LatifNasser_2015P[拉蒂夫·纳赛尔][你绝对不知道骆驼是从哪里来的].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件So,this is a story about how we know what we know.是关于我们如何了解自己所知的事物。是关于我们如何了解自己所知的事物。00:12Its a story about this woman,Natalia Rybczynski.这个故事是关于这位女性,娜塔莉娅丽琴斯基。00:17Shes a paleobiologist,which means she specializes indigging up really old dead stuff.她是一位古生物学家,她的专长就是到处挖掘古老的东西。00:22(Audio)N

2、atalia Rybczynski:Yeah,I had someone call me Dr.Dead Things.（音频）娜塔莉娅丽琴斯基:“是的,有些人叫我死东西博士。00:28Latif Nasser:And I think shes particularly interesting becauseof where she digs that stuff up,way above the Arctic Circlein the remote Canadian tundra.我觉得她特别有意思,因为她挖东西的地方,都是在高纬度的北极圈,遥远的加拿大冻土带里。00:32Now,one s

3、ummer day in 2006,she was at a dig site calledthe Fyles Leaf Bed,which is less than 10 degrees latitudeaway from the magnetic north pole.2006年夏季的一天,她在一个叫做法尔斯叶床的考古挖掘场,那里离地磁北极只有不到10纬度的距离。00:41(Audio)NR:Really,its not going to sound very exciting,because it was a day of walking with your backpack and y

4、ourGPS and notebook and just picking up anything that mightbe a fossil.（音频）NR:“说真的,这听起来其实没什么意思。”“你一整天都要背着包,带着GPS导航仪和笔记本,”见到可能是化石的东西就捡起来。”00:52paleobiologist:n.古生物学家(paleobiology的变形)specializes:使专门化/专门从事(specialize的第三人称单数)digs:n.挖;寓所;住所;嘲讽(dig的复数)/v.挖掘;摸索(dig的三单形式)stuff up:填塞;堵住 tundra:n.生态苔原;地理冻原;冻土

5、地带latitude:n.纬度;界限;活动范围 backpack:n.双肩背包,背包;远足用的背包/vt.挑运;把放入背包/vi.背负简便行李旅行;挑运LN:And at some point,she noticed something.然而在某一刻,她注意到了些东西。01:03(Audio)NR:Rusty,kind of rust-colored,about the size of thepalm of my hand.（音频）“一片铁锈色的小东西,”大概有我的手掌心那么大。“01:06It was just lying on the surface.它就躺在地面上。”01:10LN:An

6、d at first she thought it was just a splinter of wood,because thats the sort of thing people had found at theFyles Leaf Bed before-prehistoric plant parts.她第一反应是,这只不过是木头碎片罢了,因为这是人们在法尔斯叶床曾经发现过的东西 史前的植物体。01:12But that night,back at camp.但是那天晚上,回到营地01:22(Audio)NR:.I get out the hand lens,Im looking a l

7、ittle bitmore closely and realizing it doesnt quite look like this hastree rings.（音频）NR:“我拿出手持显微镜,”我观察得更仔细了,我突然发现,“这东西看上去好像没有年轮啊。”01:24Maybe its a preservation thing,but it looks really like.有可能是因为保存的问题,但是它看起来真的好像01:31bone.骨头。01:35LN:Huh.So over the next four years,she went to that spotover and over

8、,and eventually collected 30 fragments ofthat exact same bone,most of them really tiny.于是在接下来的四年里,她反反复复去到那个地点,最终收集到了30片碎片,都是来自同一块骨头,其中很多碎片都非常微小。01:36(Audio)NR:Its not a whole lot.It fits in a small Ziploc bag.（音频）其实并不算很多。一个小拉链袋就装得下。01:50splinter:n.碎片;微小的东西;极瘦的人/vi.分裂;裂成碎片/vt.使分裂;使裂成碎片 prehistoric:ad

