AndrewYoun_2016[允安竹][我们能打赢贫穷的三个理由].pdf

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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Ive been living in rural East Africa for about 10 years,and Iwant to share a field perspective with you on global poverty.我在东非乡下住了大约十年,我想跟大家从农作的实务观点来谈全球贫穷问题。00:13I believe that the greatest failure of the human race is the factthat weve left more than one billion of our members behind.我

2、相信人类最大的失败,就是把超过十亿的同类抛诸在后这个事实。00:19Hungry,extreme poverty:these often seem like gigantic,insurmountable problems,too big to solve.饥饿、赤贫:这些常常被视为巨大、难以克服的问题,大到无法可解。00:26But as a field practitioner,I believe these are actually verysolvable problems if we just take the right strategies.但是身为农作实务工作者,我相信这些都是

3、可以实际解决的问题,只要我们用对策略。00:34Archimedes was an ancient Greek thinker,and he taught usthat if we lean on the right levers,we can move the world.阿基米德是古希腊思想家,他教导我们,要是用对槓杆,我们就能举起地球。00:42In the fight against extreme poverty,I believe there are threepowerful levers that we can lean on.要对抗赤贫,我相信我们可以用 三个有力的槓杆。00

4、:48This talk is all about those levers,and why they make povertya winnable fight in our lifetimes.这场演讲就是要谈这三个槓杆,以及为什么这些方法 能让我们在有生之年打赢贫穷之战。00:54rural:adj.农村的，乡下的；田园的，有乡村风味的 gigantic:adj.巨大的，庞大的 insurmountable:adj.不能克服的;不能超越的;难以对付的 practitioner:n.开业者,从业者,执业医生 solvable:adj.可以解决的;可以解的;可溶的 strategies:n.策

5、略,战略(strategy的复数形式)Archimedes:n.阿基米德(古希腊数学家,物理学家,发明家,学者)lean on:依赖;靠在上 levers:n.杠杆;手段(lever的复数)/v.用杠杆撬动(lever的第三人称单数)winnable:adj.能赢得的;可成功的 lifetimes:n.一生;使用期(lifetime的复数形式)What is extreme poverty?什么是赤贫？00:59When I first moved to rural East Africa,I stayed overnightwith a farm family.我第一次搬到东非乡下时,我在某

6、户农家度过一晚。01:02They were wonderful people.他们都是很好的人。01:06They invited me into their home.We sang songs togetherand ate a simple dinner.他们邀我到家里。我们一起唱了几首歌,吃了一顿简便的晚餐。01:08They gave me a blanket to sleep on the floor.他们给了我一条毯子,让我睡在地上。01:12In the morning,however,there was nothing to eat.但是到了早上,没有东西可吃。01:15A

7、nd then at lunchtime,I watched with an increasingly sickfeeling as the eldest girl in the family cooked porridge as asubstitute for lunch.然后到了午餐时间,我目睹了一场愈看愈难过的景象,这户人家的大女儿煮了一锅粥充当午餐。01:18For that meal,every child drank one cup to survive.每个孩子都喝一碗粥熬过那天。01:26And I cannot tell you how ashamed I felt when

8、 they handedone of those cups to me,and I knew I had to accept theirhospitality.他们分我一碗时,我真的无法用言语形容 我那时有多羞愧,而且我知道我必须接受他们的款待。01:31Children need food not only to survive but also to growphysically and mentally.孩童需要食物不仅是为了生存,还为了能让身心都能成长。01:38Every day they fail to eat,they lose a little bit of their fut

9、ure.不够吃的每一天,都在蚕食他们的未来。01:43eldest:adj.最年长的;年事最高的(old的最高级)/n.最年长者 porridge:n.粥,糊;麦片粥/vt.服刑 hospitality:n.好客；殷勤mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上Amongst the extreme poor,one in three children arepermanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough.在赤贫人口中,三分之一的孩子 因为一辈子都吃得太少而永久发育不良。01:47When thats combined wi

10、th poor access to health care,one in10 extremely poor children die before they reach age five.再加上没有医疗保健,十分之一的赤贫孩童会在五岁前死亡。01:54And only one quarter of children complete high schoolbecause they lack school fees.只有四分之一的孩童能念完中学,因为他们没钱缴学费。02:01Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in everypossi

