one as a gift,it will be the same good.例如你卖给我平面电视 或是送给我当礼物 东西质量都一样好10:09It will work the same either way.功能怎么都一样10:15But the same may not be true i

41、f were talking aboutnonmaterial goods and social practices such as teaching andlearning or engaging together in civic life.但未必事事如此 如果是非物质商品 例如执教和学习等社会常规 或是共同参与公民生活10:18In those domains,bringing market mechanisms and cashincentives may undermine or crowd out nonmarket valuesand attitudes worth caring

42、 about.在这些领域引进市场机制 和金钱奖励可能会破坏或排挤我们该关心的 非市场价值和态度10:30Once we see that markets and commerce,when extendedbeyond the material domain,can change the character of thegoods themselves,can change the meaning of the socialpractices,as in the example of teaching and learning,wehave to ask where markets belon

43、g and where they dont,where they may actually undermine values and attitudesworth caring about.一旦我们了解 市场和交易 跨越物质领域的时候 可以改变商品本身的特质 可以改变社会常规的意义执教和学习就是例子 我们就要问,哪些地方适合市场 哪些地方不适合 哪些地方其实可能会破坏 我们该关心的价值和态度10:44inert:adj.化学惰性的;呆滞的;迟缓的;无效的 taint:vt.污染;腐蚀;使感染/n.污点;感染/vi.败坏;被污染 exchanged:adj.交换的/v.交换(exchange的过

44、去式)engaging:adj.迷人的/v.参加(engage的ing形式);保证;雇用 undermine:vt.破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基But to have this debate,we have to do something were notvery good at,and that is to reason together in public aboutthe value and the meaning of the social practices we prize,from our bodies to family life to personal relations to

45、healthto teaching and learning to civic life.但是要辩论 就必须去做我们不太擅长的事 那就是一起公开讨论 我们珍惜的社会常规 其价值和意义从自己的身体到家庭生活 从私人关系到健康 从执教和学习到公民生活11:17Now these are controversial questions,and so we tend toshrink from them.这些问题都有争议 所以我们较易退缩11:43In fact,during the past three decades,when marketreasoning and market thinking

46、 have gathered force andgained prestige,our public discourse during this time hasbecome hollowed out,empty of larger moral meaning.事实上过去30年来 市场论据和市场思维 已经凝聚力量并且受到尊崇 同时我们的公共谈话 却已空洞化 缺乏更宏大的道德意义11:49For fear of disagreement,we shrink from these questions.因为害怕争论,我们避而不谈12:07But once we see that markets ch

47、ange the character of goods,we have to debate among ourselves these bigger questionsabout how to value goods.不过一旦我们了解 市场会改变商品的特质 我们就必须讨论 这些更大的问题 关于商品价值的问题12:10One of the most corrosive effects of putting a price oneverything is on commonality,the sense that we are all in ittogether.凡事标价 很严重的腐蚀了 我们的共

48、性 也就是同舟共济的感觉12:25reasoning:n.推理;论证;评理/adj.推理的/v.推论;说服(reason的ing形式)discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲/vi.演说;谈论;讲述/vt.说出;演奏出 hollowed:空心的/凹陷的 corrosive:adj.腐蚀的;侵蚀性的/n.腐蚀物 commonality:n.公共;共性;平民Against the background of rising inequality,marketizingevery aspect of life leads to a condition where those who areafflue

49、nt and those who are of modest means increasingly liveseparate lives.在不平等激增的背景下 把生活各层面市场化 导致富裕的人 和资源有限的人 日益分道扬镳12:36We live and work and shop and play in different places.无论生活、工作、购物、娱乐 都在不同的地方12:57Our children go to different schools.子女进入不同的学校13:02This isnt good for democracy,nor is it a satisfying

50、way tolive,even for those of us who can afford to buy our way to thehead of the line.这对民主是不利的 也不是令人满意的生活方式 即使我们能够花钱 排在队列最前,也不例外13:05Heres why.原因是13:16Democracy does not require perfect equality,but what itdoes require is that citizens share in a common life.民主虽然不必完全平等 但必要的是 公民能分享共同的生活13:18What matte