9、j.史前的;陈旧的preservation:n.保存,保留 over and over:反复;再三 fragments:n.碎片(fragment的复数);片断;计分段/v.破碎(fragment的三单形式);打碎 Ziploc:n.密封塑胶袋(商标名)LN:And she tried to piece them together like a jigsawpuzzle.然后她尝试像拼拼图一样把碎片都拼在一起。01:54But it was challenging.但是这非常的有挑战性。01:58(Audio)NR:Its broken up into so many little tiny

10、pieces,Imtrying to use sand and putty,and its not looking good.（音频）它碎裂成好多细小的碎片,我们尝试用沙土和油灰复原,但是看上去很糟糕。02:00TED演讲者：Latif Nasser|拉蒂夫纳赛尔演讲标题：You have no idea where camels really come from|你绝对不知道骆驼是从哪里来的内容概要：Camels are so well adapted to the desert that its hard to imagine them livinganywhere else.But wh

11、at if we have them pegged all wrong?What if those big humps,feet andeyes were evolved for a different climate and a different time?In this talk,join Radiolabs LatifNasser as he tells the surprising story of how a very tiny,very strange fossil upended the wayhe sees camels,and the world.This talk com

12、es from the PBS special TED Talks:Science&Wonder.骆驼如此适应沙漠的环境，以至于我们无法想象它们能够在其他地区生存。但是我们的见解是否大错特错呢？它们硕大的驼峰，还有四足和眼睛，是不是在一个彻底不同的环境、一个彻底不同的时代演化出来的呢？在这个演讲中，美国科普电台Radiolab的拉蒂夫纳赛尔讲述了一个不可思议的故事一片微小的、奇特的化石如何颠覆了他对骆驼的认知，以及对世界的认知。So finally,we used a 3D surface scanner.最后,我们就用了一个三维表面扫描仪。02:07LN:Ooh!NR:Yeah,right?

13、喔喔！很帅,对吧？02:12(Laughter)LN:It turns out it was way easier to do it virtually.（笑声）最后发现,用虚拟的方式复原要简单多了。02:14(Audio)NR:Its kind of magical when it all fits together.（音频）当它们全部拼在一起时,感觉真的好神奇。02:18LN:How certain were you that you had it right,that you hadput it together in the right way?你有多大把握把它拼对了,就是拼成它原本的

14、样子？02:21Was there a potential that youd put it together a differentway and have,like,a parakeet or something?有没有可能你按照另一种方式去拼,最后拼出来一个小鹦鹉什么的？02:25(Laughter)（笑声）02:30(Audio)NR:(Laughs)Um,no.No,we got this.（音频）（大笑）呃,不会啦。我们肯定拼对了。02:32LN:What she had,she discovered,was a tibia,a leg bone,and specifically,

15、one that belonged to a cloven-hoofedmammal,so something like a cow or a sheep.她发现她拼出来的,是一根胫骨,也就是小腿骨,而且这根胫骨来自一种偶蹄目的哺乳动物,例如说牛、羊之类的。02:36jigsaw:n.拼图玩具;线锯;镂花锯/vt.用线锯锯 putty:n.油灰;氧化锡/vt.用油灰填塞 scanner:n.计扫描仪;扫描器;光电子扫描装置 parakeet:n.鸟长尾小鹦鹉 tibia:n.胫骨;昆胫节(昆虫)mammal:n.脊椎哺乳动物But it couldnt have been either of

16、those.但是这绝对不可能是牛或羊。02:47It was just too big.它实在是太大了。02:49(Audio)NR:The size of this thing,it was huge.Its a really biganimal.（音频）“这东西的尺寸真的太大了。这是个庞大的动物。“02:51LN:So what animal could it be?所以它会是什么动物呢？02:55Having hit a wall,she showed one of the fragments to somecolleagues of hers in Colorado,and they