11、ble way.饥饿与赤贫会百般抑制人类的潜能。02:05We see ourselves as a thinking,feeling and moral humanrace,but until we solve these problems for all of our我们视自己为会思考、会感觉、有道德的人类,但是在我们为自己的同类解决这些问题之前,我们愧对于那个标准,因为世上的每一个人都很重要。TED演讲者：Andrew Youn|允安竹演讲标题：3 reasons why we can win the fight against poverty|我们能打赢贫穷的三个理由内容概要：Half

12、 of the worlds poorest people have something in common:theyre smallfarmers.In this eye-opening talk,activist Andrew Youn shows how his group,One Acre Fund,is helping these farmers lift themselves out of poverty by delivering to them life-sustainingfarm services that are already in use all over the w

13、orld.Enter this talk believing well never beable to solve hunger and extreme poverty,and leave it with a new understanding of the scale ofthe worlds biggest problems.全球一半的穷人都有一个共通点：他们都是小农。社运人士允安竹在这场启发性演讲中，谈到他的组织一亩金(One Acre Fund)如何在全世界提供维持生计的农场服务，幫助农夫脱离贫穷。演讲始于我们认为饥饿与赤贫问题不可解，但最终会对此全球大问题的规模产生新的认识。race

14、,but until we solve these problems for all of ourmembers,we fail that standard,because every person on thisplanet matters.对于那个标准,因为世上的每一个人都很重要。02:12This child matters.这个孩子很重要。02:24These children matter.这些孩童很重要。02:27This girl matters.这个女孩很重要。02:29You know,we see things like this,and were upset by the

15、m,but they seem like such big problems.你知道吗,我们看到像这样的事,我们会很生气,但是问题好像太大了。02:32We dont know how to take effective action.我们不知道该如何采取有效的行动。02:37But remember our friend Archimedes.但是请记得我们的朋友阿基米德。02:40permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地 stunted:adj.发育不良的;成长受妨碍的;长得矮小的/v.阻碍发展(stunt的过去式及过去分词形式)fees:n.会计费用(fee的复数);规费 cu

16、rb:n.抑制;路边;勒马绳/vt.控制;勒住Global poverty has powerful levers.解决全球贫穷的有力槓杆,02:43Its a problem like any other.就像其他的问题一样。02:45I live and work in the field,and as a practitioner,I believethese are very solvable problems.我在田间生活、工作,身为实务工作者,我相信这些是有办法解决的问题。02:48So for the next 10 minutes,lets not be sad about t

17、he state ofthe world.所以接下来十分钟,我们不要为这世界的状态难过。02:53Lets engage our brains.让我们动动大脑。02:57Lets engage our collective passion for problem-solving andfigure out what those levers are.让我们集思广益,用解决问题的热情,一同找出可用的槓杆。02:58Lever number one:most of the worlds poor are farmers.槓杆一号:这世界最穷的人绝大多数是农夫。03:04Think about ho

18、w extraordinary this is.想想这有多不寻常。03:08If this picture represents the worlds poor,then more thanhalf engage in farming as a major source of income.如果这张照片代表世界的穷人,那么有一半以上是以农耕当他们的主要收入。03:10This gets me really excited.这让我非常兴奋。03:16All of these people,one profession.这么多人,一种职業。03:18Think how powerful this

19、is.想想这力量有多大。03:21When farmers become more productive,then more than halfthe worlds poor earn more money and climb out of poverty.只要农夫能更有生产力,那么全世界半数以上的穷人 就能赚更多钱,爬出贫穷的深渊。03:22problem-solving:adj.问题解决的/n.解决问题;找出问题的答案 Lever:n.杠杆;控制杆/vt.用杠杆撬动;把作为杠杆/vi.用杠杆撬And it gets better.更好的还在后面。03:28The product of fa

20、rming is,of course,food.农耕的产物当然是食物。03:29So when farmers become more productive,they earn morefood,and they dont just help themselves,but they help tofeed healthy communities and thriving economies.农夫的生产力更好,代表他们会赚更多的食物,这样不只是自助,还能幫忙养活健康的社区,让经济繁榮。03:32And when farmers become more productive,they reduce