17、had an idea.现在遇到了瓶颈,于是她把其中一片碎片 展示给她在科罗拉多州的一些同事,然后他们有了想法。02:59(Audio)NR:We took a saw,and we nicked just the edge of it,and there was this really interesting smell that comes from it.（音频）“我们用了把小锯子,然后在碎片边角刮了一点点,“”然后从那里传出了一些非常神奇的气味。“03:06LN:It smelled kind of like singed flesh.它闻起来有点像烧焦的皮肤。03:18It was

18、a smell that Natalia recognized from cutting up skullsin her gross anatomy lab:collagen.这是一个娜塔莉娅认识的气味,她在大体解剖实验室切割头骨时闻过,那就是胶原蛋白。03:21Collagen is what gives structure to our bones.胶原蛋白让我们的骨头具有硬度。03:29And usually,after so many years,it breaks down.一般来说,经过了那么多年,它会自然分解。03:31But in this case,the Arctic ha

19、d acted like a natural freezerand preserved it.然而对这个情况,北极好像一个天然冰柜将其保存。03:35nicked:adj.带切口的/v.割进;刻痕于(nick的过去分词)singed:烧毛 skulls:n.头骨(skull的复数)/v.击中的头颅(skull的第三人称单数)collagen:n.生化胶原,胶原质 freezer:n.冰箱;冷冻库;制冷工 preserved:adj.保藏的;腌制的;喝醉的Then a year or two later,Natalia was at a conference inBristol,and she

20、saw that a colleague of hers named MikeBuckley was demoing this new process that he calledcollagen fingerprinting.过了一两年时间,娜塔莉娅去布里斯托参加一个大会,她看到她的一个同事,名叫麦克巴克利,在演示一种新技术,他称之为“胶原蛋白指纹技术”。03:40It turns out that different species have slightly differentstructures of collagen,so if you get a collagen profile

21、of anunknown bone,you can compare it to those of knownspecies,and,who knows,maybe you get a match.事实上,不同物种的胶原蛋白,其结构有微小的差异,所以如果你有一个未知骨头的胶原蛋白信息,你可以跟已知物种的胶原蛋白信息进行比对,所以谁知道呢,也许你就找到了匹配的的信息。03:53So she shipped him one of the fragments,FedEx.所以她给麦克寄了一片碎片,用联邦快递。04:06(Audio)NR:Yeah,you want to track it.Its ki

22、nd of important.（音频）“当然啊,你要紧盯配送进度。它很重要的啊。”04:11(Laughter)LN:And he processed it,and compared it to 37known and modern-day mammal species.（笑声）然后他处理了样本,把它与37个当代已知的哺乳动物物种相比较。04:15And he found a match.结果找到了一个配对！04:22It turns out that the 3.5 million-year-old bone that Nataliahad dug out of the High Arct

23、ic belonged to.最后的结论是,娜塔莉娅在高纬北极圈发现的 这块具有350万年历史的骨头,是来自04:24a camel.一匹骆驼。04:36(Laughter)（笑声）04:37(Audio)NR:And Im thinking,what?Thats amazing-if itstrue.（音频）”我就在想了,开什么玩笑啊？“04:39conference:n.会议;讨论;协商;联盟;(正式)讨论会;工会,工党用语(每年的)大会/vi.举行或参加(系列)会议 fingerprinting:n.指纹识别/v.取的指印;辨出(fingerprint的ing形式)shipped:v.装

24、船(ship的过去分词);发货/adj.装船的 FedEx:n.联邦快递(等于theFederalExpress)modern-day:adj.当代的;今日的www.XiYuS锡育软件LN:So they tested a bunch of the fragments,and they got所以他们测试了一大堆碎片,对每个碎片都得到了相同的结果。04:43LN:So they tested a bunch of the fragments,and they gotthe same result for each one.相同的结果。04:43However,based on the size

25、 of the bone that they found,itmeant that this camel was 30 percent larger than modern-day camels.然而,根据他们发现的那块骨头的大小来判断,这意味着这匹骆驼比现代骆驼大了30%。04:48So this camel would have been about nine feet tall,weighedaround a ton.那么这匹骆驼大概2.7米那么高,而且重达一吨。05:00(Audience reacts)Yeah.（惊呼）对啊。05:04Natalia had found a Gian

26、t Arctic camel.娜塔莉娅发现了一匹“北极巨驼”。05:06(Laughter)Now,when you hear the word camel,（笑声）现在你听到“骆驼”一词,05:10what may come to mind is one of these,the Bactrian camel ofEast and Central Asia.脑海里浮现的是这样的画面:东亚和中亚地区的双峰驼。05:16But chances are the postcard image you have in your brain isone of these,the dromedary,qu

27、intessential desert creature-hangs out in sandy,hot places like the Middle East and theSahara,has a big old hump on its back for storing water forthose long desert treks,has big,broad feet to help it trompover sand dunes.但更有可能的是,你脑海里的图像 画风更像这样:单峰骆驼,典型的沙漠动物,常常出没在炎热沙漠地带,例如说中东或撒哈拉地区,背上有一个超大的驼峰,让它为沙漠中的长

28、途跋涉储存水分,还有宽大的脚掌,帮助他们踏过沙丘。05:24a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆 postcard:n.明信片 dromedary:n.单峰骆驼 quintessential:adj.精髓的,精萃的 hump:n.驼峰;驼背;圆形隆起物/vi.隆起;弓起;努力;急速行进/vt.使隆起;使烦恼 storing:n.储存;保管/v.储存;供应(store的ing形式)/adj.存储的 treks:艰苦跋涉/徒步旅行(trek的第三人称单数)dunes:n.地理沙丘(dune的复数)So how on earth would one of these guys end up in

29、the HighArctic?所以这些家伙们到底是怎么跑到高纬北极圈去的呢？05:46Well,scientists have known for a long time,turns out,evenbefore Natalias discovery,that camels are actually originallyAmerican.其实科学家早就知道了,在娜塔莉娅的发现之前就知道,骆驼最早是从美洲发源的。05:53(Music:The Star-Spangled Banner)（音乐:美国国歌星条旗之歌）06:04(Laughter)They started here.（笑声）他们发源于

30、这里。06:10For nearly 40 of the 45 million years that camels have beenaround,you could only find them in North America,around20 different species,maybe more.骆驼们所存在的4500万年里,有4000万年的时间你只可能在北美洲找到它们,总共有20种不同的物种,或许比这更多。06:13(Audio)LN:If I put them all in a lineup,would they lookdifferent?（音频）“如果我们把它们排成一列,它们

31、看上去会有不同吗？”06:24NR:Yeah,youre going to have different body sizes.“会啊,他们的身体大小差异很大。”06:28Youll have some with really long necks,so theyre actuallyfunctionally like giraffes.”有一些的脖子特别长,“”所以它们功能上很像长颈鹿。“06:30LN:Some had snouts,like crocodiles.有些还有长鼻子,像鳄鱼一样。06:35(Audio)NR:The really primitive,early ones wo

32、uld have beenreally small,almost like rabbits.（音频）“它们特别原始,最早的一些可能非常小,”几乎像一只小兔子了。“06:38Star-Spangled:adj.星光灿烂的;美国公民的 lineup:n.阵容;一组人;电视节目时间表 necks:n.脖子(neck的复数形式)functionally:adv.功能地;函数地;职务上地 giraffes:n.长颈鹿(giraffe的复数)snouts:n.鼻子;猪嘴;烟草;鼻口部;口吻状物crocodiles:n.鳄类,鳄鱼(crocodile的复数形式)rabbits:n.兔子;穴兔(rabbit的

33、复数)/v.聚拢在一起(rabbit的三单形式)LN:What?Rabbit-sized camels?什么？兔子大小的骆驼？06:44(Audio)NR:The earliest ones.（音频）“最早的一些是的。”06:47So those ones you probably would not recognize.”那些你可能都认不出来了。“06:48LN:Oh my God,I want a pet rabbit-camel.我的天啊,我好想要只“兔骆驼”做宠物！06:51(Audio)NR:I know,wouldnt that be great?（音频）“我知道啊,这一定会很棒的