21、environmental pressure.农夫的生产力更好,就能减少对环境的压力。03:41We only have two ways we can feed the world:we can eithermake our existing farmland a lot more productive,or we canclear cut forest and savannah to make more farmland,whichwould be environmentally disastrous.我们只有两种方法可以喂饱世界:要不是让现有的农地大幅增产,就是继续皆伐森林及疏林莽原转变

22、成更多农地,对环境产生冲击灾难。03:45Farmers are basically a really important leverage point.农夫基本上是非常重要的槓杆作用点。03:57When farmers become more productive,they earn moreincome,they climb out of poverty,they feed theircommunities and they reduce environmental land pressure.农夫的生产力更高,就能赚更多收入,爬出贫穷深渊,喂饱他们的社区,减少对土地环境的压力。04:0

23、1Farmers stand at the center of the world.农夫站在世界的中心。04:10thriving:adj.繁荣的;蒸蒸日上的;旺盛的/v.兴旺(thrive的ing形式)farmland:n.农田 savannah:n.大草原,热带草原(等于savanna)environmentally:adv.有关环境方面 disastrous:adj.灾难性的；损失惨重的；悲伤的 leverage:n.手段,影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效率/v.利用;举债经营www.XiYuS锡育软件And not a farmer like this one,but rather this

24、lady.农夫都不像这样,反而比较像这位女士。04:14Most of the farmers I know are actually women.大部分我认识的农夫都是妇女。04:18Look at the strength and the will radiating from this woman.看看这位女士散发出的力量及意志。04:20She is physically strong,mentally tough,and she will dowhatever it takes to earn a better life for her children.她的身体强壮,心志刚强,她会

25、不惜一切给孩子更好的生活。04:23If were going to put the future of humanity in one personshands,then Im really glad its her.如果我们要将人类的未来交在某人的手中,那我真的很高兴是交给她。04:29(Applause)Theres just one problem:many smallholderfarmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge.（掌声）只有一个问题:许多小农得不到基本的工具及知识。04:34Currently,they take a l

26、ittle bit of saved food grain from theprior year,they plant it in the ground and they till it with a目前,他们把一点去年留下来的食物种子 种在土里,而且用锄头犁地。04:46prior year,they plant it in the ground and they till it with amanual hand hoe.These are tools and techniques that date to the Bronze Age,and its why many farmers a

27、re still very poor.这是青铜时代留下来的农作法,这也是为什么许多农夫仍然非常贫穷。04:53But good news,again.但是再说一次,这是好消息。05:00Lever number two:humanity actually solved the problem ofagricultural poverty a century ago.槓杆二号:人类其实在一个世纪前就解决了务农贫困的问题。05:02radiating:adj.v.发射出(光,热等)(radiate的现在分词);(使品质或情感)显出,流露;射出,向四周伸出;散热 humanity:n.人类；人道；仁

28、慈；人文学科 smallholder:n.小农;小佃农 agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的Let me walk you through the three most basic factors infarming.让我带大家看一下三个最基本的农事因子。05:08First,hybrid seed is created when you cross two seedstogether.第一,你将两种种子杂交就会产生杂交种子。05:11If you naturally pollinate a high-yielding variety togetherwith a drought-

29、resistant variety,you get a hybrid thatinherits positive traits from both of its parents.如果你让高产量的品种 与抗旱品种自然授粉,你就会得到从双方遗传到好性状的杂交种。05:16Next,conventional fertilizer,if used responsibly,isenvironmentally sustainable.第二,负责地使用惯行肥料,就是对环境的永续经营。05:25If you micro-dose just a pinch of fertilizer to a plant th

30、atstaller than I am,you unlock enormous yield gain.只要施与微剂量的肥料,比我还高的植物 也能有庞大的产量。05:31These are known as farm inputs.这些被称为农场投入（资源）。05:39Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice.农场投入资源要与好的农作法结合。05:41hybrid:n.杂种,混血儿;混合物/adj.混合的;杂种的 pollinate:vt.对.授粉 high-yielding:adj.高产的 drought-resistant:adj.