34、吧？”06:53(Laughter)LN:And then about three to seven million yearsago,one branch of camels went down to South America,where they became llamas and alpacas,and another branchcrossed over the Bering Land Bridge into Asia and Africa.（笑声）然后大约300万到700万年前,骆驼的一个分支向南迁徙到了南美洲,它们在那里演化成美洲驼或者羊驼,另外一个分支跨过了白令陆桥,到达了亚洲

35、与非洲。06:55And then around the end of the last ice age,North Americancamels went extinct.大概在最后一个冰川纪的末尾,北美的骆驼彻底灭绝了。07:09So,scientists knew all of that already,but it still doesnt fullyexplain how Natalia found one so far north.那么,科学家早都知道这些了,但是这并不能完全解释娜塔莉娅怎么在那么北的地方发现骆驼的。07:15Like,this is,temperature-wis

36、e,the polar opposite of theSahara.这里,从温度的角度来说,简直就是撒哈拉的反义词。07:24Now to be fair,three and a half million years ago,it was onaverage 22 degrees Celsius warmer than it is now.实话实说,350万年以前的时候,当时平均气温比现在高了22摄氏度。07:29So it would have been boreal forest,so more like the Yukonor Siberia today.所以那里可以算是一个北部森林,有

37、点像今天的育空河流域或者是西伯利亚。07:37alpacas:羊驼/羊驼毛/镍银 polar:adj.极地的；两极的；正好相反的/n.极面；极线/Celsius:adj.摄氏的/n.摄氏度 boreal:adj.北的,北方的;北风的 Siberia:n.西伯利亚But still,like,they would have six-month-long winters wherethe ponds would freeze over.但是,它们还是有六个月长的冬天,所有的池塘都会被冰封。07:44Youd have blizzards.你会遇到暴风雪。07:50Youd have 24 hour

38、s a day of straight darkness.你会遇到连续24小时的黑夜。07:52Like,how.How?到底到底怎么回事？07:55How is it that one of these Saharan superstars could everhave survived those arctic conditions?这些撒哈拉沙漠的超级明星 怎么可能在这种严寒条件存活的？07:58(Laughter)Natalia and her colleagues think they have ananswer.（笑声）娜塔莉娅和她的同事们觉得他们找到了答案。08:06And it

39、s kind of brilliant.而且这个答案相当机智。08:13What if the very features that we imagine make the camel sowell-suited to places like the Sahara,actually evolved to helpit get through the winter?假如说骆驼的这些特性不像我们所认为的那样,而是因为要度过严冬才演化出来的呢？08:16What if those broad feet were meant to tromp not over sand,but over snow,l

40、ike a pair of snowshoes?假如说那些宽大的脚掌不是为了踏过沙丘,而是像雪地靴一样,踏过雪原呢？08:29What if that hump-which,huge news to me,does notcontain water,it contains fat-假如说那些驼峰这简直是天大的新闻！储存的不是水分而是脂肪,08:37(Laughter)was there to help the camel get through that six-month-long winter,when food was scarce?（笑声）驼峰实际上是为了让骆驼08:43winters

41、:n.温特斯(加利福尼亚州城市);温特斯(美国警察剧系列)ponds:n.水文池塘(pond的复数)/v.堵成池;筑成池塘(pond的三单形式)blizzards:n.暴风雪(blizzard的复数)well-suited:adj.便利的;适当的 snowshoes:n.雪地鞋(snowshoe的复数)/v.穿着雪鞋行走(snowshoe的三单形式)And then,only later,long after it crossed over the landbridge did it retrofit those winter features for a hot desertenvironm

42、ent?假如说远在那以后,它们跨越大陆桥之后,才将这些冬季特性改造,使其适应炎热的沙漠环境？08:49Like,for instance,the hump may be helpful to camels inhotter climes because having all your fat in one place,like a,you know,fat backpack,means that you dont have to havethat insulation all over the rest of your body.就比如说,那些驼峰可能在炎热地带对骆驼有好处,因为当你的脂肪堆积

43、在同一处,你懂的,像一个“脂肪背包”,意味着你身体的隔热层 不必覆盖全身。08:58So it helps heat dissipate easier.于是这让散热更容易了。09:11Its this crazy idea,that what seems like proof of the camelsquintessential desert nature could actually be proof of itsHigh Arctic past.就是这个疯狂的想法,让骆驼身上看似典型的沙漠特性,突然变成它们起源于高纬北极的证据了。09:14Now,Im not the first per

44、son to tell this story.其实我不是第一个讲这故事的人。09:27Others have told it as a way to marvel at evolutionarybiology or as a keyhole into the future of climate change.其他人已经讲过,以此赞叹生物进化之神奇,或者以此瞥一眼未来的气候变化情况。09:31But I love it for a totally different reason.但我超爱这个故事有另一个不同的原因。09:40For me,its a story about us,about h

45、ow we see the world andabout how that changes.对我来说,这是一个关于我们的故事,关于我们如何认知世界,关于这种认知如何改变。09:43retrofit:vt.改进;计更新;式样翻新/n.式样翻新;花样翻新 climes:n.气候;地方 insulation:n.绝缘;隔离,孤立 dissipate:vt.浪费;使消散/vi.驱散;放荡 marvel:n.奇迹/vt.对感到惊异/vi.感到惊讶 evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的 keyhole:n.锁眼;建键孔/adj.显示内情的So I was trained as a hi

46、storian.我的职业是历史学家。09:51And Ive learned that,actually,a lot of scientists arehistorians,too.我发现,其实很多科学家也是历史学家。09:55They make sense of the past.他们把过去的事情搞明白。09:59They tell the history of our universe,of our planet,of life onthis planet.他们讲述宇宙、地球和地球生物的历史。10:00And as a historian,you start with an idea in

47、 your mind of howthe story goes.作为一个历史学家,你的脑海里要有个思路,思考这个故事怎么进行下去的。10:06(Audio)NR:We make up stories and we stick with it,like thecamel in the desert,right?（音频）“我们编故事,然后我们就顺着思路说下去,”“就好像沙漠的骆驼,对吧？”10:13Thats a great story!Its totally adapted for that.“这是个超棒的故事！骆驼简直是非常适合沙漠。”10:17Clearly,it always lived

48、there.”显然,骆驼一直就住那里。“10:19LN:But at any moment,you could uncover some tiny bit ofevidence.但是在任何时候,你都可能发现些细小的线索。10:22You could learn some tiny thing that forces you to reframeeverything you thought you knew.你可能发现一些小东西,迫使你重塑你自认为知道的一切。10:26Like,in this case,this one scientist finds this one shard ofwhat

49、 she thought was wood,and because of that,science has就像这个例子,这一个科学家发现这一片碎片,她还以为这是木头,正因为这个发现,科学界诞生了一个全新的、反直觉的理论,解释为什么这个奇怪的、what she thought was wood,and because of that,science hasa totally new and totally counterintuitive theory about whythis absurd Dr.Seuss-looking creature looks the way it does.全新的

50、、反直觉的理论,解释为什么这个奇怪的、长得像长毛怪的生物,长成现在的样子。10:32historian:n.历史学家 historians:n.历史学家(historian的复数)make sense:有意义;讲得通;言之有理 adapted:adj.适合的/v.使适应,改编(adapt的过去式)reframe:vt.再构造,再组织;重新制订;给装上新框架 shard:n.(甲虫的)昆鞘翅;陶瓷碎片 counterintuitive:adj.违反直觉的And for me,it completely upended the way I think of thecamel.对我来说,这彻底颠覆了