31、抗旱的 inherits:继承 traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数)fertilizer:n.肥料肥料;受精媒介物;促进发展者responsibly:adv.负责地,可信赖地 sustainable:adj.可以忍受的；足可支撑的；养得起的；可持续的 pinch:vt.捏；勒索；使苦恼；掐掉某物，修剪/n.匮乏；少量；夹痛/vi.夹痛；节省/taller:adj.更高的;高一点的 enormous:adj.庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的 inputs:n.自电子输入;投入(input的复数)When you space your seeds and plant with ma

32、ssive amountsof compost,farmers multiply their harvests.如果你撒种时留一定的间隔,并且施与大量堆肥,农夫就能倍增收获。05:43These proven tools and practices have more than tripledagricultural productivity in every major region of the world,moving mass numbers of people out of poverty.这些证实有效的工具及方法 已使世界各主要地区农業产量增加三倍,使众多百姓脱离贫穷。05:50W

33、e just havent finished delivering these things to everybodyjust yet,particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.我们只是还没把这些方法提供给所有人而已,特别是下撒哈拉非洲的居民。05:59So overall,this is amazing news.所以总体而言,这是非常好的消息。06:05Humanity actually solved agricultural poverty a century ago,in theory.理论上,人类早在一世纪前就解决了务农贫困的问题,06:07We just

34、 havent delivered these things to everybody just yet.我们只是还没把这些方法提供给所有人而已。06:12In this century,the reason that people remain poor isbecause maybe they live in remote places.这个世纪还有人贫穷的原因,是因为他们可能住在偏远地区,06:16They lack access to these things.他们拿不到这些东西。06:20Therefore,ending poverty is simply a matter of d

35、eliveringproven goods and services to people.因此,终结贫穷只要 把这些可靠的货品及服务送到他们手上就好。06:24We dont need more genius types right now.我们现在不需要更多天才。06:30compost:n.堆肥;混合物/vt.堆肥;施堆肥 harvests:n.收获;产量;结果/vt.收割;得到/vi.收割庄稼 tripled:adj.三倍的;三方的/n.三倍数;三个一组/vi.增至三倍/vt.使成三倍 Sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区The humble delivery guy is going

36、 to end global poverty inour lifetime.谦卑的送货员就能在我们有生之年终结全球贫穷。06:32So these are the three levers,and the most powerful lever issimply delivery.所以这就是我说的三个槓杆,而最有力的槓杆就是递送。06:38Wherever the worlds companies,governments andnonprofits set up delivery networks for life-improvinggoods,we eliminate poverty.无论公

37、司、政府或非营利团体 在哪里建立递送网络,分发改善生活的货品,我们都能消灭贫穷。06:43OK,so that sounds really nice in theory,but what about inpractice?好,所以这在理论上听起来很不错,但是要如何实施？06:52What do these delivery networks look like?递送网络长什么样子？06:55I want to share the concrete example that I know best,myorganization,One Acre Fund.我想跟大家分享我最了解的实例,就是我的组

38、织,One Acre Fund（一亩金）。06:58We only serve the farmer,and our job is to provide her withthe tools that she needs to succeed.我们只为农夫服务,我们的工作是提供她所需的工具及种子。07:03We start off by delivering farm inputs to really rural places.我们从递送农场投入资源到极偏僻的农村开始。07:08Now,this may appear initially very challenging,but its乍看这很具

39、挑战性,但这真的可行,我来说明一下。07:11Now,this may appear initially very challenging,but itspretty possible.Let me show you.07:11We buy farm inputs with the combined power of our farmernetwork,and store it in 20 warehouses like this.我们向网络内的农夫集资,买进农场投入资源 贮存在 20 间像这样的仓庫里。07:15nonprofits:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的 start off:出

40、发,开始 initially:adv.最初，首先；开头 warehouses:仓库,货栈(warehouse的名词复数)Then,during input delivery,we rent hundreds of 10-tontrucks and send them out to where farmers are waiting in thefield.然后,在递送投入资源的期间,我们会租几百辆 10吨大货车,派去农夫等待的田间。07:21They then get their individual orders and walk it home totheir farms.然后他们会取自己

41、所订的货物,带回家拿到田里。07:28Its kind of like Amazon for rural farmers.这有点像给农民用的亚马逊。07:32Importantly,realistic delivery also includes finance,a way topay.很重要的是,实际可行的递送服务也包括财务,即付款的方式。07:35Farmers pay us little by little over time,covering most of ourexpenses.农夫可以分期付款,尽量打平我们绝大部分的支出。07:40And then we surround all

42、 that with training.然后我们提供训练。07:45Our rural field officers deliver practical,hands-on training tofarmers in the field every two weeks.我们的农村外勤人员,提供实际的操作训练 给在田间工作的农夫,每两星期一次。07:48Wherever we deliver our services,farmers use these tools toclimb out of poverty.我们递送服务可达的地方,农夫都用这些工具 脱离贫穷。07:55This is a far

43、mer in our program,Consolata.这位是参与我们计画的农民,康莎拉塔。08:01Look at the pride on her face.看看她得意的样子！08:04She has achieved a modest prosperity that I believe is thehuman right of every hardworking person on the planet.她现在家境小康,已达到我认为08:06little by little:渐渐;逐渐地 hands-on:adj.亲身实践的,亲自动手的 hardworking:adj.努力工作的;不辞

44、辛劳的,苦干的/v.努力工作(hardwork的ing形式)Today,Im proud to say that were serving about 400,000farmers like Consolata.今天,我可以很自豪地说我们服务了约四十万位像她这样的农民。08:13(Applause)The key to doing this is scalable delivery.（掌声）做这件事的重点是可扩充式递送。08:18In any given area,we hire a rural field officer who delivers ourservices to 200 far

45、mers,on average,with more than 1,000people living in those families.我们在每一个服务地区都雇用农村外勤人员,他们将我们的服务提供给平均二百位农夫,超过一千人生活在这些家庭里。08:26Today,we have 2,000 of these rural field officers growingvery quickly.今天,我们有二千名农村外勤人员,成长非常快速。08:35This is our delivery army,and were just one organization.这就是我们的递送大军,而我们只是一个组

46、织。08:40There are many companies,governments and nonprofits thathave delivery armies just like this.还有很多公司、政府及非营利组织 有像这样的递送大军。08:44And I believe we stand at a moment in time wherecollectively,we are capable of delivering farm services to allfarmers.我相信我们正站在一个重要时刻,我们能一起递送农村服务给所有的农夫。08:50Let me show yo

47、u how possible this is.让我跟大家说明这要如何达成。08:57This is a map of Sub-Saharan Africa,with a map of the UnitedStates for scale.这是下撒哈拉非洲地图,旁边是美国地图做比例对照。08:59I chose Sub-Saharan Africa because this is a huge deliveryterritory.我选择下撒哈拉非洲因为这是非常广大的递送区。09:03scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的 delivers:交付/递送 collectively:a

48、dv.共同地,全体地Its very challenging.非常具挑战性。09:07But we analyzed every 50-mile by 50-mile block on thecontinent,and we found that half of farmers live in just theseshaded regions.但是我们把非陆画成50 平方哩的区块来分析,我们发现一半的农夫都住在这几块阴影区里。09:09Thats a remarkably small area overall.整体来看这是非常小的一块区域。09:19If you were to lay the

49、se boxes next to each other within amap of the United States,they would only cover the EasternUnited States.如果你把这几个区块 在美国地图内一个接一个排起来,只会盖住美东地区。09:22You can order pizza anywhere in this territory and itll arriveto your house hot,fresh and delicious.在这片区域的任何地方,你都能叫比萨外送,然后香噴噴热腾腾的现做比萨就会送到你家。09:29If Ameri

50、ca can deliver pizza to an area of this size,thenAfricas companies,governments and non-profits can deliverfarm services to all of her farmers.如果美国能做到在这样大小的地区送比萨,那非洲的公司、政府及非营利组织 也能做农村递送服务给所有的农夫。09:36This is possible.这是可行的。09:45Im going to wrap up by generalizing beyond just farming.我要扩大到农業之外的面向来总结。09